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This essay focuses on the notion of “profound act” in the short story “Hegel y yo” (1971; Material de los sueños, 1974) by José Revueltas. In the first part, the protagonist’s discourse is analyzed in the light of the comparison between the Hegel-character (with whom the protagonist dialogues) and the Hegel-philosopher; it will be seen, then, how Revueltas’ Hegel is configured as an obscene reverse of the German philosopher. In the second part, the interpretation of the “profound act” will be complexified on the basis of the materialist interpretation that Vladimir Lenin and Louis Althusser make of Hegel’s Science of Logic. At the end of the analysis, it will have been demonstrated how the Revueltian notion of “profound act” alludes to a process that defines the perversion of historical becoming converted into the murder of difference which, as remembrance, always returns materially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michel Foucault establishes a form and style of work that allow him to create specific artifacts of thought. The Frenchman's thought opens up possibilities of singular approaches to certain problems arising in the interstices of history, the archive, the heterogeneity of spaces, discursive elements and power. In this paper I raise the possibility of a narrative journey that accounts for some implications and consequences of the creation of objects of research in Foucault's writing, pointing out a path of creation within his stylistic form of proposition of method, as well as its scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American marxism, understood as a category, phenomena and process hasn’t been studied broadly, despite how fruitful the Marxist tradition has been in our region. It is proposed in the next pages a series of theoretical-methodological approaches and coordinates to push out into its analysis, respecting the analytical plurality and heterogeneity that characterizes it, describing its enunciation origins and development and outlining the essential ingredients that separate it from other approaches giving its specificity within Latin American critical social thought. The purpose of the article is to provide the researcher a basic framework to dive into deeper inquiries that concern the different topics circumscribed to the marxisms in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a reflection on the notion ofprogress. A notion that received a special contribution from Immanuel Kant, who gave it the condition of purpose and objective of consciences and human history. A little later, this condition was questioned and reformulated by Charles Darwin who, from a science of life, conceived both for living organisms and for humanity a progress with no other purpose than that of their conservation and reproduction, as a result of what he called "blind variation". Finally, this quarrel received from Georges Canguilhem care and development that resulted in a new and distinct notion of progress that has as its main content the concept of biological normativity, applicable both to living organisms and to social organizations. A concept that, in the Bachelardian manner, "denies and complements" the notion of progress of its predecessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the family wealth management strategies deployed by women around Melipilla (Chile) during the 1810-1837 period. We have been able to establish that this period was particularly complex in the lives of both popular and elite families, due to the contingencies imposed by the War of Independence and the civil conflicts associated with the construction of the State. Despite this, women who found themselves alone, due to the recruitment, escape or imprisonment of their husbands, fathers, or sons, managed to carry out different initiatives of wealth management, such as the purchase, sale and lease of land, houses and belongings, as well as the development of small productive and commercial enterprises. This work was based on notarial and judicial sources, contained in the National Historical Archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking certain events as moments of synthesis of political crisis, this chapter considers the diverse symbolism behind the Cuban flag in its independence history, taking into account its diverse modern uses and the capacity to represent different and often contradictory positions. The flag represented an inclusive political unity at a time when the project of revolution was in crisis. This chapter aims to a) provide descriptions with a historical perspective of the ways in which national flags are used; b) generate anthropologically based explanations of the causes of the intensified use of national symbols in moments of exacerbated political conflict; and c) analyse conceptions of nationality associated with the meanings that members of different social groups give to flags. The structure of the chapter is as follows: 1) The use of the flag in the most important political parade in Cuba: May Day across a decade (2009 - 2019). 2) Reclaiming the homeland through the flag: Fidel’s death and moments of historical transcendence. 3) The flag in sport: Yulieski vs Orlando: sport, passion and nation. 4) History of the flag: a history of the struggle for independence. 