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In the paper are exposed the possibilities of achieving a clean technology of production of corrugated paper from the employment of the pounding of the trash of sugar cane with ethanol. Were established the possibilities of achieving, by means of an analysis, processes of material and energy integration of the manufacture of sugar and installations of production of by-products. These processes are technologically and energetically sustainable, environmentally compatible, and economically competitive based in the benefits that can be achieved through the material and energy integration of the sugar cane by-products and the possibility of producing celluloid pulps with ethanol for corrugated cardboard, and by-products from the lignin obtained in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper are presented the results obtained in experiments where the traditional pulping method of bagasse is substituted to obtain semi-chemical pulps used as reactive caustic soda, destined to the production of cardboard, by organosolv pulping using bio-ethanol as deslignifying agent, as a way to minimize the pollution in the paper industry. In this study were evaluated 14 physical properties with the objective of analyzing in a wide spectrum the influence that this kind of pulping has above the board paper properties. The experiments were carried out at Pilot Plant level, and the independent variables chosen were: ethanol per cent, soda per cent, and degree of grinding. The results were analyzed by using Statgraphic software. The optimal operation conditions were obtained using LINGO software, through which it was applied the hierarchic optimization method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is one of the most worrisome problems among school adolescents. Objective. This paper analyzes the prevalence of several bullying behaviors among adolescent victims and perpetrators in secondary school as well the relationship of those behaviors with alcohol use, perceived health status and the quality of family relationships. It compares the prevalence of these behaviors perpetrators who have been victims of bullying and those who have not. Method. Cross sectional descriptive comparative study. The participants were 468 students whose average age was 12.81 (SD = 0.75) and of whom 49.4% were female. Results. Among the participants 36% have been either a victim or a perpetrator of at least one of the bullying behaviors. The most frequent were insults/taunts. Victims of bullying and those who have tried alcohol are more likely to be perpetrators. In general, bullying behaviors are associated with lower perceived health status and poorer quality of family relationships. Conclusion. We consider contextualizing interventions to prevent bullying all stages of development and to extend our focus beyond the various scenarios in which children and/or adolescents participate, in order to involve families, teaching teams, students themselves and of course the community at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the instruments for the screening of problematic alcohol consumption with more empirical evidence is the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). However there is no study in Spain that reports its psychometric properties among adolescents. This has been the aim of this paper. A correlational method was used by administering an individual interview to a sample of 569 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (M= 14.71, SD= 1.79). A subscale for the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder of the Adolescent Diagnostic Interview (ADI) was included as well as the subscale of Substance use and abuse of the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) and the CRAFFT Substance Abuse Screening Test. The AUDIT presents an adequate psychometric behavior when it is applied to adolescents, both in terms of internal consistency (α= .82), as well as sensitivity (86.4%) and specificity (89.8%), using "4" as cut-off point. Factorial analysis has confirmed two factors as the most satisfactory solution. Henceforth, the AUDIT may be used in Spain with adolescents with psychometric guarantees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the case study of a man treated for alcohol addiction, bulimia, and a generalized lack of control. The results obtained show full compliance with the objectives established for the intervention. The aim of this article is to explain, in a case of such complexity, which were the underlying processes that allowed for the therapeutic change to take place in such a small number of sessions. From this analysis it is hypothesized that some of the factors that could explain this success are related to the adaptation of the intervention techniques, such as the therapist' discourse, and to the client's dispositional and functional variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence has shown the relationship between alcohol abuse and the impairment of certain cognitive abilities. The aim of this paper was to analyze the influence of alcohol abuse on adolescents' cognitive performance. Several questionnaires were used to assess adolescents' addictive profile, as well as their performance on tasks involving cognitive abilities, such as attention, perception and reasoning. A total of 42 students, from an initial sample of 246 adolescents, completed the follow-up. Participants, aged between 16 and 20, were classified in two groups (21 consumers at risk and 21 consumers at low risk) and followed for one year. Results showed an increase of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use during the follow-up. Considering data from both initial and final assessment, adolescents who met abuse criteria showed worse results than those with a non-abusive use in the Perceptual Ability Test (p<0,05). Future