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The text explores the case of three economies with a significant degree of internationalization (Brazil, South Korea and Mexico) between 2005 and 2015 to define their mode of integration and its impact on economic development. The study, rooted in input-output analysis, specifically on productive leaks and linkages methodology, discusses three integration schemes that influence economic growth in unique ways, depending on the type of trade specialization and dependence. This leads to the conclusion that not all export promotion strategies benefit different countries; hence, export orientation is not always synonymous with economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the challenge that China faces in achieving its goal of a high economic growth rate for the XIV Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan (FYESDP) 2021-2025 period, given the context of uncertainty that the global economy is still experiencing, and the domestic conditions that the country is going through after the second wave of COVID-19 contagion in the second half of 2022. The hypothesis is that China has managed to register an economic growth rate in accordance with the targets planned in the XIV FYESDP period between 2021 and 2023, thanks to the use of an ad hoc of instruments and variables of the economic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Brazil's economic experience between 2003 and 2016, its limits in promoting development and structural change while analyzing the policies adopted and their consequences. The economic growth model based on the conciliation of competing interests and the maintenance of liberal orthodoxy proved unsustainable in the medium term. Maintaining the overvalued exchange rate and high-interest rate hindered industry and national development. The timid attempt at developmentalism could not contain the process of deindustrialization and financialization. The neoliberal agenda was maintained, which prevented structural changes and deepened financialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries with high economic development are located in the Asia Pacific region, which stands out for its cultural and political diversity, and differences in various aspects such as gender. In Mexico, the issue presents serious challenges, as progress in some indicators of the Global Gender Gap Index (2022) is slow. On the other hand, Japan, a country that continues to relegate women to a secondary social role, indicates that a more economically developed country is not always synonymous with a better position of equality for women. The research objective is to conduct a comparative analysis of the current situation of women in the Asia Pacific, particularly in Japan and Mexico, through a documentary review and ethnography technique. The different indicators compare regarding the measurement of gender equity to determine the relationship between economic development and gender equity in the selected countries, confirming that progress in gender equity in a country is unrelated to economic growth, population, standard of living, and promoting economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today the innovation of processes, products, services, among others, becomes even more relevant for society. To do this, new strategies, connections and agents have been established that make it possible for innovation activities to materialize at each moment of value generation. Incubators are a relatively new device in innovation ecosystems and they arise with the idea that an agent that supports and accompanies these new ideas to fruition is needed. Their conceptualization is not widely known and understanding why they play a vital role in local, regional and sectoral ecosystems is a first step to be able to create better and greater numbers of enterprises that boost the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment (FDI) currently plays a relevant role in the world economy. During the last decades, several authors have been concerned about the relationship between foreign direct investment and the economic growth of a country. This work aims to identify if there is a correlation among these economic indicators, using China as study country. In order to meet this objective, a characterization of FDI is carried out in the selected country, with emphasis in its dissimilar contributions, and the determinants and incentives for investment. This work covers data fundamentally until 2019, in the context of pre-pandemic COVID-19. In addition, with the use of SPSS Statistics software and databases, a correlation study between the Gross Domestic Product and foreign direct investment has been carried out. As result, a direct and strong correlation between FDI and economic growth is obtained from the Asian country. At the end, there are experiences to following for Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the impact of investment in Research and Development (R&D) and the number of researchers on the economic growth of some of the economies of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), for the period 1996-2016. A causality analysis in the sense of Granger is performed and a panel data model is estimated. Data are obtained from the World Bank. There is empirical evidence of bidirectional causality between R&D and GDP per capita, but predominantly R&D Granger-causes GDP. Bidirectional causality is also found between the number of researchers and GDP per capita, but predominantly GDP Granger-causes the number of researchers. While the dynamic panel model of the MGM system in one stage shows that economic growth is positively affected by investment in R&D and the number of researchers. This work differs from others in the following aspects: 1) it considers a sample of 25 OECD countries in the period 1996-2016; 2) there is a greater availability of data, and 3) a dynamic panel data analysis is carried out that allows