5) Flag - Revolution - State: redefining the nation through its symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts an analysis of the foundations and consequences rooted on the cartesian conception of knowledge. The conclusión achieved is that Descartes' reflection can be read as well as a philosophy of history that gives place to the modern and contemporary idea of progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article enables a deeper understanding of the didactic practices for the implementation of web tools in the classroom, specifically in the subject History. The research presented here is motivated by the need to innovate and overcome the low academic performance of students in the third high school of the educational unit Mocache, in that subject. A qualitative methodology was used with the help of theoretical and empirical methods such as analysis-synthesis, inductive and deductive, survey and interview; descriptive statistics were also used. The study population consisted of 2 teachers and 31 students. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of integrating web tools in the classroom, since they improve the quality of the teaching-learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Los Recuerdos del Porvenir, Elena Garro addresses the problematic Mexican sociocultural situation through the female type of the cuscas, or young prostitutes, victims of violence naturalized as an ideological format. This article presents a reading of the novel's models of literal and symbolic violence through the work of Philippe Bourgois, Pierre Bourdieu, Johan Galtung and Nancy Scheper-Hughes. The representation of these fictional characters in Garro's novel shows how structural violence permeates social relations through a network of prejudices and systems of oppression that prevent the cuscas' liberation. The characteristics given to the prostitutes in the novel articulate an argument about national identity, which for the author present a potential to define the future. The article concludes by confirming Garro's literature as a committed political activity, due to its critical position in the face of any social discrimination and the revaluation of the sectors neglected by power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how the homo oeconomicus has evolved from utility at work to consumption and then to the mystification of profit in a context of financialization and long-term crisis. Thus, a semantic slippage occurs, which distorts the achievements of capitalism, such as individualism and self-interest, for a libertarian belief -alien to liberalism, to Bentham's utilitarianism and marginalism- in which it is not possible to define social utility, nor the connection between the "rationality" of individual decisions and social choices. Usefulness is confused with profit in the primacy of today's business mentality and is often reflected in individual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between the thought of Hegel and that of the Greek classics, especially Aristotle, in light of the comments of Alexandre Kojève and Leo Strauss. The difficulties of demonstrating either Hegel's continuity or rupture with the classics are noted, as well as the need to deepen the investigation into what they understood by concepts such as being, the divine, the eternity, the eternal and the transcendent. Although clear differences can be seen between Hegel and the classics, if we consider certain nuances it is evident that there is a strong connection between them, which gives arguments in favor of the claim that classical thought culminates in Hegel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the criticism that Franz Hinkelammert issues to transcendental-abstract thought, which flaunts and supports enlightenment-capitalist modernity through its empirical sciences: law, economics, sociology, this text has been produced. This highlights the repercussions of thought in historical reality, hence, together with Hinkelammert and the tradition of critical thinking, it is considered that thought-social and historical context imply and influence each other. On the other hand, the transcendental-abstract thought of enlightenment-capitalist modernity has concealed historical reality, therefore it only exposes and lies what allows it to sustain itself and reproduce itself in history. Likewise, the criticism of transcendental-abstract thought does not imply the renunciation of reason, but rather the overcoming of one of its forms, that is, the scientific-technological version. Thus, criticizing and overcoming modern enlightenment-capitalist reason aims to glimpse-propose other ways of reproducing life, which do not require exploitation and systematic violence to persist historically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the post-war summary trials during the Franco dictatorship from a legal perspective. It begins by approaching the concept of Show Trials -used to define pseudo-judicial processes employed by certain dictatorial regimes, primarily in the Soviet sphere- to question whether Franco's summary trials can be categorized similarly. The study aims to contrast the model of justice the Franco regime sought to project with the representation of these trials designed to instill their pedagogical effect on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article employs a methodology known as the "Topology of Discourse" to analyze the perception of history in media outlets. Focusing on the assassination of Carrero Blanco, we examine how the press of 1973 reported and interpreted the event - in either a "reformist" or "reactionary" key - and proposed a range of themes that shaped the debates during the impending Transition. This included the evolution of Franco's regime and its forms of political participation and representation. This methodology offers a conceptual map of the journalistic discourse's trajectory and facilitates the comparison between different interpretations of reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the relational identity perspective of critical constructivism, it is proposed that Japan's national identity (i.e., the state narrative) has been a political construction made by decision-making leaders, and has