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This article analyzes a series of extralegal procedures implemented by Guatemalans to acquire Mexican personal identification documents. The research focuses on the experiences of descendants of families who took refuge in Mexico during the 1980s and 1990s and returned to Guatemala between 1994 and 1996. These young people, born in Guatemala after their parents returned to their country of origin, employed the practice of buying Mexican birth certificates which were later used to enter Mexico legally. The fieldwork was carried out in two Guatemalan villages, as well as two Mexican ones, located in Cancun and Playa del Carmen. The main argument is that for them Mexican identification documents become a singular force that confers recognition and offers them the possibility to be incorporated into governmental logic which grants material benefits. Such forms of political imagination are related to the experiences of multiple documentation accumulated by older generations during their refuge period and are now encouraged by the Mexican State's new border security strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the social production of space in Atenquique, an industrial town in the southern region of Jalisco in western Mexico. The theoretical framework draws on insights from critical geography. Through the case of Atenquique we reflect on the transformation of the area from the beginning of the neoliberal period in Mexico. Neoliberalism ushered in the growth of precarious and insecure working conditions, something which has deepened over the past several decades. The methodology employed is based on ethnographic research undertaken over a period of four months in Atenquique. During this time period we used three different audiovisual methods to collect information: photography, oral history and the production of an ethnographic documentary film. The results of the study show how the ex-inhabitants of Atenquique have knit together complex constructions -both material and symbolic- that provide insight on how the changes of the past several decades have affected the area. In the conclusions, we return to the broader debates on the local and territorial consequences of the implementation of the neoliberal policies in Mexico [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the social production of space in Atenquique, an industrial town in the southern region of Jalisco in western Mexico. The theoretical framework draws on insights from critical geography. Through the case of Atenquique we reflect on the transformation of the area from the beginning of the neoliberal period in Mexico. Neoliberalism ushered in the growth of precarious and insecure working conditions, something which has deepened over the past several decades. The methodology employed is based on ethnographic research undertaken over a period of four months in Atenquique. During this time period we used three different audiovisual methods to collect information: photography, oral history and the production of an ethnographic documentary film. The results of the study show how the ex-inhabitants of Atenquique have knit together complex constructions -both material and symbolic-that provide insight on how the changes of the past several decades have affected the area. In the conclusions, we return to the broader debates on the local and territorial consequences of the implementation of the neoliberal policies in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article has the objective to compare poverty rates of elderly people between 2018 and 2020, after the universalization of the non-contributory pension during the 2018-2024 presidential period in Mexico, in order to know if there is a change on elderly people's poverty rates. Also, the article aims to know if this policy change has a regressive impact in the whole pension system distribution. The paper uses as a reference for the analysis the International Labour Organization (ILO) guidelines. It compares poverty of different social groups of elderly people in 2018 and 2020 using the National Survey of Households Income and Expenditure. The paper concludes that elderly people's poverty situation is better in 2020. However, there is an increase on inequality in pensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In February 2021, one year after the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic to Mexico, the vaccination so eagerly awaited began. As in many other countries, the first summoned to receive the vaccine were the elderly, because their increased risk of death when contracting this new disease. A group of advanced Medicine students from a public university in Mexico City were involved in the first stage of the vaccination process in an area of southern Mexico City inhabited by low-income population Objective: The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze the experiences lived by four of these students who participated in it. Method: The research was oriented by the theoretical methodological tradition known as Narrative Inquiry, which focuses on the story of lived experiences as a way of representing the human experience deployed in time and space. This strategy delve into the comprehension of the meaning of the events reported for those who experience them in that socio-historical context. The stories analyzed here come from the final social service reports prepared throughout 2021 by the participants, two men and two women. The analysis and interpretation were carried out directly by the author of this paper within the guidelines of the Narrative Inquiry tradition. Results: The stories about the vicissitudes lived by these young future doctors with the older adults they cared for made it possible to highlight some of the anxieties, fears and reactions they faced and some of their effects on the incipient constitution of their professional identity. Final considerations: The stories analyzed nourish the reflection on the personal and professional conflicts experienced on the path that leads to becoming a doctor in a particularly demanding situation and reveal the power of Narrative Inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have examined the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market. However, few have assessed the impact of fiscal management on this market. This paper examines the extent to which fiscal policy affects a firm's stock market capitalization using the Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) methodology. The study finds that the stock market