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In the Ecuadorian context, cooling technologies play a critical role in the operation of thermoelectric power plants. These technologies are essential to maintain the efficiency and reliability of power generation plants, which can use a variety of methods to cool their systems. Cooling towers are becoming a common option in Ecuador, allowing heat to be dissipated through the evaporation of hot water. In addition, heat exchangers play an important role in transferring heat from one fluid to another, contributing to the energy efficiency of power plants. However, the country also faces challenges related to the availability of water resources and environmental sustainability. The use of cooling water can raise environmental concerns, especially in a country with rich biodiversity and high dependence on natural resources. Therefore, this paper looks at the experiences of operators and finds that factors such as resource availability, environmental regulations and operational efficiency need to be carefully considered when selecting cooling technologies in Ecuador. Cooling solutions require a balanced approach that ensures reliable and efficient power generation while minimizing environmental impact and protecting the country's unique biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we do a review of two case studies that shows the continuity in the construction of hydro-social conflicts that were triggered by the promotion of hydroelectric dam projects as generators of development in Mexico. Without prior consultation processes, socio-environmental impact studies and with the presence of water-power discourses, they affected several indigenous communities in the Northern, Central and Costa Chica regions of Guerrero. Through a table of analysis, the categories used in the review of these cases such as: scale, region, community organizations, civil society, state authorities, the private sector and the methodologies used in the reviewed studies are shown. All this in order to highlight these iconic cases of the State of Guerrero at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century as hydro-social conflicts where the water-power relationship was present and were antecedents of other later socio-environmental conflicts in this state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a research advance of the project "Materialities, Education and Public: Uses and Social Meanings of the Archaeological Heritage in Sigsig", whose purpose is focused on the identification of educational, communicational and political problems in terms of archaeology and archaeological heritage in southern Ecuador. This approach is based on the application of interviews and participatory mapping to social and cultural actors, as well as on the analysis of the written press between 2007 and 2021. The aim is to recognize how water interacts, is perceived and represented in archaeological contexts and sites under the notion of space and landscape. The results show a correspondence between the archaeological environment and the use of water, which takes magical, ritual and subsistence connotations, generating a corpus of social meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review paper analyses a sample of 51 articles addressing water teaching and learning processes at Colombian primary, secondary, and middle school levels during the period 2000-2020. It is aimed to identify research trends around water-related educational processes. To this end, a bibliographic mapping is developed, and a scale of analysis is used, which assigns a figure to each content, depending on its relative importance in each research. Findings show that the most researched educational level is basic-secondary, followed by middle school and basic-primary. The most researched curricular contents are those which study the interaction between water with the living-social environment, followed by the environmental context and the physicochemical; subjects linked to water didactics continue to be the Natural and Social Sciences, to a lesser extent Technology, Arts, Mathematics and Physical Education. The teaching strategies and resources employed, focus on student playing an active and critical role in their learning, trying to overcome traditional transmissive teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper inquires about the right to water as a fundamental right in Colombian legal and case law system. For it, this analysis critically disputes the idea which indicates the infeasibility of setting water as a fundamental right by Congress of the Republic of Colombia. For that, the paper made a speech analysis of Colombian legislator who has expressed that water as a fundamental right would lead to an indiscriminate demand through the protection action and derive in: a deeper crisis of Colombian justice system and it would be the financial ruin of companies administrators of water. That speech has been used by state institutions who are seeking to avoid that Colombia achieves their international responsibilities acquired in terms of water availability, accessibility and quality. Resource which is vital for human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Early Modern Times, water was one of the most important natural resources, especially in arid or semi-arid regions such as La Mancha. In this territory, liquid element was barely used in agriculture, because watering farming was a residual activity. More important was its use in the processing industry, transforming the cereals grown in its fields into flour. This paper analyses the conditions of water exploitation in the Guadiana River basin during the pre-industrial period and focuses on the water mills that lined its riverbanks. It also examines other uses not linked to the milling and attempts to explain its geographical location and its technical evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides some reflections on the discussions resulting from the UN declaration, A/64/L.63/Rev.1. It is a resolution dated July 26, 2010 whereby the UN enacts the drinking water and sanitation as an essential human right, which creates some obligations the private actors will demand the Member States to comply with. Based on the foregoing, the UN Member States, including Colombia, are now required to ensure a water supply with quality and 100% coverage to their inhabitants via an aqueduct. However, governments face, in turn, the challenge to preserve the water sources constituting the raw material