studies, with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up, are necessary to confirm the trends presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with psychological aftermath in victims directly exposed to the March 11, 2004, terrorist attack in Madrid and their relatives. Sample was formed by 117 individuals with a mean age of 39,8 years, being the 59,5% females. The 66,1% of the overall sample had al least one relative killed, and the 87,9% at least one friend killed during the train bombings. This study followed a similar methodology than other three papers of out research group published in this volume by using for data collection a structured phone interview, carried out between 1 and 3 month after the terrorist attack. Results show that this group presents the highest psychopathological prevalence in comparison with the general population, affected zones and emergency personnel groups, due to the impact severity of the traumatic stressor. The 45,53% of the sample suffered panic attack during or soon after the terrorist attacks, especially when they heard bad news; the 31,3% presented major depression, and the 35,9% posttraumatic stress disorder (28,2% directed attributable to terrorism attacks); furthermore, there were other psychological sequelae such as increased tobacco, alcohol and drugs consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout our history, alcohol has been present to celebrate the great moments, is our counselor for better or worse. However, it is well known that alcohol harms health; affecting different organs differently. Heart is no exception. Long-term excessive alcohol consumption leads to a type of dilated cardiomyopathy unrelated to ischemia, this entity is known as alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Currently there is debate about the amount and duration of alcohol consumption required to go from being a protector to produce adverse clinical effects on the heart factor. This paper reviews the available literature to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol consumption prevalence is high in Spanish population, with a significant percentage of young adults who are problem drinkers. Despite this fact, many people do not seek treatment. Due the lack of research on Spanish population, the aims of this paper are to analyze the prevalence of hazardous drinking in terms of sociodemographic variables and analyze the willingness to change and seek treatment of problem drinkers, according to variables associated with hazardous drinking. A total of 2325 participants, aged between 18 and 70 years, were involved in the study. The 27.6% of them were moderaterisk consumers and the 13.3% were high-risk consumers. Results showed that older problem drinkers have a greater willingness to change and seek help, although there are no differences in these variables in both risk levels of alcohol consumption, which is higher in men. On the other hand, feeling guilt and other's concern about their drinking also seem to be associated with a greater willingness to change and seek help. Future research could deepen the analysis of socio-demographic variables, as well as the reasons to do or do not seek help or change the alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of legal and illegal substances by medical students is a phenomenon that is only partially known. The aim of this paper was to review the literature published internationally in the last 25 years about the use of legal and illegal substances by medical students. A systematic search was made of MEDLINE and LILACS. One hundred and six manuscripts were evaluated, which included a population of 88,413 medical students. We validated 74,001 questionnaires, which represented 83.7% of responses. The methodology and the rigor of its application are not the same in all the publications. There are many regional variations, most studies being made in America and Europe. With the exception of alcohol in some areas of the Western world, medical students use substances less than university students in general and the general population. The substances used are mainly alcohol (24%), tobacco (17.2%), and cannabis (11.8%). The use of hypnotic and sedative drugs also is common (9.9%). The rate of use of stimulants is 7.7% and of cocaine, 2.1%; opiate use being very low (0.4%). In some parts of Latin America, up to 14.1% use inhalants. Students in the last years of school have a higher rate of substance use. The use of substances, except for hypnotics and sedatives, is more common among men than women. The use of substances by medical students is a phenomenon that should be evaluated systematically due to its prevalence and potential impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its emergence in the 70s, the Dual Process Model (DPM) has gained wide popularity in different fields of psychology, including the study of addictions. According to this model, there are two cognitive systems: one explicit, conscious and controllable; and another implicit, automatic and linked to intuition and affection. The DPM has been used to understand mechanisms underlying alcohol related behaviors, and quickly an exponential growth of research using implicit measures to evaluate alcohol related cognitions occurred. While these methods share some basic features, they differ in important aspects such as validity evidence available, administration procedures, etc. Therefore, in this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the different ways to evaluate implicit alcohol related cognitions. We hope this review will be useful not only for researchers but also for professionals working in the clinical area with alcohol- related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driving under the influence of alcohol is a major road safety problem. Added to this there is a progressive homogenization of the new patterns of youth