capitalization in the CPI fully reflects the available information on the movements of variables related to monetary policy. However, total public indebtedness exerts a significant lagged effect on the stock market capitalization of Mexican firms. This finding indicates that the CPI does not fully reflect the available information on the movements of fiscal policy variables. A comprehensive analysis of fiscal policy measures can enhance stock market performance for investors and financial analysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The notion of objectivity is the cornerstone of the liberal model of journalism. Following that scheme, one of the aims of news stories is to foster citizens’ understanding of the world they live in, but this can only be achieved through journalists’ vision. In that sense, the aim of this article is to analyze the level of interpretation and contextualization that Mexican journalists deliver when they report on organized crime. Methodology: In doing so, this paper draws on 24 in-depth interviews with news workers who cover this beat across the country. Results and discussion: The findings suggest that journalists do interpret and contextualize the information. This is because they are interested in helping their audiences to better understand this highly complex phenomenon. Although most of the informants said that they separate facts from opinion, they constantly interpret the information by relying upon their amplified subjectivity; which represents the main contribution of this inquiry. Conclusions: The main conclusions suggest that criminals’ pressure constrains reporters’ freedom to interpret the information they publish. Therefore, despite journalists’ efforts, the average Mexican news consumer cannot fully understand the organized crime phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the development of interventions on mural paintings in Teotihuacan and the strategies applied to new findings, such as the one we carried out between 2013 and 2015 at the Complex of the Jaguars, belonging to the Quetzalpapalotl Architectural Complex and located in the northern area of this monumental pre-Hispanic city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Latin American countries have introduced presidential recall in the last three decades. This exceptional and spontaneous mechanism by which somebody can remove a servant elected through a popular vote from office before the end of his term aims to broaden participation, empower citizens, and improve the responsibility and accountability of servants. However, the recall faces the challenge of being an instrument serving interests outside of its normative ideal. What are the consequences of holding a recall referendum? Under what conditions can the recall yield better results and be more effective? This paper answers these questions by comparing the presidential recall held in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Mexico. The evidence suggests that the mechanism can have substantial advantages and fulfill its objective when its holding is justified, there is no intervention from relevant political actors, and the institutional design does not hinder or discourage participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the importance of the melting of the Arctic ice for Mexico. The research examines the impacts of this process, the Mexican government’s environmental policies, citizen’s perception and the media’s approach to climate change and the melting of the Arctic ice. To obtain the results, an exploratory analysis was carried out, from which it was concluded that, despite the importance of the Arctic melting in the current climate crisis affecting all countries, and specifically Mexico, within the political agendas of the nation, the citizenry and the mass media, both climate change and the Arctic melting are secondary issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its appearance in 2020, Brazil and Mexico have been among the most affected countries in the world by covid-19. Their respective presidents, Jair Bolsonaro and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (known as AMLO), have played a leading role in specific policies during the pandemic. Their choices were both singular and counter- intuitive. On the health front, AMLO initially underplayed the seriousness of the situation, and the Brazilian president, Bolsonaro, defended a frankly negationist attitude, with a dramatic balance sheet, without his popularity being seriously affected. On the economic front, they have chosen policies that contradict not only each other but also their own supposed ideological stances. Bolsonaro, who is ranked on the far right, has implemented an emergency transfer program on a scale comparable to those of developed countries and the most massive the country has ever seen. Conversely, AMLO, considered a progressist, provided just a minimum policy package, maintaining his previous electoral program. By adopting a comparative approach and mobilizing a unique and diversified set of data, the objective of this paper is to explore these apparent contradictions. After having established the precise diagnosis of the policies implemented to deal with the crisis and the economic and health situation in the two countries during the 2020-2022 period, we propose an original interpretation grid of the central role played by the two presidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in Mexican economic policy within neoliberalism implied serious transformations in labor relations and forms of labor organization. Based on this, the aim of this paper is to analyze the implications that practices such as protection contracts and subcontracting had on the organization of workers, and the subsequent labor reforms, still limited, which make possible new schemes of dynamization within unions, through new demands framed within the rights of labor citizenship. Methodologically, a brief description is made of the main changes in the Mexican economy and the labor context since the last decade of the last century and the first two of the present Century. This is linked to the conceptual elements of the centrality of labor and labor citizenship. It concludes by pointing out that labor reforms make possible new scenarios of opportunity for Mexican trade unionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the clashes among leftist Mexican intellectuals at the beginning of the 1970s as a consequence of the Cuban Revolution. The correspondence of Laurette Séjourné, an archeologist of Italian origin