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VoD -video on demand- platforms have promoted a global television market in the current audiovisual industry. Thanks to its transnational character, the operator of Netflix distributes around the world TV series produced inside a local context, and national cultural identities are transmitted in a global context. The present paper aims to determine the Spanish idiosyncrasy through images about the city of Madrid in Netflix original fiction: Valeria (2020-2023). A qualitative methodology has been used to conduct a bibliographic review and examine this TV fiction. To do so, we elaborate an analysis table with technical data, cultural and emotional identification, and audiovisual language in scenes which show places of Madrid. Findings show the inclusion of outdoors and architectures, locals of economic activity, and identity symbols across images which articulate personal and professional stories with a suitable audiovisual filmmaking. Conclusions highlight the cultural proximity for a local audience, and touristic options of Madrid through this TV series and its promotional material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to quantify the land use from the primary activities in terms of consumption in Mexico. To do this, we assign data on the land use for agriculture, livestock, productive forestry, and aquaculture to the primary economic activities represented in the 2018 input-output table. Also, the input-output model of land use is complemented with statistical information from the import matrix and the social accounting matrix of 2018. The results indicate that the land footprint amounts to 61 745 416 hectares and 0.49 hectares per capita. This means that 73% of the land footprint is represented by land areas within our country and 27% by areas in other countries. The land demand derived from the consumption of the population in Mexico is greater than the land areas used in the production of primary activities. This study has two limitations: one referred to the assumptions of the input-output model and another, to the concept of land use. The originality and value of the article consist in analyzing the demand for land for food production in Mexico, which represents the greatest threat to the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems and the ecological services that emanate from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the determinants of the exchange rate based on the portfolio balance model. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), we empirically evaluate the effect of private net foreign assets and the traditional factors affecting the exchange rate dynamics in Mexico from 1990-2019. The main results suggest that: i) the portfolio approach constitutes a consistent system to explain the behavior of the exchange rate; ii) an increase in economic activity and interest rate differentials triggers an appreciation of the exchange rate; iii) an increase in the inflation gap and private net foreign assets causes a depreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the susceptibility to subsidence and collapses in karst terrains of Campeche, Mexico, assuming that under a set of conditioning factors these phenomena occur with greater or lesser intensity and may represent a hazard to the population and economic activities. The conceptual model proposes the relative weighting of susceptible areas through multicriteria analysis of analytical hierarchies including lithological, structural, and environmental factors that affect the geomechanics of subsidence and collapse. The conceptual model is translated into a logical one in a Geographic Information System (ArcMap) from which a susceptibility map with four levels is obtained, very high with 13% of the state area, high 25%, medium 30% and low 32%. The susceptibility values correspond to the levels of predisposition of the terrain to hazard. It is concluded that the susceptibility map is a preventive threat cartographic document, useful at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centered in ecosocialist and ecofeminist perspectives, this paper examines the negative impact of extractivism as an economic activity that removes a huge number of natural resources and evaluates how global capital's ecological management, which I call "greening," has developed in Central and South America. Three questions are addressed: how the regional and local network on the governance of nature in Latin America has been organized; why extractivism strikes women hardest; and to what extent and how movements against extractivism have become involved in contesting global trends as well as national and local policies supporting them. The paper exposes the United Nations as a key force in the permanent model of colonialism, economic dependence, patriarchy, and geopolitical power characterizing extractivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes local production systems by identifying their business structure, and the role played by the main sectors of economic activity in the territory of Cotopaxi-Ecuador as the basis for study. It highlights the Andean-Latin American approach to integral, territorial, and sustainable development, based on the triangulation of regional analysis techniques (specialization and location coefficients, cluster analysis, and Rasmussen’s method) to characterize the dynamics of the local production system and lines of improvement to strengthen the system. The results show the presence of two provincial clusters, a high degree of regional specialization in traditional activities that have little impact on the productivity of the province, and the presence of two key economic sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper theoretically interprets how international real capitalist competition pressures trade balances of the