intensive use of alcohol (binge drinking). This implies the need to adapt the content of prevention programs implemented with this population. This paper reviews the determinants involved in this risky behavior, depending on the pattern of consumption (CIA/noCIA) and the driving experience (Learner/Experienced) among college students (n = 340). The results reflect a general lack of knowledge on issues related to both traffic regulations as to aspects of the substance. Drivers with higher intakes also show a lower perception of risk to this behavior. These results provide updated information that allows adjust the interventions in the field of road safety needs of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty percent of the morbi-mortality related to traffic accidents is associated to alcohol consumption. In Costa Rica, during the last three decades, the amount of traffic accidents in which at least one person has been under alcohol influence had grown. This paper contains an analysis of the achievements and limitations of the preventive campaigns in our country and a review of international literature about prevention models that had demonstrated their efficacy in this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol is probably the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Controlled consumption of alcohol is common, but for many individuals this consumption becomes an addiction. The progression from an habitual consumption of alcohol to abuse of the substance could be due to the existence of a differential sensitivity, which would be genetically determined, to the reinforcing and aversive effects of alcohol. Likewise, it has been suggested that environmental factors such as stress might be involved in the onset of alcoholism, influencing on such a differential sensitivity and, ultimately, on the consumption of alcohol. In this paper it is reviewed the experimental published data on each of the elements of the relationship between stress and ethanol. Thus, on the one hand they arc reviewed the main animals models of stress and, on the other hand, we approached the study of the reinforcing and aversive properties of ethanol, including data on the influence of variables such as age, sex, and previous experience with the drug. And, finally, we present a resume of data collected from animal research on the influence of stress on the perception of the motivational opposing properties of ethanol. Our purpose is help to clarify the existing knowledge about the relations between biological factors (such as sex or age) and environmental factors (previous experience and stress), and the behavior of alcohol intake, thus highlighting the importance of some factors of risk for developing alcoholism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the case of C., a woman treated for alcohol addiction and other associated problems. The aim is to present a case which has been successfully addressed from a cognitive and behavioral therapy approach, and where all progress achieved can be justified through the operationalization of change measures. The results obtained show an overall positive trend in almost all registered change measures, despite the difficulties presented due to several problem areas associated with the case, and client's reluctance to change. These two factors are often present in this type of problem, and clinicians would do well to remain alert to possible relapses, which are so common in cases of alcohol abuse or dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long has been establishing a relationship between alcohol and violence, however there has been no unanimous agreement as to the cause and justification. This paper aims to review all the theories that have supported this relationship including the neurobiological mechanisms, as well as several studies indicating the importance of alcohol to violence, gender violence, among youths, couple or with the elderly. At the same time bring the vision that has on the issue among FARE self-help groups in Spain, and the results and performance of a specific to abuse police group in the city of Valencia and where we analyze the substances consumption. We ended the article with several protocols aimed to reduce the incidence of problem and a different proposals that include legal, social and rehabilitative solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the method employed for updating the fees employed by the Enterprise FERROAZUC in the transportation of sugar, molasses and alcohol, explaining the internals and externals elements, which justified this proposal. Among the elements that might affect the costs it is the quantitative level of the sugar production, which when it is very low it produces idle costs. Another basic element is the prices increase of the main inputs used for the transportation service, that when associated to the first element give validity to the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the fact that drug consumption in young people is a matter of great interest in our society, more and more surveys have studied about it, to the point of existing a great amount of unconnected epidemiologic data nowadays, which lack coherence and haven't been properly related. Considering this situation, this paper proposes an integrated analysisof the current situation of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and other illegal drugs consumption in Spanish adolescents. Besides, in this discourse, it is exposed the influence of social, cultural and political factors, that is, factors that may be responsible either of the decrease or stabilization in some substances or of the increase in others. In line with this explanation, we propose some recommendations for the prevention of substance use in Spanish young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of certain simplifications in calculations of alcoholic