based in Mexico, provides a source for identifying the tensions generated between those who had maintained an unconditional loyalty toward die Cuban regime and those who had distanced themselves following its Sovietization. This confrontation shows that the New Left was not an ideologically homogenous group and leads to questioning the use of this category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly known as “sea spiders”, pycnogonids are a group of exclusively marine arthropods. In Mexico, 62 species of Pycnogonida have been reported from almost all the coastal Mexican states. This data is the result mostly of investigations carried out by foreigners and recent studies of sporadic collections focused on meiobenthos fauna. The aim of this paper is to disclose the samples of pycnogonids contained in the National Collection of Mites (CNAC), which was part of PhD. Anita Hoffmann’s collection and which was collected from two different locations in the Mexican Pacific by PhD. Federico Bonet in the 1940s. Three species were identified from the total of 20 specimens: Achelia sawayai (Montagu, 1808), Anoplodactylus californicus Hall, 1912, and Endeis cf. spinosa Marcus, 1940. For the first species, a record is added to the already known wide distribution. E. cf. spinosa was recorded for the first time in the Mexican Pacific, and for A. sawayai, records of its distribution in the country are expanded. Furthermore, the importance of biological collections as material sites for the recognition of biodiversity is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper used a new source of information (ESRU-EMOVI NL) to estimate, for the first time, the lower limit of unequal opportunities in a federal state in Mexico. Using the former criterion concerning unequal opportunities, a lower threshold indicated 35% inequality in economic resources in the state. As at the national level, the main contributors to unequal opportunities in the state are unequal economic resources by origin and parental education. However, in contrast to what has been observed, for the country as a whole, inequalities associated with people's skin tone account for 5% of observed unequal opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on pre service teachers' thinking about reading is relevant due to the reading comprehension problems in our country. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe the implicit theories of reading comprehension of a group of students enrolled in a BA program in English Language Teaching. The scale of implicit theories of reading comprehension was used with a quantitative, descriptive approach. Three implicit theories were identified: critical receptive, sourcing, and literary. most participants hold the critical receptive implicit theory, which focuses on ideological critique and inferring implicit messages. A smaller group holds the rhetorical implicit theory, which focuses on evaluating and contrasting sources and is highly functional for college reading. The literary implicit theory is held by a small minority. These findings suggest that pre-service teachers in the target context need better training in rhetorical and literary reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the clashes among leftist Mexican intellectuals at the beginning of the 1970s as a consequence of the Cuban Revolution. The correspondence of Laurette Séjourné, an archeologist of Italian origin based in Mexico, provides a source for identifying the tensions generated between those who had maintained an unconditional loyalty toward the Cuban regime and those who had distanced themselves following its Sovietization. This confrontation shows that the New Left was not an ideologically homogenous group and leads to questioning the use of this category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges faced by teachers during the confinement caused by Covid-19 were more severe for those who look after students with special needs or learning barriers, particularly in a context marked by the scarcity of specialized technological tools and an incipient development of digital skills among both teachers and students. The paper analyzes the conditions in which teachers who work in basic and upper secondary education in Mexico carried out their jobs from April 2020 - December 2021. The analysis is based upon a structural attributive research of explanatory scope that retrieved information through a survey. 140 teachers participated in the process; their responses were statistically analyzed and mapped out using the Geographic Information System and the ArcGIS program, in order to highlight regional differences and shortcomings. The results presented focus on two axes of the Common Framework for Digital Teaching Competence (Content Creation and Security) and show the persistence of socio-educational gaps. Those who express that to have developed these competences are teachers from urban areas, particularly those who have less years of service, higher academic degrees, and are in the seek of job stability. This leads to the conclusion that there is a need to strengthen differentiated training processes that respond to the specific needs of educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper frames the history of the Second Empire in Mexico within the international context, studying the influence of the situation and the European conflicts of the time, the diplomacy developed by Maximilian and the role of the United States before the French Intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to argue that Mexico's involvement in the Universal Exhibitions and World Fairs of the nineteenth century can be considered as the immediate background of what would be called cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century. The evidence found is that Mexico started a tradition that will remain nowadays. The influence of history, as well as the richness and diversity of its artistic and cultural production were their "letters of credence" that allows the country to be appreciated and recognized internationally. Based on testimonies from those who witnessed and attend the exhibitions, as well as official documents and papers of that period, the features of these exhibitions were exposed. To this end, this paper analyzes Mexico's involvement in three of the most important exhibitions of nineteenth century: 1851, 1889 and 1900. This selection allows to compare different contexts and at the same time contributes to observe Mexican political narrative evolution. This article aims to show that the Universal