the use of a greater number of countries, variables and periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Las fluctuaciones de la actividad económica repercuten más levemente en las tasas de desempleo de los países latinoamericanos que en las de otras economías más avanzadas. En lugar de adoptar políticas de estímulo centradas en reducir el desempleo en general, esos países necesitan políticas focalizadas mediante programas que fomenten la creación de empleo en sectores específicos. Se observan diferencias en la relación desempleo‐producto entre países latinoamericanos. Allí donde la relación es débil o nula, las variaciones cíclicas afectan adversamente a la calidad del empleo, un aspecto del que la política económica también debe ocuparse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, through the methodology of (Schintke & Staglin, 1988), processes the information contained in the Domestic Input Product Matrix at the basic price of the year 2018 (111 x 111), in order to verify the existence of a correlation (+/-) between the dynamics of significant impacts generated through minimal effort and the growing outsourcing of the economy. It is a matter of verifying the hypothesis that services to a greater extent contribute to disseminate, expand the possibilities of development of economies. The study confirms that outsourcing makes services activities with a significant contribution to GDP, and high productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of Brazil, South Korea and Mexico, in 2005 and 2015, the importance of the domestic market and its link with the export sector is studied. The methodology used is based on the input-output analysis, in particular the definition of Important Coefficients. The results support the hypothesis that promoting internally oriented activities offers great potential to boost economic development, due to the direct and indirect contribution they have to the generation of added value and employment; likewise, their form of linkage with the exporting sectors has repercussions on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing Mexico's productive structure in the 1980s and 2013, this paper explores whether promoting the domestic market may complement the dynamism of the external sector and achieve a process of sustained growth and development for an economy highly integrated into the international market. The methodology applied is an extension of the input-output model and network analysis; in particular, the concept of vertically integrated sectors is a major feature to reach conclusions. The results show that stimulating the domestic market can be a complementary strategy for promoting the export sector to boost growth and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-state economic and social convergence was analyzed in Mexico’s 32 states during the period 2005-2019. Absolute economic convergence was tested through real income and average real labor income and average hourly real labor income. The variables of life expectancy, survival rate, child survival rate and educational level of workers were used to test for absolute social convergence. In addition, using the spatial dependence technique, Moran’s I, it was found that economic variables related to labor income present a high level of spatial correlation. In contrast, only social variables such as life expectancy and the educational level of workers are spatially correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico's economic development will be analyzed based on recent data and measuring diverse factors reflecting such complex phenomenon. First, we will study the evolution of the standard of live focusing on the income generation capabilities of its population. Then it will be argued that the best explanatory variable for the country's standard of life is the economic growth since it improves the well-being of all population. Consequently the third topic addressed will be the current state of income distribution, allowing us to analyze the country's disparities regarding well-being. Finally, we will investigate the current state of poverty in Mexico as one of the factors summarizing economic growth and as the result of the development of the previous factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue 33 of the Mexican magazine Portes presents seven research articles that analyze different aspects of the Asia-Pacific region. The first article reflects on Argentina's political and commercial relations with China and India. The second article highlights the financial and technological success of the High-Tech Economic Development Zones in China. The third article analyzes Taiwan's presence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The fourth article examines the potential conflict in Taiwan and its possible costs. The fifth article addresses Korean democracy and human rights. The sixth article analyzes the contacts between North Korea and armed groups in Argentina. And the seventh article analyzes migration in Mexico and its relationship with national security. Additionally, a book review on economic growth in Mexico is included. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyzes Asean and Mercosur as integration processes, and their extra and interregional economic relations in order to identify differences, similarities and their exchanges in the areas of trade and investment. Following a documentary and quantitative investigation, the article determines convergence in at least three common elements: they belong to the Global South, they have intergovernmental institutional functionality, and they seek to integrate a common market; and also divergences in, ways of practicing intergovernmentalism, institutional strength and definition of goals and lapses to achieve these objectives. It also shows that Asean gained importance as a market for Mercosur, while Asean+3 as a whole (with China, Japan and Korea) is now the main destination for its merchandise. In light of the economic links revealed, it concludes that there are reasons to prioritize a greater rapprochement of Mercosur towards Asean, especially when such proximity and understanding would serve as a portal to the rcep mega-region promoted by China, and with new opportunities for association and omnidirectional South-South cooperation crucial for economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El debate actual sobre las políticas industriales ya no se centra en determinar si las políticas industriales son necesarias, sino en la mejor manera de implementar dichas políticas y en las lecciones que se pueden aprender (y transferir) a partir de las experiencias de industrialización exitosas. Por lo tanto, la propuesta de este artículo consiste en analizar el impacto de diferentes configuraciones de políticas industriales en el crecimiento y la inserción internacional de nueve economías de América Latina. Dicho impacto se determina mediante el análisis de modelos autorregresivos integrados de media móvil (ARIMA) y de intervención para el período 1966-2014. Los resultados indican que las intervenciones analizadas no modificaron significativamente el comportamiento de las series estudiadas, excepto las series de crecimiento económico. Para las demás variables, las intervenciones fueron bastante puntuales y no se verificó ningún patrón de comportamiento en función de los períodos de intervención analizados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se propone desarrollar un modelo de crecimiento restringido por la balanza de pagos con el objetivo de analizar la importancia de la relación entre la desalineación del tipo de cambio real y la participación de la industria en el producto. A partir del trabajo de Gabriel, Jayme y Oreiro (2016) se amplía el modelo con la finalidad de abordar: i) la influencia de la competitividad de los precios en las exportaciones netas; ii) la movilidad de capitales; iii) la flexibilidad del tipo de cambio nominal; iv) el salario nominal como fracción del valor de la productividad del trabajo, y v) una relación cuadrática entre la tasa de crecimiento de la participación de la industria en el producto y la desalineación del tipo de cambio. Un resultado importante es que tanto los regímenes de cambio flexible como fijo son compatibles con una trayectoria de crecimiento equilibrado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magazine Development and Society presents its issue number 95, which includes five articles on diverse topics of economic development in Latin America. The first article analyzes the relationship between public spending on education and labor returns in Peru. The second article examines environmental sustainability and institutional quality in 180 countries. The third article studies the allocation of aid for climate change adaptation in Ecuador. The fourth article analyzes routinization and employment in Latin America. And the fifth article analyzes the volatility of economic growth in Uruguay and the Mercosur countries. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyzes the intersectoral relationships that characterized the economic structures of three countries during the 1980s and the first half of the 2000s (Mexico, 2003; South Korea and Spain, 2005). The present article attempts to explain potential growth trajectories using structural sensitivity analysis and the important coefficients (IC) by tolerable limits (LT) methodology, elaborating a typology of intersectoral articulation in each economy based on the characteristics of the countries' respective productive structures. This typology also accounted for the article's approach to the structural changes registered in each economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barbados ha emprendido una iniciativa audaz para ecologizar su economía y avanzó considerablemente en algunos sectores económicos (como la energía). Este artículo investiga hasta qué punto las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes), uno de sus segmentos más grandes de la actividad económica, han adoptado iniciativas ecológicas, y los factores que las han llevado a hacerlo. Se estima un modelo probit usando una base de datos a nivel de las empresas extraída de la base de datos Productivity, Technology, Innovation in the Caribbean (PROTEqIN), que gestiona Compete Caribbean. Las pymes se han quedado rezagadas en la adopción de estrategias ecológicas con respecto a las empresas más grandes. Una de las principales limitaciones era la insuficiente disponibilidad de apoyo y conocimientos técnicos dentro de estas empresas. Se concluye que, para que la isla tenga éxito en la ecologización de sus pymes, se tendrá que mejorar su acceso al apoyo técnico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El comienzo del siglo XXI en América Latina se caracterizó por una "marea rosa", con cambios en la orientación de las políticas nacionales que produjeron resultados sociales positivos y modificaron el orden regional y el papel atribuido a la integración regional en los países latinoamericanos. En forma paralela a este proceso, la economía internacional dispensó un alivio de la restricción externa, de modo que las crisis de la balanza de pagos no interrumpieron las trayectorias de crecimiento. Sin embargo, los avances en la integración regional son débiles en comparación con las intenciones políticas. En este artículo se plantea que, ante importantes transformaciones en el centro de la economía internacional, no se logró transformar la estructura productiva de América Latina para alcanzar una mayor diversificación. Lamentablemente, al reproducir (o reprimarizar) las estructuras productivas se profundizó la inserción externa extrarregional y la integración latinoamericana quedó en un segundo plano, constreñida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive and sustainable economic growth is a fundamental objective of development, and one which seeks to address inequality. Working