been established on selectively replicating foreign entities, with the aim of providing order and legitimation to the authorities while pursuing a distinctive nationalist narrative. In the Edo period with China, in the imperial era with the West, and in the post-war phase with the United States; It is observed that there continually exists a teacher o "civilized center" (Hua) who exerts great influence over the country, and that Japanese leaders seek to selectively replicate, while maintaining a particular notion of national identity. The great temporal extension of the research is defended, arguing the nature of the objective as well as the importance of a broad and different view other than modern State-centrism in International Relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the particularities of the educational policies of the Popular Unity. To answer this question, the context has been recreated and the main issues and conflict of these policies are explored. This objective is original because most of the investigations on this regard have studied the logic of the groups that fought to govern the country, have highlighted the differences between the educational projects of past governments or have evidenced the controversies surrounding the Unified National School. To achieve this answer, the study carried out an exhaustive review of the main primary and secondary sources in this matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an argument about the reasons for the exclusion of Spanish women and their literary production in relation with the rest of the Group of '27 literary canon. In order to evidence the marginalization of these authors and demonstrate their absence in the cultural Spanish landscape, the article begins with an explanation of the historical and sociopolitical context of Spain during the early decades of the 20th century. Afterward, this paper presents a conceptualization of literary canon as a starting point to approach the polemic associated with the --commonly referred to as-- Generation of '27 as well as the configuration of poetry as a characteristic genre in comparison to the other literary work, and the role that critics and history played in the conformation of the canon of the '27 movement. Finally, it is concluded that women were not part of the modernization attempts in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century for different reasons: relegation of them to the domestic sphere, the high representation of men in the Group of '27, the significant role of anthologies and magazines in shaping the canon, and the repression caused by the dictatorship of the Franco regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the French Revolution, the French concept of the separation of powers has been dominated by mistrust of judges and confidence in the law. It was against this complex background that the Constitutional Council was created in 1958 and has developed over the last 65 years, culminating in the introduction of a constitutional review of enacted legislation. By virtue of this history, the organization, composition and perception of the Constitutional Council remain predominantly political, despite progress towards greater "judicialization". The challenge for the Constitutional Council is therefore to try to overcome these constraints of the past, in order to fully fulfil its role as a counterweight and guardian of rights and freedoms, for example in times of crisis or to resolve environmental issues. In the future, the Constitutional Council will inevitably be confronted with social emergencies and the question of the effectiveness of social rights, as well as the consequences of scientific progress and new demands concerning, for example, artificial intelligence, algorithms, animals or robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes two magazines produced by the Capuchin friars in two different regions, El Adalid Seráfico de Sevilla and El Heraldo Seráfico de Cartago, using a comparative methodology. It proposes to study these publications using the communication circuit developed by Robert Darnton, with an emphasis on the people involved in the processes of production, distribution, and consumption. Since the late 19th century, the Capuchin Order began financing magazines with doctrinal content and printing workshops wherever they were present. The objective of this study is to analyze the Capuchin magazines from a comparative perspective. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents a methodological approach for studying the press in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica between 1884 and 1950. It emphasizes the importance of considering the communicative circuit of newspapers, from their production to their arrival to the reader. It is mentioned that the Atlantic region of Costa Rica was multiethnic and multicultural, with a predominantly Afro-descendant population in 1900. There were several attempts to establish newspapers in the area, but the only successful one was La Voz del Atlántico, which was in circulation from 1934 to 1946. The study proposes a methodology for analyzing the history of the press in the Costa Rican Caribbean, considering the social, political, economic, and technological context. The importance of regional media in the construction of identities and the development of the region is highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

