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Since its appearance in 2020, Brazil and Mexico have been among the most affected countries in the world by covid-19. Their respective presidents, Jair Bolsonaro and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (known as AMLO), have played a leading role in specific policies during the pandemic. Their choices were both singular and counter- intuitive. On the health front, AMLO initially underplayed the seriousness of the situation, and the Brazilian president, Bolsonaro, defended a frankly negationist attitude, with a dramatic balance sheet, without his popularity being seriously affected. On the economic front, they have chosen policies that contradict not only each other but also their own supposed ideological stances. Bolsonaro, who is ranked on the far right, has implemented an emergency transfer program on a scale comparable to those of developed countries and the most massive the country has ever seen. Conversely, AMLO, considered a progressist, provided just a minimum policy package, maintaining his previous electoral program. By adopting a comparative approach and mobilizing a unique and diversified set of data, the objective of this paper is to explore these apparent contradictions. After having established the precise diagnosis of the policies implemented to deal with the crisis and the economic and health situation in the two countries during the 2020-2022 period, we propose an original interpretation grid of the central role played by the two presidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 50s, Franz Fanon asks about the binding relationship between certain phenomena of power, identity, gender and resistance, and their forms of simplification/manipulation for the transmission of coloniality. Taking his "Unveiling" political category as a theoretical loan, this paper will try to offer some readings regarding Schools, and the ways they operate, understand and manage diverse and diversity as well. And in order to do so, we will place the First World Soccer Cup that took it place in the Middle East recently, as excuse or a starting point for this historical discussion. It is from this special horizon understood it as part of a political representation, that let us overhaul some frequently relations of inequality that still continues to operate "unseen" between West and East; and that, for us, Schools can urgently attend to help and contribute to counteract them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment in the industrial sector has decreased in all advanced countries, even though the sector's share in the gross domestic product (gdp) has not changed or has decreased only slightly in many cases, mostly because of improvements in labour productivity. Simultaneously, services have not stopped growing, reaching a share in developed economies of around 75%, sometimes higher, both in employment and contribution to nominal gdp. These processes have been the subject of extensive literature developed on the concepts of "deindustrialization" and "tertiarization", and on their possible explanations. Though delayed, these two far-reaching trends have taken, or are taking place, also in countries classified as middle-income or developing countries, giving rise to the concept of "premature deindustrialization". Various explanations have emerged around these issues, all of which have qualified the two major trends as worrisome. A common explanation suggests an industry-services contrast, where the trade-off between them appears as "the villain of the story"--borrowing an expression from the traditional theatre. This paper aims to show that this view is oversimplifying and wrong. What is observed in almost all economies is a process of growing integration between the two sectors, instead of a confrontation between them, and everything indicates that they will only integrate further in the coming years. The characteristics of such integration will be analyzed in the paper as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constitutes a preliminary report that analyzes the crisis and indebtedness of countries, particularly those in developing and emerging markets, in the face of the covid-19 pandemic. It makes a critical recount of the measures and recommendations that various international organizations and developed countries are taking, and based on these it proposes some suggestions to fight the crisis equitably for the whole world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the complexity of the current world, mentioning the pandemic and the war between Russia and Ukraine as events that have had a profound impact on society. It also mentions the concentration of vaccines in advanced countries and the blocking of access to vaccines produced by Russia and China. Despite these challenges, the magazine Gestión y Estrategia continues to publish relevant articles, such as one about the role of women leaders in companies and another about regaining control in the provision of healthcare services. The text presents several research papers on different topics, such as recentralization in the healthcare sector in Mexico, the regressiveness of the Mexican social security system towards independent workers, the self-adaptive capacity of an insurance company, and the relationship between people and their pets. [Extracted from the article]

