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Conservation measures are more likely to succeed when they take into account the perceptions and opinions of the local people who are in contact with the intended targets of protection. One way to account for local perceptions is to include local people in research and monitoring. We worked in a portion of the Dry Chaco that is rich in biodiversity, yet poor in urgently-needed information on medium and large vertebrates. We applied participatory monitoring together with small-scale ranchers, criollos, and indigenous Wichi residents. In this article we analyze the effectiveness of this method in incorporating local people in research activities. We explain the development of the methodology and its components, how we worked with local people and how we collected the data. Participatory monitoring comprised several different activities: meetings, training, practice and data collection. Local settlers added goals to those initially proposed, participated in activities, decided on methods of data collection and solved problems. Finally, we analyzed whether the method allowed us to meet the scientific objectives of our research: (i) to determine the species of medium and large vertebrates (> 0.5 kg) that are present in the area; (ii) to monitor their presence; and (iii) to describe the natural environments where animals were detected. With participatory monitoring we did meet our three scientific objectives. Yet participatory monitoring was not only a tool for collecting data, but also a tool for social integration. The method allowed the participation of people normally excluded from the system, to take into account their perceptions and to strengthen their capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]