Ana Noreña-Peña writes a review of the book by María Luisa Martínez Martín and Elena Chamorro Rebollo "History of nursing. "Historical Evolution of Nursing Care". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an analytical and didactic proposal on how to deal with the study of the memory and history of terrorism in history classrooms. For this purpose, it is based on a didactic proposal based on cultural studies with a purpose: that students have learning tools close to youth culture. The aim of this approach is to learn about the memory of eta terrorism and related groups through the lyrics of the alternative and/or protest rock scene groups, close to the thesis of extreme left and/or radical Basque nationalism, and, therefore, to teach students to use the tools of the historian to combat myths and complexify their knowledge on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to question the discourses about the past of the bacalao music that have emerged in recent years linked to a process of patrimonialization. In this way, the article resorts to memory and history to show that authenticity and purity were not characteristic of these musics, but rather the opposite: the bacalao musics resorted to remixing, intertextuality or sampling as a hybridization strategy that a series of young people followed to enter modernity. Authenticity and purity therefore seem to have more to do with the heritage needs of the present than with the realities of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiac traumatic injuries are serious injuries with a high lethality rate, an aspect that influences the interest shown by readers each time they appear reported in scientific publications. Sometimes there is a certain degree of inconsistency when it comes to establishing the historical origin of occurrences or events related to the history of medicine. In the case of penetrating cardiac trauma, different origins have been described in some of the published scientific articles, which may generate a degree of doubt in the readers. Methods: A review of the medical and non-medical literature was carried out to seek information that would help to clarify the true historical origin of this entity. Results: Penetrating cardiac trauma was first described in a Greek work entitled The Iliad, written by Homer in the 8th century B.C., and not in The Surgical Papyrus of Edwin Smith as several authors mention. Conclusions. Of all the events of penetrating cardiac trauma described, the most irrefutable is the one narrated in canto XIII, where it recounts the death of Alcathous product of a cardiac wound caused by a spear thrown by Idomeneo during a battle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes to discuss a topic that, although it seems obvious, has rarely been systematically investigated: the way in which Amanda Labarca (1886-1975) approaches the relationship between educational praxis and society. This analysis will focus on a set of texts produced by this outstanding Chilean intellectual and published between the late 1930s and the early 1940s, in which she elaborates her educational episteme - set of knowledge and methods that support educational practice and the understanding of the teaching and learning process. The objective is to show that, in Evolución de la enseñanza media (Evolution of Secondary Education) (1938) e Historia de la educación en Chile (History of Education in Chile) (1939), not only a remarkable reformulation of her pedagogical project can be seen, but also its link with the social, as can be easily seen in the Bases para una política educacional (Basis for an educational policy) that she published in 1943. In this sense, it will be shown that, since the incorporation of the sociological-historical perspective to her production, separating politics and education in Amanda Labarca's production becomes almost as artificial as talking about a one-sided coin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a review of the "Manual de Filosofía del Derecho" (Manual of Philosophy of Law) by Thomas Casadei and Gianfrancesco Zanetti, translated by Fernando H. Llano Alonso. The manual seeks to adapt to current cultural and educational changes, offering a more accessible language and relevant topics such as cultural studies and the history of legal thought. The authors also refer to the importance of legal philosophy in secondary education and social networks. The manual is structured into 40 sections and addresses topics such as inequality, violence, colonialism, and feminism, among others. Additionally, the influence of the Italian tradition in the work is highlighted, with references to authors such as Cicero, Saint Augustine, and Dante. The author of the article thanks Thomas Casadei and Gianfrancesco Zanetti for writing a manual adapted to current students, and Fernando Llano for translating it and making it available to the Spanish-speaking scholarly community. The article was published in the journal "Derechos y Libertades" (Rights and Freedoms) and was written by Rafael Ramis Barceló from the Universitat de les Illes Balears - IEHM. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the complex relationship between democracy and fundamental rights, arguing that a historical perspective on rights, which is indispensable, does not necessarily justify their existence in historicist terms. It notes that the expansion and generalisation of rights have posed challenges to defining a unified concept of fundamental rights. Furthermore, it criticises the romantic perception that democracy is sufficient to guarantee these rights, especially in a context of crisis of representation, corruption and other contemporary challenges. The article also addresses the disjuncture between democracy and capitalism, especially in its neoliberal form, arguing that this alliance has been problematic and has contributed to the erosion of social rights. It is stressed that while democracies may violate human rights, these violations are not systematic and there are mechanisms to denounce and correct them. The author suggests that in order to understand the current challenges in the discourse of rights, it is crucial to consider their history from Modernity to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the conceptions about the nation and the State held by the Catholic Church in Uruguay between 1900 and 1930. The ecclesiastical discourses on the origins of the nation and the state organization are examined in the midst of tensions between the Church and the Uruguayan State. The sources used are the History manuals written by Brother Damasceno and the archbishop's guidelines published in the Ecclesiastical Bulletin of the Archdiocese of Montevideo. The objective is to reconstruct the meanings of the concepts of Catholic nation and tutelary State based on the changes caused by the process of secularization in the Church. [Extracted from the article]