Exhibitions were an opportunity for Mexico to be known and to promote an idea of a country that was aligned with the canons of that century: progress, civility and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the factors of stage of establishment, region of destination, country of origin and union as determinants of the annual integrated wage of unionized workers through the analysis of the collective bargaining agreements of the year 2019 for 20 automotive assembly companies. Kruskal Wallis analysis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests are used to determine whether wage differences existed. The findings show that from the third stage of establishment wages decreased. The central and northern regions displayed high wages, but western and central-northern regions displayed low wages. In the case of companies of European origin, they displayed high wages, while Asian companies displayed low wages; in unions of FESEBS higher wages and FNSI low wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the perspectives of companies, school tutors and graduates on the Mexican Dual Training Model (MMFD) in the CBTIS of the State of Hidalgo. For this, we followed a mixed methodology using semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire to find out the perception of the MMFD. In this way, we identified an articulation between education and employment and that the MMFD generates and promotes new dynamics. Likewise, we observed effects such as the development of competencies in graduates and internships in companies and the reach in employability by graduates. We set out conclusions and recommendations for its application in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how Plan S arises and works, the impact it can have on the subscriptions of the scientific and academic journals of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), as well as the first approaches of some publishers who see in this University and Latin America an opportunity to implement this new publication model. The way of publishing has changed due to the use of technologies that have brought with it the emergence of the Open Access (OA) movement derived from the Budapest Open Access initiative proposed by the Open Society Institute in 2001. Plan S is an initiative that arises in 2018 to accelerate the transition to Open Access, which will allow research results to have greater visibility and citation. Plan S includes transformative agreements that can be established between publishers and libraries, since it is intended to change the payment for subscription to journals for the Read and Publish model, where the publisher receives a payment to read and a payment to publish in a single contract, while under the Publish & Read model the editor only receives payment for the publication of articles by authors from an institution and the reading of journals is included at no additional cost, precisely at this point, the library plays a relevant role among the initiative and its academic community. Therefore, we agree that Plan S, the cOAlition S initiative and the transformative agreements are a great support for open access publishing, since they directly lower the costs of the Article Processing Charges (APC) and offer researchers various options for publish their findings or advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based on qualitative interviews realized between 2014 and 2022 with 36 Central American migrant women captured by drug cartels when they transited through Mexico, aims to examine the different repertories used by criminal organizations to capture, exploit, and subject the victims to a condition of sexual slavery. It is concluded that criminal groups have developed four different repertories, which aim to tame the body and mind of the slaves to achieve total submission: kidnapping, deception, recruitment in the country of origin and extortion. Inside these organizations the roles of victim and perpetrator are interchangeable, and enslaved women are not always passive victims, but some rescue themselves using both astuteness and brute force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of sediment transport is important to understand how erosive processes operate on the earth's surface and to try to manage natural resources in an optimal way. This paper studies the mechanisms of surface transport of sediments in two high mountain headwaters that have similar topographic and lithological characteristics with an ecosystem of high ecological value characterized by the alpine grassland. These headwaters are distinguished in that one is in a natural state, located in the Altzomoni gorge, and the other has implemented management practices consisting of the construction of infiltration trenches and afforestation, in the Amalacaxco gorge. Both headwaters are located within the Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl Zoquiapan National Park (central Mexico). In the study, the luminescence signals were analyzed with the optically stimulated luminescence (LOE) technique to understand the degree of erosion that exists. The luminescence of the two deposits that make up the surface of the two headwaters was estimated and the LOE signals were analyzed in samples taken on the surface in longitudinal profiles along the slope in three different periods of one year, this to consider the variability associated with seasonal changes. The results indicate that most of the materials that are mobilized downhill come from the surface deposit. However, during the months that concentrate the greatest rainfall and solar radiation, the subsurface materials, more than 80 cm deep, but only in the Amalacaxco gorge, are mobilized punctually. This indicates that erosion is greater in the gorge where the management techniques were implemented, which contrasts with what is observed in the gorge in its natural state. It is concluded that the management techniques applied modify the surface dynamics and favor the incisive processes of the alpine grassland. The use of the method used is appropriate to study erosive processes in high mountain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge that academies face in qualitative analysis, development and provision of organized information produced from BIG DATA systems, which is useful for citizen analysis of speeches, messages, dialogues and news geolocated in contexts, is discussed. of pandemic serves to document the feminist marches of March 8 and the women's strike of March 9 of the years 2020, 2021 and 2022, years that marked a before, during