peripheral countries to depend on absolute cost advantages based on the super-exploitation of labor power and nature; dependence which creates cyclical dynamics within those countries. To reinforce such an interpretation, the paper takes as a study case the Ecuadorian peripheral capitalism, about which some historical-cyclical trends are presented as well as some examples of economic activities that seem to obtain their trade surplus through super-exploitation. Also, the paper estimates a PVAR model over a panel data of 43 economic activities observed during the period 2007-2016; from that estimation, it is found evidence of short-run cyclical dynamics among Ecuadorian economic activities. All the empirical results evidence the importance of the absolute cost advantages gained through super-exploitation of labor power and nature on the determination of trade balances and on the rise of cycles that reinforce the dependent condition of Ecuadorian capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the socio-economic and institutional fundaments for the operation of a circular economy at the local level, and in which rural tourism is a relevant economic activity. The paper systematize the operation of some projects on ecotourism in south Mexico. It also presents some of the complementary institutional actions that are required to achieve sustainable development by applying the principles of the circular economy. The construction of a circular economy for local development requires the presence of a functional institutional framework, as this makes possible and facilitates the use of human capacities in the performance of complementary functional activities to the central project and the best use of the underlying social capital in rural communities. Rural tourism as a basis in a circular economy for local development faces challenges but offers potential that can be exploited, combining local development with the careful use of natural resources, with technological and institutional innovations that are consistent with the use of capacities. existing in rural societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health and economic effects of COVID-19 challenge governments and force them to implement policies to mitigate the consequences on the economic activity. Local governments lack the tools to meet the demands of the affected economic sectors. This paper seeks to investigate the difficulties faced by the government of the municipality of Bahía Blanca to meet the requirements of local merchants. Based on the analysis of the institutional framework and a survey of the commercial sector conducted by the Economic Reactivation Commission convened by the municipality in the context of the pandemic, inconsistencies were found between the demands made by the affected economic agents to the municipal government and the offer of local public policies. The local government has little scope of action and policies depend on the national and provincial governments. At the same time, merchants show financial vulnerability, which implies a strong dependence on external aid to overcome risk situations or economic-financial difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the incidence of subnational public spending on the economic growth of Mexican states. To achieve that purpose, five panel models are estimated: three ordinary least squares (OLS), one with fixed effects without temporal dummies and other with temporal dummies. Data employed are annual observations for the 32 federal entities for the period 2010-2018. Results evidence that temporal and spatial effects explain economic growth. i) a 10% increase in contributions generates a 2.4% increase in GDP, ii) if subnational debt is augmented by 10%, economic growth increases by 0.64%, iii) federal participations are not related to economic activity, and iv) finally, a 10% increase in private consumption generates a 5.3% increase in economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the trends that are reducing the use of cash, such as innovation in digital payment methods, fear of contagion during the pandemic, and demonetization processes carried out by central banks. Although cash in circulation has increased in the European Union, it is generally expected that cash will continue to be an important means of payment. However, Venezuela could be an exception due to the forced demonetization it has experienced. During the pandemic, there has been an increase in the use of digital payment methods and contactless transactions, which has contributed to the reduction in the use of cash. In addition, the cases of forced demonetization in India and Venezuela are mentioned, where central banks withdrew high denomination banknotes from circulation. In Venezuela, the lack of production of new banknotes has led to a decrease in cash in circulation. The Central Bank of Venezuela has experienced a lack of financial resources to acquire imported supplies such as ink and paper. The demonetization of cash in Venezuela has been exacerbated due to the financial restrictions of the Central Bank and the pandemic. In contrast, in India, there has been a progressive remonetization thanks to the introduction of new banknotes and coins. In both countries, cash is mainly used by the unbanked population engaged in informal activities. In Venezuela, demonetization has led to increased banking and greater access to digital payment methods. The article "Foreign demand for euro banknotes" from the European Central Bank analyzes the foreign demand for euro banknotes. The study shows that the demand for euro banknotes in non-euro area countries has significantly increased in recent years. The authors of the study conclude that this increase may be related to a lack of confidence in local currencies and a preference for a more stable currency such as the euro. The report provides data and graphs that illustrate this trend. [Extracted from the article]