distillation columns, such as to consider ethanol and water as the only components and to neglect heat losses is analyzed. The effect of reducing the number of components in the wine, from nine to the binary ethanol+water, over the enthalpy of the streams is discussed. The analysis was done from a nine components solution to the binary system ethanol-water. Three models for estimating the required properties were used showing that results are not significantly affected. The effects of heat losses by convection and radiation were estimated on both rectifying and purifying columns for insulated and non insulated cases were evaluated. The paper shows that the simplifications introduced to the HYSYS simulator are correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of a pilot study on the analysis of web pages in Spain containing information about addictions. We also analyze in which ways internet users utilize such pages through the test INDEXA. We have analyzed, so far, 203 Spanish web resources on addictions and surveyed 294 university students about their usage of the Internet for informational purposes on addictions. Results indicate that the most part of web resources in addictions belong to associations (33%), with an approach centered in the treatment (22%) and a general approach when one is to offer information on addictive substances or addictions. The most mentioned substances in the contents of websites are the tobacco (41%) and the alcohol (38%). Results of the questionnaire INDEXA show that 84% of internet users were considered well informed on addictions and 64% had looked for or received information on the topic in the latest year. The level of satisfaction with websites on addictions is good (67%) their questions concentrate in the information search on a substance in particular, , that usually is the alcohol (15%) followed more distance of the cannabis (13.18%) and the tobacco (11%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper is made a valuation of the economic feasibility of installing a pipe of vapor between a Sugar Company and a near alcohol distillery to the same one. At first place was carried out an identification of the processes of sugar production and alcohol production, becoming bigger emphasis in the energy part, for this it was carried out balances of mass and energy, taking into account data from the process production, which were processed statistically, to determine if the bagasse surplus reaches to generate the demanded vapor for the factory of sugar and the distillery. Also, the vapor was quantified consumed in the technological equipments of the power station to compare these consumptions, with what is reported in the literature in order to evaluating the energy efficiency of the sugar process. The losses of heat are considered in the pipe of the vapor and an economic study was made that show the savings and other advantages that it would bring the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the demand for alcoholic beverages among Spanish young males and females. To that end, we develop an empirical model which combines elements from the Theory of Two-Stage Budgeting and the Theory of Addiction in a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. We carry out the estimations with data mainly drawn from the Spanish National Survey on Drug Use in the School Population (2000). As a main result we highlight that lower purchasing power reduces the budget share allocated to buy alcoholic beverages, so fiscal policies will reduce the alcohol demand among teenagers. There is also empirical evidence that wine behaves as ordinary goods for women, whereas beer and spirits are luxury goods for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence has shown that alcohol abuse may negatively affect to certain cognitive functions. The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between alcohol consumption and certain cognitive abilities (memory, perception and reasoning) in university students. Two questionnaires were used to assess the young women addictive profile and to assess several the subjects' performance on tasks involving cognitive skills. A total of 100 women between 18 and 25 years, divided into two groups following the WHO criteria was involved in the study: consumers at risk (n = 31) and low-risk users (n = 69). In terms of results, on the one hand, the consumers at risk group showed a more severe pattern of consumption in terms of substance, frequency of consumption and rates of fulfill criteria for abuse. Furthermore, in terms of cognitive abilities significant differences between groups in abstract reasoning and perception were found. The results show trends of how alcohol abuse might affect cognitive functioning in young women. Future studies could deepen the deficit and bring light into the improvement of preventive and therapeutic techniques in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common procedures used to assess the hedonic value of a drug is the conditioned place (CP) which explores the preference or the aversion towards a previously drug paired context. In this paper we report on the different apparatus, procedures and dependant measures used on CP and the main results found using ethanol. Finally we present a CP between-within subjects experiment on rats. The experiment consisted in three phases: (1) Pre-Test, we measured the animal's preference towards both contexts black place (BP) and white place (WP); (2) Conditioning, each animal received ethanol (dose: 0.5g/kg, i.p.) paired with the non preferred context and saline paired with the preferred context on alternate trials. A control group received vehicle in both contexts; (3) Post-Test same as pre-test. In both tests the time spent in each context was measured. The ethanol treated group reversed its place preference, whereas the saline group kept its initial preference. From