and after confinement by COVID-19. This paper shows in a preliminary way, a novel methodological support from which people interested in comprehensive approaches from the social sciences and humanities start their own debate. The discussion, study and analysis of the interactions that we exchange on the network is an issue that has been postponed for more than a decade, and it has been promoted that the work of producing and analyzing high volumes of data does not correspond to qualitative analysis and it is argued that they are exclusive techniques of info-technique in which textual information and trends, themes and hashtags are represented. Today we know that is not so. That the studies of discourse, text and multimedia comprehension also correspond to the field of qualitative methods for which we have the task of being protagonists of issues, initiatives, claims, fears, complaints and struggles around human rights and hacktivism inside and outside the network. Doing so leads us to delve into the most innovative processes and analyzes that have emerged in recent years where we need to take a leap in scale where the great acceleration of the Technocene-Anthropocene debates in the networks the validity of a new "algorithmic governance" associated to the availability of massive data or BIG DATA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliometric analysis is carried out on scientific articles referring to Mexico on cybersecurity issues, published between 2015 and 2020, indexed by Sciencedirect, Redalyc, and Dialnet. The study takes into consideration indicators such as productivity per year, per journal, per institution and per author, as well as the thematic content of the texts. From the 18 papers analyzed, the detected research trends suggest a majority contribution from researchers affiliated to universities, as well as the association of cybersecurity issues and the technologies involved in cyberspace with social topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines in-depth the root causes and consequences of Mexican forced displacement from a decolonial feminist perspective, emphasizing the intersections between the body and territory. The absence of quantitative and qualitative data on internal forced displacement in Mexico erases people and communities from the territory, making them invisible along the migratory routes and making them disappear on the map of contemporary geographies of terror. In this article, we focus on the embodied experiences of women, drawing upon extensive multi-sited binational research along the Mexico-US border. Their testimonies allow an understanding of forced displacement beyond passive and re-victimizing narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exposes the limits and possibilities of educational researchers' training in Mexico concerning the dissemination of science. From the criticism of these formative processes, it turns evident the scarce professional preparation of the consolidated researchers, as well as of the novices, to establish a plural and open dialogue with all the strata of Mexican society. The idea that scientific knowledge is for the consumption of academic elites within the educational field is still upheld, and not the opportunity to debate, from different points of view, regional educational problems. Based on this, scientific journalism is proposed as the primary activity for the social communication of science to build more equitable scenarios for making better political decisions in and for our National Educational System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the state of the social capital between 2004 and 2014 in front of the implementation of the Mexican policy of attention to poverty. The investigation contemplates the beginning of the OPPORTUNIDAES program, and its passage to the PROSPERA program. The first study was conducted in a municipality in the state of Guerrero, and the second in the state of Oaxaca. The work made use of semi-structured interviews, face-to-face and with a mixed questionnaire, these were complemented with the observation technique to obtain a contextualized understanding of the situation at different explanatory levels. The results show that the policy of attention to poverty has a negative effect on the development of social capital. It was observed that the targeting method employed by these poverty attention programs creates two networks of social relationships, beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries; from the perspective of social capital, this influences the development of cooperation, solidarity, trust, reciprocity and social norms; that is, the fragmentation of social ties in a community has an impact on local development, and this does not counteract poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the significance and the challenges of various decolonized practices in research and in social science training methods in Mexico and, particularly, in Chiapas, based on a Latin American approach to the field of studies conducted by intellectuals and activists involved in social movement struggles. We analyze different forms of intercultural dialogues used in decolonizing research in terms of social, ethnic and gender relationships, according to the contexts and the knowledge production of popular and indigenous movements facing politics, education and epistemic racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider humanism, more than a current of thought, as a way of seeing reality, a perspective that considers human dignity as the ultimate criterion of evaluations and norms; and as the horizont to wich actions should be oriented. The objective of this work was to collect and analyze our experience of applying the Humanities in teaching of Medicine, within the subject of Neurology with Medicine students and Neuropediatrics in the specialty in pediatrics; and show what the contributions have been when using disciplines such Literature, Narrative and Visual art; by analyzing the results of the following published research papers: 1) From Discourse to Practice; The Perception of Undergraduate Medicine Students about their Clinical Training; and 2) Humanities in Neuropediatrics. Results of an experience in the training of pediatricians. A qualitative methodology was used to analyze the results of both works; in addition, for the development of theme of Art in the second of these. Regarding the use of literary texts or artistic media in medical education, we consider that they are useful tools to understand the human dimension of the patient, essential