for ensuring those rights the UN has enacted as claimable by all human beings. This way, this paper poses some questions and queries regarding the tasks to be undertaken by both the Colombian State and the private actors to comply with the UN directives, without detriment to the water sources and the environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010, the United Nations (un) acknowledged the human right to water and urged nation states to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water, as well as sanitation for all. In 2012, the Mexican Constitution was reformed to guarantee this right. This paper examines how social inequality hinders the exercise of the said human right to water in San Jerónimo Tecóatl, a municipality located in the Mazatec Sierra in the State of Oaxaca. Data was gathered using quantitative and qualitative techniques: open-ended interviews, closed questionnaires and workshops, along with tours throughout the Mazatec territory. The analysis focuses on three expressions of inequality: rurality, ethnicity and gender. Regarding the first, the paper shows that the potable water network was not established until the 1980s, and that to this day it provides a poor service, with water shortages for as much as three months per year. Second, the Mazatec territory was fractionalized and indigenous forms of organization regarding water management were weakened due to the construction of dams and the professionalization of municipal governments. Third, the female population is the most affected by water shortages and has no decision-making power with regard to water management. The paper concludes that the social inequalities expressed in terms of rurality, ethnic and gender differences, hinder the full exercise of the human right to water in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the province of Alicante (Southern Spain) the insufficiency of water resources has been motivated by the increase in demands since the 60s and 70s to satisfy urban and agricultural uses. Also, it is important to be added that the natural aridity of the territory has become one of the main economic and socio-territorial problems. The increase of resources became possible because the overexploitation of aquifers, the arrival of external flows, the reuse of treated water and in recent years, by desalination. However, traditionally, measures from demand management have not been considered as a solution to solve this shortage. This paper aims to propose measures, both from the management of demand and the supply of water resources to solve this situation. To that end, based on a review of works on the study area, interviews and data analysis provided by users (water companies and irrigation communities), the measures that may be viable to solve this problem have been synthesized. To sum up, it should be noted that this research will fill a scientific gap regarding the management of demand in the study area. And stressing that, no single measure can solve the water deficit, and being necessary, also, the involvement of all users and institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some reflections and advances derived from an ongoing research project called "Territories of water and networks of practice and learning for the appropriation of knowledge and collaborative management in the southern edge of the Capital District". It focuses on problematizing and evidencing the underlying polysemy after the idea of the border applied to the city of Bogota, and especially to its southern territories. In this sense, it is argued that there are many and different edges interacting and overlapping each other, aiming at building a more complex and comprehensive view of the territory on the southern edge of the Capital District. The methodology is based on the revision of secondary sources, complemented with interviews with key informants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the concept of imagined water communities elaborated by Benedict Anderson (1983) in this paper, we have studied cases about originary communities that have developed identity processes and collective legitimacy forms through the ownership and property of water resources. Through this perspective it was possible to identify how communities located within the State of Mexico territory have gained power and have had empowerment of water resources. These communities have also gained other capabilities such as control, management, access and the collection of water users payment for the drinking water service they receive. Through imagined communities perspective it also helps to identify identity processes and legitimacy processes within originary communities. This paper concludes that access, operation and management of the drinking water supply service by water committees is useful to built water communities that become active participants in the relationship State-nature. This paper was elaborated with information obtained from interviews carried out in 2008, 2009 and 2010 in three communities from the State of Mexico. These communities share similar characteristics in terms of their water management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is only recently that social sciences have begun to study the specificities of conflicts over water, mostly with an urban political ecology approach. In this paper, we analyze the role of intermediaries in the creation of "informal alternatives" to formal water provision (pipeo and tandeo). These arepart of a variety of political uses of water in the municipality of Ecatepec, in the city-region of Mexico. Basedon a critical review of the literature on political ecology, the paper analyzes how water is used politically and the new political configurations of the contemporary State these practices produce. With an ethnographic approach, we interviewed key actors of the informal water provision networks in order to better understand their fundamental role as intermediaries in the consitutition of complex configurations of water power. The paper ends by concluding that a careful attention to water conflicts in city-regions can yield a better understanding of how political networks are constituted, institutionally and socially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Ancien Régime, water was not only a landscape element, but also an important source of wealth, that was monopolized by some sectors of rural society. This paper tries to remark its importance in the daily life of Campo de Montiel, one of the Castilian regions historically