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The coronavirus pandemic has been a turning point in health and communication research. Scientific work in this field has been rushed since the beginning of 2020, so it is important to know the previous situation in which the research was. This paper focuses on existing studies up to 2019 that relate health and any of its fields to misinformation. We carried out a systematised bibliographic review of 171 articles collected in various scientific databases, the central theme of which was misinformation and health up to the end of 2019. Through the exhaustive analysis of different variables, this article aims to establish the starting point of research on hoaxes and health before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Research on health and misinformation maintained a clear upward trend between 2014 and 2019. Different epidemic diseases such as Ebola or the Zika virus are the most frequent in the articles analysed. However, the most relevant result of our analysis is the attention devoted to vaccine related misinformation. Despite the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, it has been the field of Health the mainly responsible for researching it, so, it is clear that there is a need for greater attention from the area of Communication to research this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to analyse the conscientious objection of two NBA basketball players to receiving the Covid-19 vaccine on religious grounds. Essentially, the aim is to examine in depth the reasons alleged by the athletes, in an attempt to determine whether they constitute sufficient grounds to support their refusal to be vaccinated, and thus to continue carrying out their work obligations in order to preserve their beliefs. To do so, it is necessary to review the NBA's own protocols and state and local public health provisions on mandatory vaccination, without forgetting the pronouncements on the subject issued by the Supreme Court of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measles is still a very important disease preventable by immunization which is responsible for more than 100,000 deaths per year. The only known host is human and this is the reason to be eradicable. In the sixties, measles was one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children, had caused about more than 2 million of deaths until the massive introduction of the vaccine by the 80's, which diminished the incidence and mortality in the last twenty years. The reduction in the incidence and mortality together with the progress of polio eradication, had renewed the interest on eradication regional and global of measles, although economical sources and technological there are need regional objectives to get it. The authors wrote this paper to show how the behavior in Mexico up to middle of June 2020 is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus subtilis spores generally considered safe, have received growing attention due to their potential biotechnological applications including vaccine formulations, particularly as vaccine adjuvants. In the present review we present the status of the adjuvanticity of the spore B. subtilis for mucosal route and our experience regarding its adjuvant activity induced against two model antigens, Tetanus Toxoid (TT) and ovalbumin (Ova) for oral (o.r) and intranasal (i.n) immunization. A document review on B. subtilis, adjuvant, vaccine and mucosal route was carried out in MEDLINE by PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases. B. subtilis spores (RG 4365) were used for the exploration of the adjuvant activity. Balb/c mice were immunized by i.n and o.r route with TT or Ova combined with B. subtilis spores and specific antibody response in serum, saliva and fecal were measured by ELISA. This review showed the existence of several papers using B. subtilis spores as adjuvant by different methodologies and administration routes, being the expression of recombinant antigens and the the o.r route the most widely used. In our work we found an increase of seric response of IgG, subclass IgG1 and IgG2a and specific IgA in saliva and feces in groups immunized with spores coadministered with Ova and TT by both routes, which was significantly superior to control groups (p<0.05). These data suggest that spores are an efficient mucosal and systemic adjuvant for enhancing humoral immune responses and highlight their clinical potential for future mucosal vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the conditions of adsorption chromatography on Silica gel 60 for purification of Spacer disaccharide a component of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) of QuimiHib® vaccine. For that, we made a scale down on an analytical scale that represented at 1.8% of industrial process, indicating reproducibility between two procedures in terms of packing efficiency, purity and recovery. Dynamic binding capacity of the resin Silicagel 60 by the DSE was roughly 125±0.2 mg /mL, 3.4 times the base process. The elution profile obtained, showed the possibility of collecting a unique fraction at range 195±2 and 260±2 minutes, if it is maintained a proper packing of the chromatography resin determined by asymmetry factor from 0.8 to 1.2, which ensures a recovery of 58.9±4.5% and high purity analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography. Adjusting the adsorption conditions increases the productivity of chromatographic operation up to 3.5 fold, indicating that it is feasible in economic terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole cell Leptospirosis vaccines have been developed and used from the 20's of last century up today, most of them are not adjuvated and do not confer a long-lasting immunity. These vaccines are mainly against different serogroups of Leptospira interrogans contained in the preparation. Though several attempts to obtain a vaccinal formulation more effective, purer, with wider spectrum and longer protection than the bacterines of inactivated whole cells have been made no vaccine with these characteristics have been registered yet. This paper deals with the obtainment of outer membrane antigens from a Cuban autochthonous strain (Strain 87, L. interrogans serovar Canicola), by a modification of the technology for the production of outer membrane vesicles, patented by researchers from Finlay institute These antigens with nanoproteoliposomic structure were formulated/adjuvated by different strategies, obtaining five preparations with cochlear structures which are nanoparticles of approximately 100 to 150 nm of length and from 15 to 30 nm of diameter. Two doses of the immunogens are inoculated in the biomodel Mesocrisetus aureatus, with an interval of six weeks. The challenge was carried out with 100.000 DL50. Results showed that the new vaccinal formulations confer protection against the homologous challenge and were able to eliminate the carrier status. This, together with the robutness of the preparation method, the higher level of purity, compared to the bacterines, and the no need of aluminium hydroxide make the formulations an alternative of interest for continuing their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper evaluates the toxicity by single dose of the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (VA-DIFTET®) in Sprague Dawley rats. Its administration was carried out by intramuscular route because this is the one proposed for use in humans. 0.3 mL of the vaccine or its components was administered to a total of 20 animals per group (10 per each sex). These animals were daily observed and, water and food intake was measured on alternate days determining their body weight with week intervals. The anatomopathological analysis of animals was included at the end of the study. No animal died during the assay or clinical symptoms were observed either. No statistically significant differences (p>0,1) were detected regarding water-food intake and body weight. In the anatomopathological study, macrophagic granulomatous lesions were observed in the rats treated with the vaccine or placebo; this finding is characteristic of vaccines adjuvated with aluminum hydroxide. Results suggested that VA-DIFTET® is potentially innocuous when administering the single dose by intramuscular route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exhaustive characterization of all components of our vaccine (VA-MENGOC-BC®), is a very important information to the new strategies of production and the best quality of it. Recently some regulatory authorities have recommended to remove thiomersal from vaccines altogether. In this paper we propose a disadsorption method for later chromatographic analysis of vaccine samples with or without thiomersal to know the possible antigenic variation. Three vaccine batches, stored between 2-8 °C, were studied at 0 time using different variants of disadsorption. We have demonstrated that solubilisation of the aluminium hydroxide by HCl to release the native vaccine complex is not possible and that the most efficient disadsorption method for the chromatographic analysis of VA-MENGOC-BC® is the following: the precipitate obtained from 3 mL of vaccine is diluted in 2 mL of phosphate buffer 5mM, pH 7,2-7,3, and allowed stand exactly 2 hours at 4°C. Afterwards, the samples were centrifuged and the supernatant collected. With this method we have obtained a 20% disadsorption of the sample. The result is very useful for showing the advantages of new formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]