from this premise, this article sets out to determine the characteristics of the companies with the highest wealth concentration in Ecuador, as well as to identify the variables that affect business inclusion, and to propose alternatives for inclusive growth with the participation of MSMEs. This article employs the Gini coefficient to determine the level of economic concentration and to study companies' financial management models. The findings revealed high inequality indexes: profitability over assets, indebtedness, age, and financial leverage as predictors of the probability of belonging to the most successful category. There is therefore a clear need to implement public policies aimed at promoting productivity and socially responsible behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the hypothesis that innovation is an important driver of growth, using an interregional dynamic panel model that controls for endogeneity and captures cumulative effects. In Mexico, the evidence based on three regional criteria (geography, income, and innovation stimulus intensity) suggests that innovation has positive effects on growth, as has been theoretically hypothesized, but with gradual reductions from 2008 and significant variations by region and sector. Furthermore, public support for innovation produced different effects between areas with varying degrees of economic development, with greater elasticity in less-economically developed areas. This reality could facilitate the reduction of regional inequalities. Support for innovation should prioritize intensive high-tech projects, include more diverse economic agents, and have a regional perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article illustrates the construction and usefulness of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Mexico, 2013, presenting the methodology used for its elaboration, as well as its characteristics and qualities as an accounting tool for the evaluation of economic policy linked to the study of economic growth and development. The SAM includes 21 economic sectors, four types of import goods industries, and four institutional sectors subdivided into low-, middle-, and high-income households; financial and non-financial corporations (public and private), government, and the rest of the world. Via inter-institutional analysis, SAMs allow for the detailed observation of the productive structure and the institutional sectors of the Mexican economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential relationship between higher education and economic development is increasingly strong, decisive and necessary, in order to achieve a growing economic development for society and the human being. The present material emphasizes this from a historical, social and cultural perspective, revealing the achievements and shortcomings that have marked this relationship, particularly in the People's Republic of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study shows the dynamics of inequalities in Chile (1990-2016) from a regional perspective. A broad database is constructed including different measures of income inequality, revealing the enormus heterogeneity across the Chilean regions. The data shown that the most unequal regions are also those with the lowest GDP per capita and other development indicators. At the geographical level, the southern regions are the losers in terms of development and inequality. It is shown that there exists regional convergence in terms of GDP per capita and in the Gini coefficient, despite the high persistence in inequality over the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to expose Quevedo as a city with significant economic presence and opportunities in the province of Los Ríos and the country. Despite being in an unstructured environment, microenterprises have better business opportunities, since they are in constant contact with the client, which leads to management activities aimed at obtaining resources, achieving efficiency and reducing costs, making their curves of medium cost they move to other more competitive points, providing advantages that have made possible their permanence, growth and development. In Quevedo, the number of microenterprises increases significantly, especially those in the agricultural sector, livestock, manufacturing, commerce, construction and the service sector. It is observed that the development of the informal microenterprise sector is reasonably associated with the growth of entrepreneurship, influenced by the identification of new business opportunities, challenges and present challenges, and of future expectations, which stimulates the internal economy, competitiveness and economic growth. In an appropriate context, the generation of employment by this sector strengthens social and family development and boosts the economic and financial activity of the city. This scenario exposes the opportunities and challenges of the sector and constitutes the basis for the development of future research lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies the behavior of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Mexico with respect to the manufacturing sector and its contributions to the "Automotive Industry", determining its impact through an analysis applied in linear regression. It also detects the main variants of economic growth in the country, which allow contributing to investment, achieving a high level of production, the incorporation of new companies, the increase of jobs, as well as the opportunity and retroactive benefits to that sector. It constitutes a means to establish direct and long-term links between the economies, for the development of other local companies, as well as to improve the competitiveness of the receiving economy as the investor. It also offers the receiving economy an opportunity to further promote its products in international markets. In addition to having a positive impact on the development of