considered as a part of the arid Spain. By doing this, the author pays special attention to its use in agriculture and local industry. Rivers, dams, mills and springs drew by resident populations in sketches and cartographical representations have been analysed as well. In order to obtain all this information, the author has studied the Catastro de Ensenada documentation as well as the Descripciones that Toledan archbishop Cardinal Lorenzana, ordered to write at the end of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is the seventh largest sugar producer in the world. Candelaria, a small town where five of the thirteen most important sugar mills in the country are located, has no water to drink: cause water is contaminated and monopolized by sugar. This paper explain how resulted from the agricultural modernization projects between 1945 and 1970 when the government modified the landscape for the exclusive promotion of sugar cane. Laying the bases of access to water that today try to change more than 73,000 people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of biofuels companies in the Chira Valley, Piura, Peru, in order to produce ethanol on sugarcane cultivation, intensified the agricultural use of land and water in the mid-2000s. This article analyzes the ecological, political and social transformations that biofuels production brought about in the valley. For that purpose the paper describes the role of the state in promoting biofuels and the concomitant land and water-grabbing processes in the valley. It also explores the consequences it had for local communities and medium-sized and small farmers. Ethanol production in the Chira valley produced a profound space transformation because land and water-grabbing processes for biofuels reinforced social inequalities. Information for this article was gathered from primary and secondary sources. This is a qualitative research. Eighteen interviews were conducted in Piura and Lima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we provide a practical approach of the use of transition scenarios in the field of environmental education. We particularly show the usefulness of this teaching tool to develop their use in the field of environmental education in water issues. The transition scenarios give coherence to the treatment of social and environmental problems associated facilitates management of content as well as the inclusion of ideas and conceptions of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender mainstreaming has become the major tool for governments to promote gender equality since 1995 Beijing Conference. This paper reviews the achievements of GM in Mexican environmental policy through the analysis of two programs operated by SEMARNAT, Equidad de Género, Medio Ambiente y Sustentabilidad program (2002-2006), Hacia la Igualdad de Género y la Sustentabilidad Ambiental program (2007-2012), and Programa Nacional Hídrico (2007-2012). Drawing on this analysis, the paper makes some recommendations to mainstream gender in the design and implementation of the country's water policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a synthesis of the activities of ICOLD during the period 2012-2015 is presented, making a special mention to the 7th World Water Forum of South Korea, to the International Symposiums of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams, to hydropower and dams, and to the message of the ICOLD President, Adama Nombre, during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-management is important for the generation of cooperative processes and to respond to not only local needs. In this work, community management of water for human consumption, carried out through social organization, figured in so-called community water committees in the Chapala Cinega, Michoacán, Mexico is analyzed. One of the central questions addressed in this paper is: What answers have communities to water problems and what lessons allow us to address this problem? Community organization has knowledge and is able to, meet their need for water supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Apantla Festival, celebrated in honor of water, is held in the town of Santa Catarina del Monte, Texcoco, State of Mexico. Among this population, of nahuatl origin, people translate the name as "the ditch is cleaned." According to oral tradition from pre-Hispanic times, Texcoco's inhabitants preserved this ancestral legacy from Netzahualcoyotl. The purpose of this paper is to show that this local method for valuing water among the members of this community has survived as part of a control system for the resource from the sacred practices, and has become an example for environmental education. A record was made of ethnographic testimonies from interviews with different local actors regarding the form in which the celebration of the Festival was carried out in both the past and the present. Early chroniclers were also consulted. It also discusses how this notion of the sacred practices applied in the control of this mountain-water resource is operated. We conclude that this ritual practice has contributed to the development of awareness, not only of the importance of this vital liquid, but also of its sacredness, embedded in tradition, identity, ritual and everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the local public action in peripheral neighborhoods that do not have water services and sewerage in five cities in the state of Chihuahua. In an analysis that integrates structural and self-management experiences in these colonies, it appears that access to water to some colonies, organizational structures depends on citizens, meanwhile, the residents retain a strong distrust of the political actors and a cold relationship with institutional structures of the political system. It is concluded that the economic crisis and legitimacy of government bodies persists associated with the ineffectiveness of innovative water management in cities and political marginalization of citizens in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained from the aspects related to management and operation of Microirrigation systems. The procedures developed by Merriam and Keller (2002) have been applied. This procedure consists of selecting irrigation units representing all irrigation systems, evaluating the uniformity of water distribution and other management parameters. For the preparation of the experimental data obtained with the implementation of these procedures, a computational tool using an Excel 