The paper analyses how Neuquen's state policies configured territorial knots in the area where the mapuce community Campo Maripe is located, in northern Añelo, the core of the Vaca Muerta geological formation. It is argued that these policies designed spaces boosting certain economic activities and their associated territorialities and brought indigenous deterritorialization as a consequence. The Mapuce community Campo Maripe, whose territory currently partially overlaps with the Loma Campana oil field -one of the three most important fields in the extraction of hydrocarbons by non-conventional methods-, has been selected as a case study due to how notorious its resistance strategies have become over the last few years. Written documents and oral testimonies are used to characterize the complex scenario of territorial overlapping caused by state policies and the development of specific interactions between the different actors within the territorial knots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the relationship between poetry and economics in Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar, a long narrative work in prosimetrum form composed in Iceland during the first half of the 13th Century. The study assesses the role of versifying as an economic activity as well as it provides information about production, consumption and exchange in the poems of the saga. Furthermore, it considers the relationship between the material aspects of life as displayed both in the saga prose and in its poetry. The analysis suggests that both are generally congruent, and thus the saga provides the audience with a sense of narrative and ideological unity in regard to these economic matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes structural interventions to organize the working population which could be implemented to avoid a new wave of Covid-19 cases without halting economic activity. We summarize the evidence regarding cyclic schedules of work days followed by days in lockdown. We discuss the possible application of cycles of four days of work followed by three in lockdown for the Mexican context. We also discuss two complimentary interventions for these cycles: continuing to work from home for the sectors for which this is possible and staggered work shifts. This discussion takes into account the high informality context and the scarcity of resources to absorb productivity losses in middle and small companies. We consider the need to implement financial help for people and companies to mitigate lost earnings both in the formal and in the informal work sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on working under the line of sustainability in small-scale informal gold mining projects, specifically in Colombia. It is interesting to study Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) in Colombia from a business perspective as an activity that generates economic and sustainable development. ASM has great challenges to overcome in order to achieve sustainability in the industry, among them is to overcome informality in the sector, and thus be able to promote the development of a legally constituted economic activity. To achieve this objective, the National Government of Colombia has implemented a National Mining Formalization Policy, encouraging formality through mining formalization and regularization projects. In this work a review is carried out on the aspects that revolve around a Sustainable Business Model; use is made of the business modeling tool Canvas, whose input is secondary information sources. to present a Sustainable Business Model around small informal gold mining with a view to contributing to the purpose of achieving mining formality in operations in the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has entered the new millennium with the goal of returning to the club of the great world powers and is running as the clearest candidate to dispute the hegemonic power of the United States. The "Chinese dream of revitalization of the great Chinese nation" and the "community of destiny" have become two of the main foreign policy purposes of the current president, Xi Jinping. In both concepts, the economic arena occupies a priority place. In this context, the economic statecraft, understood as the manipulation of international economic activities by a State to achieve strategic objectives (Norris, 2010) becomes a fundamental tool for Beijing in the framework of consolidation of its global power. It has also become an effective means to attract Latin American countries, rich in the natural resources that China needs to sustain its economic growth rates. In this regard, the Asian giant has established strategic partnerships aimed at strengthening ties with Beijing, which focus on trade, investment and finance (priority areas of action in the economic statecraft). This paper intends to analyze the economic statecraft that China deploys in Latin America and its link with the establishment of strategic associations in the region, in order to understand if they contribute to give an institutional framework to the economic policy of power that China deploys in the region. For this, we will take the case of the Argentina-China relationship at the beginning of the 21st century, analyzing its process of approach and evolution of bilateral political-diplomatic relations until the signing of the 2014 Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine tourism is a growing economic activity in Castilla y León. More and more people are interested in knowing the ins and outs of the world of wine, so wine is becoming one of the pillars of rural development in the plains of the Duero. In order to achieve this key role in the territory, this activity has had to adapt to changes in the tastes of consumers and, especially, to