After the approval of the Gernika Statute in 1979, the minimum conditions for the production of professional films in the Basque Country were established for the first time. However, the Basque language remained in the background, both for most of the filmmakers and for the public institutions themselves. This article studies the presence of Basque in films produced in the Basque Country between 1981 and 1989; the role of language in the cinematographic policy of the Basque Government and the prejudices, difficulties and challenges encountered by films that incorporated Basque in one way or another into the cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: among the epidemiological challenges facing Spanish society in the first half of the 20th century, the problem of malnutrition stood out. Although hunger and malnutrition were the most prevalent forms, overweight and obesity were beginning to emerge, particularly among the wealthier classes. In all cases, and especially in the overnutrition situation, the issue was not so much economic as one of lack of knowledge. For this reason, for the hygienists, dissemination and education in food and nutrition was fundamental. In this field, the contribution of the Catalan endocrinologist Jesús Noguer Moré (1903-1983) stands out. The aim is to analyze the work he devoted to obesity. Material and methods: bibliographic analysis of the works of Jesús Noguer Moré. Results and conclusion: he considered obesity as a pathology of multifactorial etiology with serious consequences for morbidity and mortality. It would involve everything from genetics to previous pathologies, as well as inadequate dietary and lifestyle habits. Its therapeutic approach should be based on calorie restriction and physical activity. He underlined the role of certain types of family or professional activities in promoting overweight and obesity. In terms of prevention, he emphasized the importance of culinary and gastronomic practices, while at the same time placing the responsibility for these practices on housewives. A gender discourse that led Noguer to place women as the target group for his dissemination activities and where the ideal of feminine beauty in force in the inter-war period was very much present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has the purpose of analyzing the elements that guided the reproduction of social work during the first years of its existence in Costa Rica. The research that serves as the basis for this text had as its main methodological resource the analysis of secondary historical sources, as well as the interview with primary sources linked to the profession during the years 1940-1960. At the end of the investigation, it is possible to conclude that the development of a growing public institutionality in the aforementioned decades displaced the intentionality of a pseudo-private School project, whose centrality was placed in a criminological training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text offers the result of the dialogue, in the form of an interview, held with the French historian François Hartog in September 2022. The discussion is focused on Chronos, a book recently translated into Spanish, which closes the circle of his reflections on time while simultaneously opening up new routes. The interview is preceded by an introductory study in which both the career of this intellectual and some of the most relevant approaches in his work are briefly reviewed, and we trace the paths of their reception in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the Marxist influence over Chilean historiography, as well as in the national proposals for history teaching at school level during the 1960's decade. Specifically, it addresses the meaning that was given by intellectuals, academics, and students to the development of historical research and teaching. Thus, beyond the matters referred to methods and conceptual drifts, the article aims to capture the function that was given to the social role of the historical discipline through an ideological platform, highlighting the political, social, and democratizing meaning that the study of the past immanently charged for the referred actors. The article proposes that, unlike conservative history and the ways of teaching history that arose from it, the proposals analyzed here have in the center of its questioning the historical present, as well as the political conjunctures and the phenomenon of the inequalities, thus redefining the usefulness of the study of the past from an ethical and political perspective, with a socialist and Latin American projection, interrupting the linear and progressive historical time that characterized the "traditional" history in Chile in the 1960's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows that the generic hybridity perceived and proven in the text of Nora Sari was an effect of the stakes of various tendencies of the context of production in the choice of the subject to treat: on one hand, the life of the family