This paper deals with financialization, a concept that critically describes the rise and expansion of financial capital in the economy and its social and political implications. Seen from the perspective of financialization, the Colombian pension system of Law 100 of 1993 (Congress of the Republic of Colombia, 1993) illustrates the expansion of financial capital in emerging or peripheral economies, highlighting the inferior and subordinate status of these countries with respect to the more developed economies. In these countries, the adoption of private pension funds goes hand in hand with financial liberalization and the search to expand their capital markets. Moreover, pension systems have never been far removed from economic structures; they have been created and developed within them. In Colombia, as a country whose industry did not fully awaken, the necessary conditions for the most guaranteeing pension models could not be met. Although the current Colombian model is not purely controlled by private funds, the link between these funds and the financial players is so strong that there is still unresolved tension around the complete privatization of the system. In addition, the institutional formula through which it is evident that this is a financialized system is the so-called multi-fund pension scheme. Thus, under the magnifying glass of the financialization that has governed the current pension system and its most recent changes, we can also read the announcements and reform proposals put forward by the government, unions and think tanks at the end of neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine a bibliometric study through the Web of Science (WoS) database, to know the state of the art of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards. This is done through a search for publications, from the year of standard's publication until the year 2018. The main contribution of this work is to take a view from the research lines taken to date in this emerging knowledge field, analyzing the countries, institutions, the most productive authors, as well as the main scientific journals that publish on the subject. Three main lines of research for ISO 9001 were related to its compression and benefits, its integration with other management systems, and its relationship to the financial performance of companies have been identified. On the other hand, around ISO 14001 there were four lines of research associated with its relationship with financial performance and sustainable development, its integration with other management systems, and its association with other environmental management systems, such as EMAS. From the review carried out, the need to deepen issues that have not yet received adequate attention from researchers, such as the rapid expansion of certifications in emerging countries imposed directly and indirectly by developed countries, is highlighted, the difficulties in the adoption process of norms and the perception of the implementation and certification of the ISO management systems by different interest groups, inter alia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the context of the spread of the new coronavirus, the correlation with the instability of world financial markets and the fall in oil prices, and concerns about the future of neorealist capitalism. The first part addresses several questions: was the pandemic caused by nature or by man? Can scientific research help to separate the truth from the conspiracy theses? The second part suggests that the coronavirus has imposed a de facto trickle-down economy on Reagan's trickledown economy, and shows the economic disruptions it has caused in developed and developing countries. It is concluded that a tiny virus is forcing the dominant neoliberal system to review reality by force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the size of the State in an international context and analyzes the behavior of public spending in Colombia during the last two decades. It takes a theoretical and empirical review of optimal public spending, and presents international comparisons of the size of the State which support the Wagner Law: the size of the State grows at the same rate or at a higher rate than income. It also describes the evolution of central national government spending based on the traditional economic classification, and reviews the evolution of government spending according to purpose, emphasizing social spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We raise some debates that have taken place around the vision of poverty as an act of injustice. We will first address the problem of the invisibility of poverty in the world, and then raise some of the most important causes of poverty, starting with Pogge. We will emphasize the international causes of poverty. This will allow us to show the injustice of such reality and we will review the incoherence of a world economic model that boasts and has as principle, not to hurt others. At the end of the paper we show the limits that the national State has to solve some of the problems that it has to face, and among them, one of the most important is that of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I compare and critically evaluate Sreenivasan's and Pogge's conceptions of global justice. While Sreenivasan holds that all the currently existing theories of global justice agree that wealthy countries should transfer at least a portion of their wealth to the poor, Pogge claims that all the currently existing theories of global justice agree that wealthy countries should stop harming poor ones in the first place. In this paper I shall try to show (i) that Sreenivasan's proposal, as presented in his articles, is broad enough to be acceptable by some international distributive justice theories, but not all of them, (ii) that Pogge's proposal is broader than Sreenivasan, in the sense that it aims to gain support from all the different conceptions of international distributive justice, but it depends on the claim that developed countries are currently harming the global poor--a claim that I will try to defend--, and (iii) that Pogge's and Sreenivasan's view are compatible. In fact, if Sreenivasan added Pogge's central claim of his argument to his own proposal, the scope of theories that he could gain support from would be much broader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After years of effective functioning, the intermediate exchange rate systems ended up becoming prone to suffering speculative attacks, as the process of financial integration advanced. The empirical evidence collected in this paper endorses the fact that the less strict pegged exchange rate systems, that is soft pegs, were the epicentre of the most of exchange rate crises during '90's in Europe, Latin America and Eastern Asia. Consequently, intermediate systems and, especially soft pegs, have lost credit to the benefit of more