this study we inferred that under this dose, ethanol has a positive hedonic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present paper is a thematic revision which describes the main characteristics of the ‘energizing’ drinks (ED) and their commercialization, under the premise of understanding the risks that their consumption entails, especially when the amount is not restricted, it is consumed by people affected in their health or they are mixed with legal or illegal drugs, which bases the debate with respect to their utility. Objective: The effects of the multiple ingredients contained in the ED, based on documented opinions are described. Also, recommendations are submitted to limit their consumption combined with toxic substances in youngsters or young adults. The context of their consumption and the prevailing confusion are clarified, being basis of the lucrative purpose of their production, starting from the false help to the physical restoration and general well-being that without scientific endorsement, supposedly they provide. Conclusion: The recognition of the deliberation of its producers is emphasized, which promotes confusion with hydrating drinks, of deserved marketing niche, and effective repairing intention of sportsmen's health. The participation of the advertising tricks and their respective cheating intentions to sell, which affect the education and collective health is deplored. The revision culminates submitting recommendations addressed to be aware of the phenomenon in its readers, as well as the adequate promotion of education for health in personnel who work in those areas or other ones connected with the community well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is presented the alternative of using molasses B as a carbohydrate source for the alcohol production. It is studied the influence of the substitution of the cane final molasses (molasses C) from different proportions of molasses B on the base of the advantages of the total reducing sugars. The proportions of molasses B mixes with molasses C tested were 80/20, 80/50 y 30/70. Two yeast strains were evaluated: Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM, and the Kluyveromyces fragilis KR16, as well as two initial concentration levels of total reducing sugars (12 and 14 %), to a substrate formed by 100 % of molasses C, 100 % of molasses B. Another strain formed by the mix of both of them to a 50 %, using three experimental designs of the factorial 2² type. The best results were obtained with the relation of molasses B/molasses C: 50:50. The following best result was obtained by the mixture of 80 % molasses B and 20 % molasses C, concluding that it is profitable to do the alcoholic fermentation from the use of the honey B as carbonate source, which is a strategic solution at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Pinch Technology has resulted in significant improvements in the energy and capital efficiency of industrial facilities worldwide. It has been successfully applied in many different industries, from petrochemicals and chemicals to food and paper. Both continuous and batch processes have been analyzed, on an individual unit and site-wide basis. The method is equally applicable to new designs and to retrofits of existing facilities. Some of the basic principles of pinch technology will be utilized to develop and improve the design of a first-of-a-kind chemical process. The described process is the one of an alcohol distillery. Minimal temperature difference is optimized. A network design and economical balance is proposed. Benefits obtained retrofitting the actual design are showed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of catalytic isotope exchange of tritium gas in solid phase was studied in this paper in order to label high molecular weigth alcohols. The specific activity of the product was 1-10 Ci/mmol and the radiochemical purity more than 98%. The ground glass used as reaction media and Pd/C as catalyst, permitted to obtain a high values of reaction yields and incorporated activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the impact of new substrates on the production of Torula yeast in Cuba, by analyzing combinations of mixtures of juice of the clarified filters, still wines, and final honey, according with its yield: % of gross protein, substrates costs and protection of the environment, measured as Chemical Oxygen Demand. For that, it was carried out a study at laboratory scale, by means of an experiment simple mesh-type, being obtained the models that correlate yield in propagation, gross protein and chemical oxygen demand in function of the contribution total sugar reducers for each substrate. The results showed the feasibility of production of Torula yeast with substrates mixtures, for the optimum proportions of mixture honey-juice-wines of 58, 12 and 30% of contribution of ART respectively, for a prospective yield of 42%, and in binary mixture honey-wines: 40-60 % for 39 % yield . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the advances of the pulpeo with ethanol (organosolv) of wooden fibers and that the kinetics has not still been obtained for this process in the case of the pulpeo of the trash of the cane of sugar, he/she was carried out the present work, with the objective of determining the kinetics of deslignificación of the trash using ethanol and flat as agent pulpeante and the energy of activation of this reaction. He/she was carried out a design of experiments 23. The analyzed variables were Temperature (X1) % of ethanol (X2) and % of flat (X3). The experiences were carried out to scale d laboratory, achieving you a model that represents the kinetics of the studied process to settle down. This result allows to pass to the stage of design of the digestor of trash fibers using ethanol like agent pulpeante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]