in clinical practice and the doctor-patient relationship; and to understand more critically their own experience, as well as that of their patients in the attention and care of their health. A medical education with values and ethics is required. For this, it is necessary to recognize and attend to a series of critical conditions since the students enter the Medicine career and later in the specialty of Pediatrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, higher education is considered one of the main routes of upward social mobility. However, given the plurality of options offered by the education system at this level, there may be a distinctive pattern not only of socioeconomic origin but also of economic results after graduating from a specific higher education institution (hei), which can inhibit the promotion of social mobility through hei. Using data from the Intergenerational Social Mobility Module 2016, this paper analyzes whether the hei in Mexico promote the social mobility of their graduates. The results suggest a potential mediating effect of hei in the intergenerational transmission of wealth. This means that the wealth of the original household is an important determinant of the type of hei from which the respondents graduate, furthermore, the type of hei also explains part of the variation in the wealth of the current household of graduates. Specifically, individuals who reported having completed their university studies at the National Polytechnic Institute (ipn, Mexico) present the lowest intergenerational correlation of wealth, 0.18. In contrast, normal schools and the National Pedagogical University (upn, Mexico) have the highest intergenerational persistence rates, 0.48 and 0.47, respectively. Under these findings, it is argued that the type of hei from which individuals graduate can complement the explanation of the mechanisms of intergenerational persistence of wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to other countries, in Mexico, there is no survey to numerically measure consumer inflation expectations. This paper reports the results of the application of a simple questionnaire that aims to obtain a first approximation of these expectations. The exercise also seeks to obtain information on the process of expectations formation through a controlled intervention, as well as to investigate which products have an effect on inflation expectations the most. Four groups were randomly formed: three that received information on past, present or expected inflation, and a control group with no additional information. Consistent with the literature, the results show that people have a higher inflation expectation than specialists. The experiment also reveals that providing information does affect and reduce inflation expectations. Finally, we find that inflation expectations depend mainly on everyday consumer products, such as food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of blood transfusions is exciting. In Mexico this practice began in the XIX century and from this time the advances and contributions of researchers and clinicians were decisive for its development and implementation in the clinical practice. The aim of this paper is to make a brief review of the history of blood transfusion in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze the historical process of articulation of the Catholic Church to Mexican society, from a historical and social perspective. In this context, I work on the configuration of cliques and groups of ecclesiastical power, analyzing the correlation of internal forces, using as an indicator the control of positions within the different episcopal levels (bishops and archbishops). After a meticulous analysis, I show the control that the Jalisco-Bajío Group has and the development of the Monterrey Group, which is taking positions. Simultaneously, there are curial groups from some states that have managed to keep their territories under control, the result of complex negotiations within the episcopate. He also explained the pressure of Pope Francis to apply substantial modifications in the Church and particularly in Mexico. Although there are changes, they are very slow, both due to bureaucratic inertia and due to processes of resistance to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mercantile expeditions organized by Lima's commercial and political elite who traded with the Philippines and China during times of notable silver production in Potosí are studied from the last two decades of the sixteenth century until 1604. This analysis emphasizes the roles in this trade of the viceroys of New Spain, Perú, and the governors of the Philippine islands such as Francisco Tello de Guzmán. Case studies are undertaken of the networks built by Limenian neighbors Juan de Segura and Diego Núñez de Campoverde. This paper ends with an analysis of the merchandise coming from the East destined for Lima, Potosí, Sucre, and La Paz. Research for this article has been conducted in the General Archive of the Indies (Sevilla, Spain), the Peruvian General Archive, México City's General Notary Archive, and the Bolivia's Nationals Archive and Library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs a comparative analysis of the Chinese and Mexican production structures, through a descriptive study and using the methods of structural analysis on input-output tables of 1995 and 2011. During this period, the average annual per capita gross domestic product (gdp) growth in China amounted to 9.18%, while in Mexico it reached only 0.95%. Assuming that China's growth has been successful in this sense, then a mayor conclusion from this paper is that if Mexico wishes to reach high growth rates, the main element potentially useful to elaborate an efficacious strategy from China's experience is clear: To foster, from a proactive participation of the state, the development of key sectors which will constantly increase their multiplier effects, so that a mayor integration of the national economy is achieved, and the development and consolidation of the productive apparatus sufficient to support the generation of next-generation productive sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the socio-economic and institutional fundaments for the operation of a circular economy at the local level, and in which rural tourism is a relevant economic activity. The paper systematize the operation of some projects on ecotourism in south Mexico. It also presents some of the complementary institutional actions that are required to achieve sustainable