and the self-story of the main character of the novel; on the other hand, the historical context prevailing during the period concerning this slice of life. This hybridity reveals a concern for posture in line with the discourses and orientations of the social and l iterary field within which the novelist seeks to inscribe her place. It also shows a desire to overcome a deep split in the issue of languages in this same field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to reflect on the relationship between the Anthropocene and potential "regimes of historicity" that emerge in the present. It discusses the possible appointment of an "anthropocenic regime of historicity," questioning its heuristic relevance, as well as its political implications. Then, briefly and broadly, this article presents a possible reading tool for mapping the potential regimes of historicity that are emerging in the present, investigating their elaboration, as well as how they relate, interact, coexist, and compete with one another in an effort to assert new forms of temporalization in the face of the new climate regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study of insects prompted an interest by the naturalists who explored Costa Rica since the 19th century, but this occurred as personal endeavors, and was not due to a national effort to promote systematic research on the country's entomofauna. This was continued for more than a century. Objective: To provide an overview of the development of entomology, from the republican era to the founding of the Insect Museum at the University of Costa Rica (UCR). Methods: Archives and databases from both national and foreign museums and libraries were used primarily to reconstruct this process. Results: The first person to study insects in Costa Rica was the German naturalist Karl Hoffmann, starting in 1854; however, he died young. He was followed by the Swiss naturalist Paul Biolley in 1886, who in turn trained José Fidel Tristán as the first Costa Rican entomologist, by the time the Englishmen Osbert Salvin and Frederick D. Godman were fostering Biologia Centrali-Americana, a monumental work of a regional nature. Early in the 20th century several Americans arrived, among whom William M. Schaus and Philip and Amelia Calvert stood out. Later, in the 1930s, when the agricultural development of the country was encouraged, teaching of applied entomology was promoted, for which, at different times, the American Charles Ballou and the Germans Fernando Nevermann and Alexander Bierig were hired. Finally, in 1959, the UCR recruited the Costa Rican Álvaro Wille from the United States, who founded the Insect Museum in 1962. Conclusions: In an interval of 110 years, a slow, disjointed and even random process characterized the development of entomology in the country, which culminated in 1962 with the beginning of the institutionalization of this discipline, until it became a component of daily life, as it is today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since the beginning of its republican life, the development of biological sciences in Costa Rica has been strongly influenced by hundreds of foreign naturalists and scientists who have carried out exploration, research, and publication activities in relation to its biodiversity. Objective: To better understand their contributions, in this paper we take an historical tour, with emphasis on the last century and a half, regarding the motivations that attracted these people to Costa Rica, as well as their specific scientific contributions. Methods: Six criteria were followed to address this issue: a) whether they were residents or itinerants; b) if they had a frequent relationship with Costa Rica; c) if they collected specimens; d) the type of publication; and e) whether to implement teaching or institutional management. Results: Therefore, the information is organized into six large sections, structured chronologically as follows: the first inventories of the biodiversity of Costa Rica (1513-1842), the recognition of biological sciences in Costa Rican culture (1839-1848), the insertion of biological sciences in Costa Rican culture (1854-1886), the institutionalization of the biological sciences in Costa Rica (1886-1900), Costa Rica as a mecca for biological explorations (1900-1957), and the training of professionals in biological sciences (1940-2021). Conclusion: This periodization allows us to contextualize the contributions of those naturalists or scientists in time, as well as to better visualize the economic, social and political events and circumstances that conditioned their scientific work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A hundred years after the passing of Andrés Manjón, aprofessor at the University of Granada, we assess his ideas on educationand evaluate his contributions to today’s teaching practice in SocialSciences Method: A literature review of all sources available is conducted. Thecriteria used to evaluate these sources will be their suitability to thesubject of study. It will consist mainly of primary and secondary sources,along with other materials and publications. After careful examination ofthese, we establish a departure point, enumerate the limitations of theexisting views on this subject and discuss some secondary findings of ourresearch along with potential areas of conflict within the subject. Results: Clarifying After the concept of specific teaching practices according toManjón has been given a clear definition, the results are classified intofive different categories: identified documentary sources, primary andsecondary; general criteria for teaching History and Geography that can beextracted from these sources; teaching techniques and strategies which canbe applied to such subjects. Transcriptions of