faster and more direct new forms of communication. This paper aims to outlook the existing situation in the wineries of Castilla y León in the field of new technologies and, especially, of websites and social networks, two key tools for the development of wine tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the first half of the 20th century, Japan launched an imperialist project in East Asia that transformed the region in many ways. By means of a historical and comparative analysis, this paper describes the economic activities of the Japanese in that period, directed not only to the mere extraction of resources, but also to the construction of infrastructure, the training of technical personnel and the creation of institutions and long-lasting international links. It also shows how all this was used favorably as a driving force in the industry of the region, and even in cases of economic growth that emulated the "Japanese miracle" after the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic thought evolved over the past two centuries to focus on individual behavior as the basis for all economic activity. Some heterodox economists have pointed to the importance of group behavior and the influence of organizations on economic activity, but the neoclassical paradigm, with the rational isolated individual as its main actor, prevails in mainstream economics. This paper presents a "sociology of economics" to explain why the prevailing paradigm of economics does not allow seeing and studying group behavior. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, the paper details the habitus, the system of beliefs and the symbolic violence against those who question them. Also, it highlights the support of commercial and financial interests to the dominant culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of the study of the economic and social environmental impacts of concrete blocks production in Eco-materials workshop in Manicaragua city. This is an experimental area of local production in Villa Clara, which belongs to Habitat project. The Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) tool is used through the use of SIMAPRO 7.3 program. For the measurement of environmental impacts, the Eco indicator 99 methodology is applied, and the Life Cycle Cost Analysis (CCV) for the economic ones. The functional units evaluated are the 10 and 15 cm blocks manufactured with two alternatives: natural aggregate and recycled aggregate. The results show that the production of blocks of 10 and 15 cm with recycled aggregate have a greater environmental impact due to the fact that more cement is used than those made with natural aggregate, although they have less impact on the exploitation of the quarries. The economic effect indicates that the blocks with recycled aggregate are more economical at $ 0.16 for those of 10 cm and $ 0.23 for those of 15 cm because they reduce transportation costs and materials. The social impact reveals that the block manufactured with recycled aggregate tends to have a negative influence on health, since it uses more cement, but an additional production of two units is achieved in the case of the 10 cm blocks and three in the 15 cm blocks using the same amount of aggregates from the quarries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Economic Geography (NEG) focuses on the question of whether trade leads to a greater concentration of economic activity. Little empirical work has been done on assessing the regional distribution of the impact of trade. Therefore, this paper looks at the regional distribution in Mexico of the benefits from trade after NAFTA. Unlike previous papers, this study works with municipal-level data, which not only makes it possible to observe the growth patterns across space more clearly but also to identify the effect of NAFTA. The results show that after NAFTA, output per worker in regions near the Mexico-U.S. border grew faster than that in those further away. Furthermore, the trade agreement increased inequality, implying trade increased economic concentration by causing cities to grow faster than other regions. Similarly, regions with a more literate workforce were better able to benefit from NAFTA, growing faster than other areas after the trade agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Below, this paper analyzes and identifies some of the determinants that explain cement industry production in Mexico. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of exports and external competition on cement production, as well as internal drivers, such as investment, employment, and overall economic activity. As a function of augmented production, error correction models were estimated. The results indicate that the cement production exchange rate is positively related with exports and negatively with external competition. Overall economic activity showed a strong effect on production. Assuming that the industry operates as an oligopoly, the results imply that there are no incentives to favor the entrance of competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises have an increasingly high profile and are achieving greater recognition by the authorities and society in general. At the same time, they face the challenge of presenting their results in a way that shows their social and economic impact. This paper aims to review the methods for analysing socioeconomic impact and its realisation in social enterprises, with particular reference to work integration social enterprises. The essential contribution of this paper is to give an integrated view of the activities and results of work integration social enterprises, one of the social enterprise models that has seen most development in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper is an attempt to explore some dimensions involved in the use of money by subaltern sectors