extreme systems of exchange rate spectrum. This paper contributes new evidence on the tendency toward the bipolarization of the exchange rate systems and studies their evolution between 1990 and 2004, both in the advanced economies and in the emerging economies most integrated in the international capital markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After World War II it was suggested that in order to reduce poverty it was needed economic modernization, that is, less developed countries should follow the path of the industrialized countries, for which only it was required aid to allow evolution and prosperity around the world. However, this paradigm was questioned after the end of Cold War, particularly when evaluating the impact on Africa of foreign aid for development. In this sense, the aims of this paper are to analyze how the international system has determined the political and economic strategies of African countries; to address the ethical debate raised on foreign aid for development; and to estimate the impact in African strategies to overcome poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

You might think that by definition the migrant labor plays in less profitable niches and meager social mobility. However, a large group of migrants in different economically developed countries have successfully launched businesses of diverse nature and volume. This is why entrepreneurship of migrants is an issue that has received increasing attention in recent years. Compared to other immigrant groups in the United States, Mexicans show low levels of entrepreneurial activity. The aim of this paper is to, through a general literature review of official statistical data, a preliminary analysis of mexican migrant entrepreneurship in the United States, that is to say in recent years has been growing in importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last forty years in various regions of Mexico, Jalisco, has given impetus to the development of industries known as "modern" as electronics and software, this is intended to increase growth and foster development, all this has been detrimental to those industries considered "traditional" (footwear, textile, jewelery), industries that have long been the basis for productive development of these regions. Policies that have followed in industrial countries has been to promote the first under the assumption that they are incorporating the technology, while the latter incorporates little technology in their production processes and generally do not innovate. However industrial behavior has demonstrated that the above is a fallacy. Government policies that were implemented in industrial resulted in the increase in the share of industrial production called "modern", such as electronics and software, but those traditional activities such as jewelry, not only maintained but that increased production and commercial dynamism. This dynamic is observed in the absorption of employment and productive participation nationwide. The jewelry industry is a case in point, because from generation entrepreneurship capacity, social capital and working together with the government, among others, has managed to influence local development in the region. Therefore in this paper analyzes trying to emphasize that industry, from interviews with key actors and quantitative analysis for this industry, basic factors that impacted on the local development of Jalisco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of two cases of new infrastructure consolidation in industrial areas. The first involves the restructuring of industrial infrastructure in intraurban areas of Montreal in Quebec, Canada, carried out as a part of the technological upgrading process characteristic of transitions from industrial to knowledge-based societies. Local planning processes were identified that took into account the contribution of all social actors to a sustainable production model. The second case focuses on the consolidation of industrial infrastructure in Yumbo, Valle Department, Colombia, and suggests local strategies to ensure future territorial sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a theoretical model to examine the conditions under which clustered firms in a less developed country may cooperate in an export consortium to market their output collectively in a developed country. The consortium eliminates the role of an intermediary firm in the developed country. The clustered firms are heterogeneous in expected quality of output. The clustered firms know the quality type of other firms, but the foreign intermediary does not. The foreign intermediary, however, has a lower marketing cost than the clustered firms. Even when making favorable assumptions about the gains from intra-cluster cooperation, the model shows that collective marketing through a consortium can only occur among high quality type firms, and only for limited parameter values. Increasing the quality differential between low and high quality firms widens the range of parameter values for which collective marketing by the high quality cluster firms takes place. It is more socially efficient for the foreign intermediary to market the cluster's output, but the credible threat of a consortium can lead of a redistribution of surplus in favor of the cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key aim of this paper is related to discuss -from a theoretical perspective- core aspects regarding humanitarian aid and its link to development processes and conditions. Concept of development, here, will include human dimensions, as well as economic and social aspects. The central claim to uphold in this research focus on the consideration that humanitarian aid -without the feature of credits or eventual financial return- constitute an unquestionable variable to promote social inclusion of sectors that are living under extreme marginal conditions. Fundamental context for this presentation are less developed countries especially those of the Latin American region. Basic conceptual frame of development is based on that which has been formulated by United Nations Organization, since its first worldwide, Human Development Report in 1992. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the largest content analysis yet of television adverts targeted at children in Latin America. Findings show similar patterns to those previously reported from developed countries in terms of amount of advertising, depicted products and persuasive strategies. However, a relevant deficit is evidenced regarding the use of elements facilitating young viewers understanding of commercial messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic policies implemented in the U.S. economy and other industrial nations during the years preceding the recent financial crisis have been strongly criticized for being too "liberal" regarding the functioning and regulation of markets. There are also those who question the vision and responsibility of the regulatory bodies. Furthermore, the crisis triggered criticism from some economists--led by Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman--with respect to the research agenda followed in the field of macroeconomics during the past thirty years. Specifically, these critics affirm that the theories and models based on rational expectations were incapable of both predicting the crisis and offering solutions to it. This paper questions the above charges. It mentions that (based on the same theoretical approaches that are now being criticized) several articles have alerted about the risks that were brewing in the U.S. economy. If there is something to criticize, it would be the models based on the New Keynesian Synthesis which, just as some decades ago, largely trusted that the economic cycle could be tackled using simple rules of monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of trade with Japan, North America and the EU on technology diffusion and TFP growth in Jordan, Korea and Mexico. The measures of foreign R&D are constructed on the basis of industry-specific R&D in the North, North-South trade patterns, and input-output relations in the South. We show that technology diffusion and productivity gains tend to be regional: Jordan (Korea) (Mexico) benefits mainly from trade with the EU (Japan) (North America). In other words, the dynamic version of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis seems to hold for these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses some considerations about the free software, their opportunities but also its challenges, while sets out the legal framework for this figure since its implementation in Venezuela. It has used a methodology narrative - explanatory, based on the review and bibliographic in conjunction with national legislation on the subject. It was also consult FUNDACITE ZULIA, through the Mission Science. Concluded that free software is an opportunity to develop programs that address particular needs, and there are those who believe it is a particularly useful tool to democratize access to information in developing countries, however, raised the realities of a digital divide between in developing countries and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Especially in developed countries, the global economy is dominated by clusters where there is a lot of interaction among the members regarding the technology and knowledge to drive innovation and the results seen in such clusters are growth and generated value for the cluster as a whole. Given the importance of this topic for economic performance and for hierarchical structures in companies, this paper reviews the theoretical and conceptual development of clusters, highlighting the core aspects on which they are based and how they relate to the forever present business and economic factors involved. The clear understanding of this phenomenon leads to an objective discussion of the components that make up a cluster and of the main factors that characterize clusters and distinguish them from traditional agglomerations of companies solely limited to commercial relations of purchase and sale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed to analyse the implications of development at the macro- regional, local and micro-regional level, starting from a central hypothesis of the development theory which raises that economic development will bring together political and social development. After a conceptual approach, it is briefly reviewed the existent theories of development as analysis tools of reality. At the discussion it is concluded that process of local and regional development require of a substantial transformation of negotiated relations between the economic agents and political actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common approach used in international comparisons of agricultural productivity and technological change is generally based on Cobb-Douglas production functions. Similarly, the technological level is usually modelled as a linear deterministic trend. In this paper, we propose more general and less restrictive specifications. In particular, we consider a translog production function as well as a dynamic stochastic representation of the technological level, which produces a non-linear dynamic panel data model. The model is estimated for a sample of 104 countries and various sub samples, over the period 1961-1991. We find that the proposed model outperforms the alternative specifications considered and we use its results to characterize the agricultural technological processes and to make comparisons among groups of countries. A striking result is that the technological gap between developed and less developed countries has considerably increased over this period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, research on possibilities for preventing the appearance of psychopathologies has been limited. However, there is a growing effort in this field, especially in developed countries, and different programs have been generated and evaluated to prevent children and teenager depression with promising results. The paper introduces and discusses these results and it stands out the importance of increasing research in this area in our own reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]