D. Andrés’s own lessons areincluded along with adaptations made to these by some of his collaborators. Conclusions: A synthesis of the results confirms the initial hypothesis:Some aspects of Manjón’s legacy remain valid today when it comes tospecific teaching practices. This is especially true for teaching andlearning of Geography and History in primary education. Lastly, somesuggestions for the improvement of teaching practices in Social Sciencesare put forward, along with some questions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the elements that characterize the teaching of Mathematics in the Ave María Schools, founded and run by Andrés Manjón in Granada between 1889 and 1923. He stood up for a peculiar model of integrated education, based on Christian values, and he also developed his own methodological principles, similar in many ways to those of the emerging École Nouvelle. The selection and analysis of several sources has allowed us to set his teaching of Mathematics within this pedagogical framework and has suggested us the idea that the strategies used by Manjón in order to teach Arithmetic and Geometry could be innovative at that time and, perhaps, valuable from the point of view of contemporary Didactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“‘The Spectre of Marburg’ wanders around the Operative Aesthetics. Luis Juan Guerrero, ‘Evolutive’ Reader of Heidegger”. This paper aims to analyse the reading of Martin Heidegger’s thought offered by Luis Juan Guerrero in his Operative Aesthetics. I claim that “The Origin of the Work of Art” plays a central role in the work of the Argentinian philosopher. However, this does not mean that Guerrero is not an original author or that he is a mere commentator of the German philosopher. On the contrary: the Argentinian philosopher offers a productive reading of Heidegger which allows him to build his own and authentic philosophy. By focusing on Heidegger’s essay on art and on the first volume of the Operative Aesthetics, this paper analyses three essential issues: the concept of tool, the world-earth relationship, and the bond between history and truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the presence of circuses and variety companies that presented conjuring and necromancy shows, which arrived in Costa Rica between 1915 and 1940, coming from the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Colombia and Panama. For this, an analysis of journalistic sources of the time was carried out. With this study it was possible to determine that in the circus companies artists and animals that performed striking and risky acts stood out. However, few circus and variety companies arrived in the country due to the worldwide economic impacts of the two world wars and the Great Depression of 1929. Sleight of hand acts were presented alongside illusionism, magic, and the occult. The censorship and social control of the Catholic Church and the State towards the sociability of the popular sectors --mainly capitalists-- was evidenced in the prohibition of the practice and expectation of necromancy and spiritualism. This made Costa Rica unattractive to present exhibitions of these shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Nietzsche, every morality is a process in which certain needs or affections corresponding to specific individuals, places, and times are shared through language, primarily as a means of cohering or keeping a group together. Morals are modes of social cohesion or, ultimately, modes of survival. In this sense, they do not oppose life itself but favor it. However, when, throughout history, those who follow a morality extrapolate its principles--beliefs or judgments about the correct way of living--with the pretension of truth and universality, at that point in the moral development, life and instincts begin to be denied. This is so because the possibility of various forms of human life is denied. Language allows us to constitute ourselves as social individuals and adapt to the way of life that is most favorable to us. However, this same language represents the danger of the logic and universalism of specific morals. Here we will try to show that Nietzschean philosophy, as a warning about this danger, gains value as a positive proposal for the historical sense of morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world’s population lives longer and longer and has more cardiovascular risk factors, there is a greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. Advances in medical knowledge, specifically in molecular, physiological and clinical fields, provide new and improved pharmacological treatments, cardiac devices and surgical procedures today which have optimized this condition’s prognosis. The available surgical procedures for treating heart disease include heart transplantation, which is useful for patients with advanced disease or disease which is refractory to the ordered and implemented interventions. The world’s first heart transplant was performed in 1967, and Colombia’s first in 1985. As of 2021, more than 1,400 heart transplants had been performed in this country. This procedure seeks to improve the quality of life and survival of patients who need it. The purpose of this article is to compile the historical events surrounding this surgical procedure around the world and in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the activities of the Union of Mexican Catholic Ladies (UDCM) during the Cristero War in Mexico. It highlights how female activism built networks of sociability and solidarity to oppose the anticlerical secularism of post-revolutionary governments. The UDCM was an important organization in the Catholic struggle during the war, although its participation has been less studied than that of other organizations. During the war, the Catholic Ladies joined the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty (LNDLR) and participated in civil resistance activities and protests against religious persecution. After the war, the Ladies restructured under the statutes of the Mexican Catholic Action, but maintained their maternal identity and promoted Catholic values in domestic and parish life. [Extracted from the article]