from José León Suárez, province of Buenos Aires. We claim that the specific practices of consumption, credit and saving, that take place at the intersection between the perceptions about income and the formal and informal mechanisms regulating the relationship to money, tend to widen the inequalities found in those social sectors. In this sense, our paper claims that consumption practices are structured by perceptions around income, that is, the nature of the job involved - whether formal or informal - the regularity and periodicity of wages, and the modality of wage payment - bank account or otherwise. Within this framework, we may find differential access to credit - in banks and retail stores as well as "credit rating" and "trust" among relatives and neighbors and small local stores - that entail associated ways of dealing with time both as an experience and something that can be calculated upon. All these dimensions, crisscrossed by regulations, exclusions and controls that shape the ways of spending, frame differential approaches to the use of money and saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the experience of economic growth in Peru during the last five decades. It describes its principal characteristics, explains the changes along the period and predicts its future path. The methodological approach consists in a combination of accounting and econometric techniques, both based in comparisons between countries and periods of time. The study discovers that the most important turning points of the economic growth were caused by changes in the productivity of all inputs, instead of the simple accumulation of capital. Specifically, the paper finds out that the recover of the economic growth in Peru during the 1990's was caused by the process of structural reforms and stabilization and lasts until now. The future growth of the economy depends on the continuation and deepness of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some parameters of economic analysis in specialized papers that barely have incorporated the importance of the economic activity expansion over the geographical scale, no matter in medium, largest or metropolitan cities. We present evidence and hypothesis on the urban nature of economic expansion that might be able to combine the use of concentric and polycentric structure in a city with a population over 300 thousands people. The paper is developed in two main aspects of economic expansion: 1) the nature of the employment that consolidates and structures the labor market; and 2) the organization of intraurban space that is stimulated by those activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the lingkage between higher education and employment policies in Thailand. At the same time it presents some aspects of the labour market in relationship with the higher education supply (private and public) and with the demand of skilled labour force. The paper also shows issues of the actualy higher education and employment policies for the understanding between their no-lingkage of both of them for the development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper assesses the importance of the composition of business tissue in the evolution of the economic activity and job creation in Baja California in the context of the global crisis of 2008-2009, highlighting the behavior of micro and small enterprises. The method consists of two parts: a correspondence analysis as an exploratory tool and a confirmatory econometric analysis with confirmatory purposes in which a collection of economic census variables is used, and once reviewed population, migration and production structure indicators. As results, we found a direct and significant relationship of micro enterprises with turnover and employment during the crisis period, however, in the post-crisis period (2010-2014) the contribution of small enterprises was noticeably higher. Meanwhile, large enterprises, showed lower sensitivity and a reduced ability to create jobs even during the post-crisis period. Limitations: However, due to the limited number of observations the results should be treated with some caution because of the high segregation. It is concluded that it is not possible to reject the hypothesis that micro but especially small enterprises, played a strategic role in generating employment and economic dynamism during the crisis, even helping to reduce their impact. Therefore, it is appropriate to strengthen industrial policy that promotes training and innovation for micro and small enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to enunciate those different ways of looking and perspectives that try to explain the importance of the regional dimension development into a context of global transformations of the economy, in order to understand and analyze the particular cases and processes that occur around the global regional spaces and have influence in territorial organization. For this purpose I consider as startup the structural changes of the world economical processes from the last decades of the XXth century that forced the searching of new alternatives for local and regional development with new adjusted models according to world's economical patterns. I identify two fundamental aspects of the regional economic development from these theoretical points of view: on one side, exist the importance of the territorial dimension and, on the other hand, we have the endogenous process criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that spatial distribution in sectors of an economy is not always a consequence of regional externalities. The behavior of twenty three sectors of Sonora economy is analyzed considering first its spatial distribution and later the influence of the space in such distribution. To achieve it, Moran's I and Local Indicators of Spatial Association methods were applied. A high