development by applying the principles of the circular economy. The construction of a circular economy for local development requires the presence of a functional institutional framework, as this makes possible and facilitates the use of human capacities in the performance of complementary functional activities to the central project and the best use of the underlying social capital in rural communities. Rural tourism as a basis in a circular economy for local development faces challenges but offers potential that can be exploited, combining local development with the careful use of natural resources, with technological and institutional innovations that are consistent with the use of capacities. existing in rural societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis of disappearances in Mexico worsened in 2007, when then-President Felipe Calderon launched the war on drugs. Since then, more than 80,000 people have been reported as missing. In this panorama of violence and uncertainty, a bureaucratic apparatus tries to manage the search and mourning of families still awaiting the return of their loved ones. The following pages deal mainly with the way in which the binder -that is, the case file containing the official investigation carried out by the authorities-plays a central role in the search process. Through the voices of thirteen mothers whose daughters and sons have been disappeared, the binder is framed as a person-object, which represents a material embodiment of the victim. Through this perspective, which goes beyond the rational limits imposed by the state, this paper is based on the negative methodology proposed by the anthropologist Yael Navaro. Thus, one of the conclusions shows how through objects the disappeared persons continue to participate in the everyday life of their loved ones, as well as in the claims for justice. Finally, it is important to note that all the names of people and places have been modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents partial advances in the subject matter of vocational training of an investigation in progress; the objective is to analyze the importance of high school education in the life of a group of graduates in a community high school in Oaxaca. Based on a qualitative methodology with an ethnographic approach, we analyzed interviews with graduates and field research notes. The graduates' points of view are organized in two aspects: those who stay in their community and those who migrate to the city. For the first, high school has allowed them to develop a better agricultural job. Some are intermediaries of government programs, and they carry out activities with the local government; others start or work in a local business. Their economic status forces them to enroll in more than one job at a time. Those who migrate to the city mention that high school helps them perform a less physically demanding job. However, graduates decide to work in cleaning or building activities, because they can earn a better income. The conclusions discuss the results to reflect on vocational training offered to rural populations through the formal education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the narratives of thirty-three former drug traffickers and analyses how they portray drug trafficking violence. Using a discourse analysis approach, this study reveals four different meanings att ached to this violence: a) drug trafficking violence as a business; b) violence as the ground rules of drug trafficking; c) drug trafficking violence as a source of adrenaline and empowerment, and; d) drug trafficking violence linked to the cult of the Holy Dead. Identifying and understanding each of these dimensions has significant implications for policy design. As this paper shows, each dimension has distinct origins, and serves a different purpose; therefore, each of them requires a different policy-making strategy for their containment and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican research journal Veterinaria Mexico has been published without interruption by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (FMVZ) at the National Autonomous University Of Mexico (UNAM) since 1970. Analysis of the 518 studies published in the 40 issues of the journal from 1989 to 1998 showed that research articles were the most frequent type of contribution to the journal representing 60%. Subject areas of the contributions were mainly pathology, followed by reproduction, parasitology and pharmacology, corresponding to 47% of the total. Bovine were the most studied species appearing in almost a quarter of the papers followed by poultry, pigs and dogs, all with approximately 10% each. Authors from the FMVZ participated in only 33% of papers indicating the importance of this journal as a vehicle for the publication of results from other national and international institutions. One hundred and eighty contributions were found for the FMVZ published in co-authorship with other institutions within the UNAM or with other national institutions, whereas contributions in international collaboration of the FMVZ amounted to 19. Finally, foreign institutions were responsible for 67 contributions without the FMVZ, and national institutions for 228. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the interdisciplinary study of human notched bone idiophones (called omichicahuaztli in Náhuatl) which were excavated at the Teotenango archaeological site, located in Estado de México, Mexico, in the seventies. The analysis provided in this paper takes into account data that relates to the archaeological contexts where the bones were found, but also considers osteological, taphonomic, acoustical and linguistic analysis. Such an interdisciplinary approach offers a more relevant interpretation of the meaning and the significance of these instruments of matlatzincas prehispanic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the decline of the labor income share (LIS) in Mexico during the 1990-2015 period. The decline is mostly explained by reductions within the economy's major sectors (including manufacturing, tradables, and non-tradables), rather than by a recomposition of value added towards sectors with low labor shares. In contrast to agriculture --where LIS fell due to a shift of labor force from self-employment to wage-employment-- in other major areas of the economy the fall in LIS is explained by reductions within the wage-employment sector. Econometric estimations indicate that parallel declines in the wage share and relative productivity of non-tradables and in the