international trade, FDI is an important source of capital for the many recipient and investment economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to answer which are the determinants of income inequality in Chile, from a regional perspective. The empirical analysis (1990-2016) shows that in Chile the relationship between the GDP per capita and the Gini does not have the traditional form of the inverted Kuznets U, but rather, the behavior is the inverse, same observed in countries such as United States and the United Kingdom. It is revealed that, initial values of income; the economic activity of the region; the concentration of indigenous population and human capital are important and robust determinants of income inequality in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porpouse of this investigation, is identify the relationship between the inequality in the income and the economic development growth of Chili at the period from 1996 and 2017. By this, we used the Palma's Ratio and the modifications of the traditionals measurements of the phenomenon where we used the wages of the employees. Our result show a negative relationship between inequality and the economic growth, as show the bibilografy that hold that the countries with high level of inequality have a lower economic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 80s of the last century, neoliberal policies began to be implemented in Mexico as part of a generalized phenomenon of globalization; four decades later, these policies show symptoms of decline. The expansion of this economic model has never been homogeneous, so its effects have to be studied according to the geographical and social particularities of the places where it develops. This article analyzes the implementation, development and consequences of neoliberal policies in two Mexican rural regions with different productive vocations and unequal degrees of social and economic development: the Huasteca of Hidalgo and El Bajío. It is examined that regardless of the development degree of each rural region, there are territorialities that managed neoliberalism locally, deepening the pauperization of historically disadvantaged social groups. This is an interdisciplinary study of geographic, economic and political components together with empirical information that has been compiled in two localities of the regions in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the main events that occurred in Paraguay during 2018. First, the general elections confirmed the hegemony of the Colorado Party, even in the unusual situation of internal conflict. Second, a woman was elected vice-president for the first time in the country´s recent history. That is a significative political outcome even when it can be interpreted as the outcome of President Cartes´ political maneuvering to remain as an active Senator. Third, in 2018, the Paraguayan economy registered controlled inflation, moderate debt growth, and sustained economic growth, which provide macroeconomic stability in the country. Finally, extreme and general poverty remained within the same levels than the previous year. Economic development has not improved the quality of life of the most vulnerable members of Paraguayan´s society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evidences the result of studying the role of the intellectual capital in the sustainable development of organizations, as well as the diagnosis about the management of the intangible assets in the Cubans companies, where 210 Havana's companies were used as samples. The present paper suggests a model for the measurement of the efficiency of intangibles's management, adapted to the conditions of Cuban economy. For the determination of intangible inductive variables of value in our context, a research with 210 businessmen of all the country was carried out. The feasibility and pertinence of proposed mode is evaluated through its application to a Cuban metallurgic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consultamos a expertos en economía y a directivos sobre lo que esperan para los próximos 30 meses, cuáles son sus miedos, qué cambios vaticinan para el entorno empresarial y los factores que dependen del gobierno. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo se enfoca en el progreso económico rápido de Perú en el siglo XXI. El autor se refiere al país como un milagro económico debido a su tasa de crecimiento promedio de 7.5 % entre los años 2005 y 2007. El autor sostiene que el milagro requiere la mejora dramática en las condiciones económicas del país, en su mayoría el resultado del crecimiento económico. Se presenta un modelo econométrico para estimar su conversión hasta un milagro económico.

Se analiza la contribución de los avances tecnológicos al crecimiento económico, según la teoría del economista americano Robert Solow, que se basa en la cuantificación del progreso técnico por residuo para calcular la productividad total de los factores. Se destaca el problema de que, según esta teoría, la contribución de la tecnología al crecimiento puede exceder el 100%. Se propone un cálculo alternativo para medir la incidencia de la tecnología en la economía.