concentration or spatial specialization it is observed, as well as a very low spatial correlation. These results allow us to conclude that the location of the analyzed sectors does not respond to regional externalities, but rather to economies of urbanization or some other non- regional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies and analyses the fundamental structural shocks that have explained the short run fluctuations of the Venezuelan economy in its recent history. For this purpose, we estimate a dynamic factor model (GDFM) with a panel of 115 variables and evaluate the effects of a monetary policy, a fiscal policy and an oil shock on their common component. These shocks are identified with the sign restriction methodology recently developed in the Structural VAR literature. We find that a monetary policy shock is not effective to modify economic activity, while an expansionary fiscal shock, financed with domestic debt, can increase household consumption and construction services, without affecting the aggregate production of the economy. Finally, an expansionary oil shock behaves identically as a positive aggregate supply shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regions that base their economic activity on extraction of mineral resources are characterized by generate over rents that have physical and institutional effects on the territory. This paper analyses how rents related with royalties have an impact on land values of petroleum producer municipalities. Through a hedonic approach land values are estimated using an econometric specifi- cation with spatially correlated errors. It is argued that after controlling by location, income and amenity variables, in those municipalities where royalties are perceived, land values are significantly lower. It can be concluded that the effect of royalties affects in negative way the spatial equilibrium even with a higher consumption of amenities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper scrutinizes the discourse that prevailed in Mexico and in the world in the last few decades in respect of the so-called micro, small, medium-sized and large companies "sector", insofar as it is one of the most tangible expresions of the new liberalism that has been enthroned as the dominating ideology and doctrine since the early 1980's. The view is held here that said discourse must be trascended and a new veritable industrial policy must be formulated, one that allows for the needs and problems of the industries to be addressed selectively and in a planned manner for the sake of the social and economic priorities of the different communities and regions in the country. It is argued that this policy must be nurtured from the great experience accummulated by the Mexican State during the 20th Century whose peak was reached in the policies implemented in this sense by the Luis Echeverría and the José López Portillo administrations in the 1970's. Essentially, the idea would be for the Mexican State to assume again an active role in managing the national economy, for it to resume its corresponding role planning and promoting economic activities, something the market cannot do on its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to analyze the mie played by innovations on economic activity. In this sense, the relationship between innovation and economic growth is studied, being economic growth the current main objective of economic policy to reduce unemployment and to increase social welfare. To carry out this analysis we base on Schumpeter's model, playing entrepreneurship and social climate an important role in the process. The empirical analysis an innovations equation for the case of 11 developed countries is included, showing that the social climate, represented by the training and income distribution, and monetary policy, represented by money supply, stimulate innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Argentinian cooperative sector has a long history of economic activity in a variety of market sectors. According to the Census of Cooperatives and Mutuals of Argentina (INAES, 2008), in 2008 it was composed of 12,760 organizations which generated 265,054 direct jobs and had a total membership of 9,392,713. Market trends, complexity and globalization are not foreign to these organization, many of which are seeking to adapt and respond to a new phase of expansion that might possibly lead to their economic globalization. One question that naturally arises is: To what extent are these economic globalization strategies actually present in Argentinian cooperatives? This paper addresses this issue and presents an analysis and conclusions based on survey results from a sample of 100 Argentinian cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper discusses the development of the urban structure of the city of Cancun from the economic activity of tourism, which has led to the emergence and consolidation of sharp socioeconomic contrasts that find expression in a city space clearly fragmented divided, and with a growing social decay, where high levels of socio-spatial segregation between the tourist areas and non-tourism, which have exceeded all expectations supported control center was founded as a fully planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a computable general equilibrium model with technological structure, demand systems, flexible pricing and substitution, is calibrated the economy to Bío Bío region with data from the regional input-output matrix. Then, is simulated a shock that increase the productivity for each of the 24 productive sectors that have the model. The objective is to determine if the selected sectors as priorities by the Regional Development Agency are those that generate the greatest impact on the level of activity and payment to factors of production, given the interdependence of the economy