US manufacturing labor share all played a large role in the reduction of the manufacturing wage share in Mexico. More generally, the analysis suggests that the lagging productivity of the economy's informal non-tradable sector --itself a reflection of the country's low aggregate rate of economic growth-- is a crucial factor in the fall of LIS in the formal sectors. The paper concludes by discussing possible explanations for the paradox of the slow rate of economic growth in Mexico despite the rise in the profit share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to explore the model of diffusion of the innovations suggested by Rogers applying it to the producers of the literature published on the "metrics" in Mexico. As units of analysis were taken each of the articles published in academic journals, book chapters, and papers presented at conferences that addressed some of the aspects of metric studies or the applications of these techniques in a discipline or subfield in Mexico or by Mexicans who published documents on this matter outside of Mexico. The period covered ranges from the first papers published at the beginning of the 1970s up to December 2017. 690 documents were produced and published by 1410 different authors in the research period. The theory of the diffusion of innovations helps to accompany the historical development of Mexican bibliometrics by adequately identifying its innovators, initial adopters, and other categories of the theory of the diffusion of innovations of Rogers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican economy has moved to an outward growth model that has resulted in a spatial restructuring of manufacturing activities. This transformation has allowed the incorporation of the regional economy, in which the local and the global interact to promote the expansion and well-being of the localities. The general objective of this paper is to describe the performance of manufacturing in Mexico through its regional composition based on total factor productivity (TFP) in the period 1993-2018. The applied methodology is the Solow Residual model with a Cobb-Douglas production function with constant marginal returns to analyze the sources of growth. The results show regional asymmetries in TFP growth, on the one hand, the northern border and central-north regions register significant growth and, on the other, the central and southern regions have lagged due to inefficient performance that has resulted in a limited productivity performance of Mexican manufactures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the relative risk of a lethal outcome associated with chronic degenerative conditions in patients with COVID-19. Methods. A cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records belonging to patients who tested positive for COVID-19 on RT-PCR while receiving care as outpatients or inpatients in a social security system facility between March 2020 and March 2021. Two study groups were formed. The exposed group was divided into four subgroups, each of which was diagnosed with one and only one chronic condition (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or chronic kidney disease); the unexposed group was obtained from the medical records of patients without comorbidities. A total of 1 114 medical records were examined using simple random sampling. Once the minimum sample size was reached, the relative risk was calculated for each chronic condition. Combinations of two, three, and four conditions were created, and each of them was included in the analysis. Results. In the absence of a chronic degenerative condition, the prevalence of a lethal outcome from COVID-19 is 3.8%; in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.8%; in the presence of arterial hypertension, 15.6%; and in the presence of obesity, 15.0%. For diabetes and hypertension combined, the prevalence of a lethal outcome is 54.1%; for diabetes and obesity combined, 36.8%, and for obesity and hypertension combined, 28.1%. Conclusion. In patients with COVID-19, the relative risk of a lethal outcome is 4.17 for those with diabetes, 4.13 for those with hypertension, and 3.96 for those with obesity. For two chronic conditions combined, the relative risk doubles or triples. The relative risk of a lethal outcome is 14.27 for diabetes plus hypertension; 9.73 for diabetes plus obesity, and 7.43 for obesity plus hypertension. Chronic conditions do not present alone; they generally occur together, hence the significance of the relative risks for lethal outcomes presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the main projects supported by Conacyt during the government of Luis Echeverria Álvarez (1970-196), both with its own resources and with those of international cooperation. On the other hand, it also reviews the scientific articles published during the same period that were considered relevant in the indexes of the site Web of Science. Today, those indexes are taken into account as a relevant indicator of scientific work in Mexico. Finally the information about the projects and the articles are crossed to test the hypothesis of our research: the institutionalization process of the science system in Mexico started in 1970 allowed us to organize, support and promote scientific research in the country. allowing the rise of relevant papers published. The objective is to show the impact that the new institution had on the dynamics of scientific work at national and international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the New Spain viceroyalty, cultivation in irrigated orchards was a common practice in the semi-arid region of the west of the current state of Hidalgo, Mexico, where the ethnic group known as hñähñü settled. In this paper we focus on the analysis of the areas bathed by rivers and springs in the towns of Ixmiquilpan, Tecozautla and San José Atlán. Our objective is, in the first place, to expose the process of arrival of new plants as a result of the conquest that the Indian peoples adapted to their agriculture; second, to describe the variety of products obtained in orchards between the 16th and 18th centuries, and, finally, to show the relevance of the uses of water as a factor that favored cultivation in this agroecosystem. The sources that fed the investigation are wills, letters of rent or sale, judicial files and general descriptions made in the territory of New Spain. We conclude that hunting and gathering were not the only economic activities of the indigenous population in the studied region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]