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la dinámica económica de un grupo de países de América Latina durante el período 1955-2003. Para ello se introduce un concepto alternativo de desempeño económico basado en la noción de regímenes dinámicos. Estos regímenes están definidos por las tasas de crecimiento y los niveles del producto interno bruto (PIB) per cápita. Mediante la introducción de un método no paramétrico de clusters se pueden detectar principalmente dos grupos de desempeño cuya evolución es estudiada. Uno de ellos, identificado como el grupo de países con alto desempeño, muestra una estructura relativamente homogénea. Al contrario, el segundo grupo presenta una alta dispersión en sus desempeños, sugiriendo la existencia de subclusters y cierta divergencia entre ellos. Además, se advierte que hay movilidad entre los grupos de bajo y alto desempeño, y que la distancia entre clusters se incrementa en el tiempo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an extended model that includes Thirlwall's simple rule. Growth in Mexico fell from an annual average of 6.76% in 1961-1981 to 2.95% in the 1982-2004 period. Net lows of capital, rents and transfers promote and stabilize the economy, but devaluation does not improve growth. Income growth rates and income elasticities between Mexico and the United States have become equal, which prevents convergence of per capita income. Mexico must design and implement an industrial policy if it wants to increase its rate of growth and face the fall of oil reserves and the changes in US immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1980s, China carried out a financial reform enabling the People's Bank to move away from a centralized banking system towards a system of defined financial institutions and thus to drive growth and economic development via the development banks and the commercial banks. This reform, which allowed the participation of private and foreign companies, has been regulated by the Central Bank without compromising monetary sovereignty. Although the process of financial deregulation led to past-due loan portfolios that would have brought about a banking crisis in a market economy, the financial institutions were capitalized, turning them into healthy financial institutions. Today, China's participation in the stimulus package arising from the world economic crisis has sown doubts about the solidity of its financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the role of specialization in the economic performance of Mexico's states, estimating an equation for growth augmented by a specialization index that captures gains in productivity by reallocating resources towards sectors with growing returns to scale and a variable that measures the catch-up effect. This exercise is distinguished from other similar ones by its utilization of specialization indices broken down at the branch and economic activity levels where the analysis focuses on the impact of the key sectors, which are identified by following the criteria established by the new theory of growth (NTG) and Post-Keynesian theory (PKT). This makes it possible to place the economic activities that contribute in a special way to economic growth in the states and to contrast the validity of some arguments present in the present theoretical debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to ascertain whether financial development influenced economic growth after 1990 (the analysis includes the period 1990 - 2004), a period during which a series of reforms was carried out tending to liberalize Mexico's financial sector. The McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis establishes that government restrictions on the financial sector restrict and distort the process of development in this sector and thereby inhibit the process of economic growth. The estimated incidence of financial development on economic growth is realized using a dynamic aggregate production function, similar to that employed by Asteriou and Price (2000). In contrast with the results obtained by Tinoco, Torres and Venegas (2008), we find that financial development had a positive impact on economic growth in the period under review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how the socialpolitical and judicial factors have affected private investment in Venezuela and Latin America for the period 1995- 2003 by means of panel data analysis. In the case of Venezuela, there is evidence that the fall in the investment rate in Venezuela has been caused by these factors. In this way, it is necessary that not only the Venezuelan government but also the other Latin American governments begin working on the creation and strengthening of institutions so that risks are reduced and stability is enhanced. In this way, it is possible to endorse a sustained economic growth and better standards of living for Latin American citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se desarrolla y se somete a prueba un modelo de crecimiento que se centra en la introducción de exportaciones nuevas como principal fuente de crecimiento de los países que se encuentran alejados de la frontera tecnológica mundial y que para crecer dependen de la adaptación de los productos existentes a su entorno económico. Se procura captar los hechos estilizados que subyacen tras el crecimiento de economías tan diferentes como las de República de Corea, la provincia china de Taiwán, Mauricio, Finlandia, China y Chile, que se han basado en la diversificación de las exportaciones. En consecuencia, se estima que el principal motor del crecimiento es la ampliación de las ventajas comparativas. La hipótesis de la diversificación de las exportaciones se prueba mediante un modelo empírico de crecimiento. Al controlar otras variables que afectan a este último, se observa que la diversificación de las exportaciones, por sí sola e interactuando con el aumento de volumen de las exportaciones per cápita, es de gran importancia para explicar el crecimiento del PIB per cápita en el período 1980-2003. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the international economic debate, the southern Indian state of Kerala has been considered during the last three decades as a "model" of relative social well-being despite its low economic growth. In recent years, the situation has changed with a strong economic acceleration that bears out a new concern: The quality and resilience of economic growth that has not boosted agriculture or industrial production. We try to understand here the reasons for long term agricultural stagnation that obstructs the balanced development of a regional economy linked to high unemployment rates and soaring emigration flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]