sector. The paper concludes that some sectors were chose rightly and others not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on an updated regional input-output matrix (MIPR) and Rasmussen's structural analysis approach, we present a comparative analysis for the power of dispersion and sensitivity of dispersion indices, which enable us to quantify the nature of the backward and forward linkages for the period 1998-2006. Using the RAS methodology and starting from a new inverse matrix for the Bio Bio region, which considers 40x40 productive sectors, we present and estimate the power of dispersion and sensitivity of dispersion indices. Finally, we classify the above economic sectors as key, strategic, driver, or island. The results are shown in several tables, which pretend to present the productive linkages between the main economic activities of the regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haciendas were not exclusive for "white" powerful groups, since they were available for the Maya. Hacienda was one of the only productive economic activities in the peninsula, so the Maya (in spite of being a minority) became the owners. They even had debtor workers. They were not marginalized from economic development but rather participated actively in it. This paper studies Maya masters by following some of their strategies and reconstructing both their binds and relations. Our main source are notarial documents, particularly testaments, where some variables like spouse, testamentary executor and witness are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic activity must be understood against its cultural background. This paper describes the influence of economy in the processes of cultural modernization and the hegemony of economic rationality in contemporary mentality. It suggests that the present situation claims for a synergy between economics and other sciences. Economics should not enter in the dialogue with other disciplines with an imperialist spirit, imposing its viewpoint; rather it must integrate in its vision dimensions left aside, as it is the case with ethical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how the socialpolitical and judicial factors have affected private investment in Venezuela and Latin America for the period 1995- 2003 by means of panel data analysis. In the case of Venezuela, there is evidence that the fall in the investment rate in Venezuela has been caused by these factors. In this way, it is necessary that not only the Venezuelan government but also the other Latin American governments begin working on the creation and strengthening of institutions so that risks are reduced and stability is enhanced. In this way, it is possible to endorse a sustained economic growth and better standards of living for Latin American citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work synthesizes the relevant theoretical propositions for the analysis of the economic impacts of the preferential trade arrangements (PTAs) which have been part of the trade liberalization process implemented in the last two decades by developed and developing economies. These arrangements are divided in three groups of arrangements: i) unilateral (UPTAs), ii) regional (RPTAs) and iii) multilateral (MPTAs). In addition, this paper addresses two questions. The first one, (from the perspective of an individual economy) which of these arrangements benefit the most for an economy?. The second, to what extent UPTAs and especially RPTAs, contribute (or are \' building blocks or friends\'), obstruct (or are \'stumbling blocks or friends\') or converge (or are \'stepping stones\') or not (\'strangers\') to the PTAs? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperatives develop their economic activity according to principles which can contribute to the growth of a network of socio-economic (relational capital) and socio-political (social capital) relations which in turn, generate the trust which is required for cooperation between companies as well as between companies and scientific-technological systems. This could facilitate the creation of the (relational) organised proximity required to provide fluent relations to the relations between the different actors within the territorial production and innovation systems. However, the presence of an extensive network of cooperatives could also define specific inertias and blockage factors. This paper develops and puts this evolutionary theoretical framework to the test when dealing how the organisation and innovative dynamic of the agro-food system of the Valencian citriculture are significantly conditioned by the presence of cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with Viceroy Toledo's governing plan and the modern concepts of development. It is a review of Viceroy Toledo's plan genesis from 1568's Junta Magna, the Toledo's trip over the Andes and the final establishment of his two main economic policy pillars: the mita and the technological process --using mercury for extracting silver from the ore--. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Keynesian effective demand model that reproduces expansive or contractive effects of an expansionary fiscal policy as a function of the initial conditions of the public finances. In an economy with fiscal slack, when observed primary surplus is above the optimal fiscal surplus level, expansive fiscal policy raises the level of economic activity. However, when there is no fiscal slackness, when the observed surplus is below the optimal surplus, a fiscal expansion may contract the level of economic activity. The outcome has implications for the debate about whether fiscal policy should be countercyclical or not. In the aforementioned scenery the countercyclical policy is appropriate only when there is fiscal slackness, but it is counterproductive, would aggravate the recession instead of ameliorating it, whenever at the initial point the observed fiscal surplus is below the optimal surplus level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows some reflexions about tourist potentials and possibilities for a better management of the existing natural and cultural patrimonies along the Pantanal Pacific Route and its surroundings. The approach to the topic brings together some concepts of tourism, in terms of economic activity that is most spread in the world; that has most contributed to the preservation of natural and cultural biodiversity; that is least polluting; that contributes to a better social inclusion and rising the quality of life of the poorest. Nowadays social responsibility is one of the most important requirements to the positioning of business, institutions and professionals in a market. Thus, we look for the possibilities of this activity to enhance the development of the Pantanal Pacific Route. We also look for the role of the academia which is responsible for generating knowledge. That project was born in the academia, in a Graduate Program, Master in Geography. We hope governments will participate in this process by elaborating policies and support strategies to private initiatives for investment, nothing more. From the private sector, supported by the governments and the information given by the academies, to foment investments and the construction of support infrastructure, and the touristic products of the route, giving way to the so hoped development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed to analyse the implications of development at the macro- regional, local and micro-regional level, starting from a central hypothesis of the development theory which raises that economic development will bring together political and social development. After a conceptual approach, it is briefly reviewed the existent theories of development as analysis tools of reality. At the discussion it is concluded that process of local and regional development require of a substantial transformation of negotiated relations between the economic agents and political actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the effects on Colombian manufacturing productivity of foreign trade policy changes during the 1990s. Our results indicate that between 1978 and 1998, aggregate manufacturing productivity largely stagnates and even declines in some of the larger industries. Between 1999 and 2001, however, manufacturing productivity shows significant growth. Contraction of the economic activity in 1999 appears as a positive shock. There is little entry and exit of plants or reallocation of labor throughout the observed period. The productivity stagnation can be explained by this lack of liquidation of unproductive plants combined with slow technological advance. Dynamics vary significantly across sub-sectors, however, and our findings attribute this variation primarily to within-sector output reallocation. The importance of industrial policy is large. Sector-level productivity declines coincide with protectionist policies in the form of import tariffs, while rising productivity is correlated with sectors' increasing exposure to foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the fiscal policy effects on the economic activity in Colombia since 1990, through some standardized techniques which have been used in other countries (fiscal-impulse technique). As starting point, the Colombian fiscal data is homogenized in relation to their coverage and basis of recording of the public operations, due to some methodological changes introduced in the fiscal deficit accounting when the country signed the IMF agreement in 1999. We also estimate the most relevant concepts of the fiscal deficit (financial, primary, operational and structural deficit), some of them resulting more appropriate than others in order to quantify their effects on the rest of the economy. Our finding show that the recent imbalance on the public accounts is basically of structural nature. On average, just a 10% of the fiscal imbalance registered by the Non-Financial Public Sector during the last four years, is due to the poor performance of the economic activity. Additionally, according to different measures, the fiscal policy of the central government was highly pro-cyclical between 1994 and 1998, and counter-cyclical in 1999, 2000 and 2002, although the later period was less significant. In 1996, the highest expansion of the economy was due to the government operations (2.8% of the GDP), which was equivalent to the output-gap of that year. The most recent history indicates that only in 2001, a fiscal contraction was generated (near to 1% of the GDP). The exercises for the public sector as whole, confirms the policy trends of the central government, but these results have to be taken with caution, because the fiscal policy through the decentralized agencies is more restricted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the impact that globalization has generated on territories, the productive reconstruction and spatial adjustments issue has been one of the most debated theme by economists and geographers in the nineties. In this respect, numerous proposals from an ample group of schools of thought in economy and economic geography have been made, some of which have been applied to the interpretation of the industry's spatial behavior. This paper makes a survey of the subject at issue, considering the contribution that in their understanding the theories have been provided to the growth and economic geography, as well as the approaches that examine it from the firm's organization of the Local Productive Systems. Specifically, some ideas and contributions are examined in this respect that have been made from the Latinamerican environment research approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]