This article deals with "Benzulul" a story that gives its name to the first work of the Chiapas writer Eraclio Zepeda Ramos. This and other publications of the well-known "Ciclo de Chiapas" are linked to the sociohistorical environment of the authors who participated in the cultural projects and public policies of the government of Lázaro Cárdenas del Río to serve the indigenous population, delineating the national identity and homogenizing language. To question these notions, a historical analysis of the author's context and his work is presented; subsequently, a general literary review of the regional elements of "Benzulul" (1959) is carried out while values that scholars have expressed around the work are retaken and their considerations are elaborated based on the theoretical contributions emanating from the theory of literature, history, and cultural studies. It's concluded that "Benzulul" is a work product of the context in which it arises. In it, the regional reality is articulated with the vision and voice of the author who, like others, became involved in the actions carried out by the government to serve the indigenous population with an acculturation project. It is worth saying that the objectives of these policies were modified with the intervention of artists and intellectuals, which resulted in a conception of identity-based on diversity and the resignification of indigenous and mestizo characters, no longer perceived as victims or being's exotic but as universal subjects, with vices and virtues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature requires multiplying interest in it through its teaching, which conceives it as an object of knowledge, capable of providing the keys to deepening understanding about the rich and varied, current and future, network of culture-society. Such teaching, in its character related to history or an interdisciplinary perspective and orientation, can and should contribute to that purpose. The possibilities offered by the historical novel and/or strong links with history to work on these relationships are of great importance at all levels of education. This more than any other novel typology, is an exceptional source of historical knowledge, capable of being used for knowledge of the past, the present, and the projection of the human being, at least towards the immediate future. Likewise, it contributes to the formation of a humanistic culture in the students, with the consequent foreshadowing of ethical and aesthetic values, and what is even better, to the creation of ideo-political values when the students come in contact with the historical memory of the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After some considerations which situate history and historic literature in their respective European and Pre-Columbian epistemic contexts, we realize an analytical approach to a pictographic narrative in different Nahua codices, but especially in the first eight plates of Codex Azcatitlan that relate the mythical tribulations of the Mexicas, in the early steps of their departure from Aztlan-Chicomoztoc. We essentially compare the narrative matter of the pictorial text in this document with the corresponding sequences in Codex Boturini, Codex Mexicanus, and Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. The intention is to show the diversity of visual paradigms, in terms of semiotics and narration, and the visual syntax of association that prevails and contributes to the production of sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a theoretical reconstruction of Heidegger's Rectorate's Discourse (The Self-Affirmation of the German University), it is speculated, by way of presentation, on the existence of a German type or being whose essence, rooted in essential Greek knowledge, is contaminated to some extent by the influence of a concept of destiny misunderstood and elevated to the category of existentia. Likewise, it is argued that Heidegger is a classic example of the primacy of practical reason as the will to power that tries to organize the world anew without regard for the present, and that runs through the philosophy of German idealism with dire consequences. For this reason, it is argued that Heidegger, in his gaze on the spiritual history in general and of the German people in particular, does not take into account the objective external perception that allows psychological self-criticism as an authentic illustrated figure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation presented has, as main goal, analyzing the cognitive skill levels of the evaluation criteria on the Spanish National Baccalaureate curriculum related to the historical thinking competencies. To reach that objective, we designed and validated (group of experts) an evaluation instrument (RECH, as a Spanish acronym of rubric to assess historical competencies) that shows three different cognitive skill levels for a qualitative analysis of curriculum. Two curriculum has been compared, the previous Royal Decree 1105/2014 for Secondary School and Baccalaureate, and the new Royal Decree 243/2022 for Baccalaureate School (17-18 years old). The results show a greater presence of historical thinking competencies in the new Spanish curriculum, and, at the same time, more consistent cognitive skills in the evaluation criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]