2007 spreadsheet has been developed. This tool enables to obtain the fundamental results of these calculations quickly and with a large margin of safety. The objective of this study is to evaluate the management parameters of microirrigation systems by Merriam and Keller's criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to analyze on community water management in two cases in Latin America, Mexico and Ecuador, face the great sustainability challenges of water resources in the world. The central questions that guide the study are: How does community water management contributes to solve the water crisis locally? and How community responses are sustainable responses to the problem of water supply? The paper presents the main aspects of the problem of water in Latin America, discusses the relevance of addressing the problem of water by the dominant management models and alternative. Finally, it offers the analysis of the community management of water for human consumption in the Cienega de Chapala, Michoacan, Mexico and Imbabura, Ecuador, highlighting their contributions in terms of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text studies the shared meanings inside an emerging social mobilization for the defence of water at the Cuenca de México (CM). This work stems from a doctoral research on such a mobilization's recent developments (2005-2009) and its potential social reflexive influence. The shared meanings analysis applied here serves on one hand to identify and rank the mobilization's main ideas and proposals. On the other hand, this paper assesses the mobilization's critical and constructive input to the present political and social order at the CM region. Indeed, the mobilization's recent development is indicating that water's social action and organization are growing at the CM, and that social conflict and unrest against the water's ruling definitions and uses are increasing too. This text is divided in three sections: first, a case study presented with central theoretical and methodological considerations; second, the mobilization's shared meanings analysis and main results, and third, some conclusions about the mobilization's main challenges and how its potential social reflexive influence is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reflection about the way human beings have established their relationship with the environment and how it has brought difficulties in the environmental management. It emphasizes on the planning and the management of water resources, making a general review of the advances in the regulation associated to water that has impacted the management. Finally, it proposes a discussion about a change of the paradigm and of the social and the environmental cultures favoring a better social/environmental management of water resources, procuring its sustainability at all of the different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an analytical reflection on key issues and opportunities that may arise for women with lower incomes or marginal communities in Colombia, from the delivery of UN A/64/L.63/Rev.1, July 26, 2010 by which the UN, "declares the right to drinking water and sanitation as a human right essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights". We intended to highlight the main aspects linking gender relations with potable water service and how the resolution in question, can generate a significant change in the conditions of life and identity of women against the use and supply at domestic drinking water. This work begins with an exhibition of landscape water in some marginal regions of the world, based on figures from official regulatory bodies and / or guiding the water issue, we raised the right to water as a human right since the analysis of the various directives that regard have emanated from various international bodies, and then present the role of women in relation to the issue of water supply and finally conclude with some reflections aimed at redirecting public policies surrounding this right and duty from women and for the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannery industry is a big water resources pollutant in Colombia. By this, a bigger environmental responsibility has on waters resources pollution in the country. This paper presents a methodological proposal to implement a Corporate Social Responsibility methodology for Colombian Tannery Industry. In this case, Donna Wood's theory, environmental impact, economic valuation of environmental quality, and citizen participation are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along history, The Mexican People for all the different ethnic groups in the country has had water in high regard in their religious corpus, either in the symbolic way or the religious level. As evidence of this we can mention the cults to Tlaloc in Mesoamerica and Chak in the Maya region, and the numerous depictions produced by chronicle writers as well as the ones found in the Maya Codices containing rites and giving close records of the beliefs in which water had a fundamental role. Similarly, the Maya culture nowadays preserves that same close relation between water and health-illness. This article is a first investigative look into this subject intending to restrict time and objectives and also with the aim of recording the way in which some Maya ethnic groups were related to water during the colonial period. Despite the Colonial period was the historical framework imposed as the limit to the present paper, it has been inevitable to make reference to customs and activities of contemporary Maya groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to support water policy-making, particularly in the stage of political feasibility analysis, this paper identifies the variables that determine an increase in water social conflicts in Mexico. To obtain these variables, an econometric model was built from a data-base of water conflicts registered by the national press in the period 1990-2002. The results allow the generation of a general outline of conflicts in Mexico and the identification of those governmental actions that have produced more conflicts. The correlation between conflict and rise or establishment of prices for water consumption receives particular attention, because one of the policies needed to solve the problem of water shortage Mexico is facing is the reform of its price system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes a revision of the interpretations that the Iberian and Cuban anarchism did about Nature. It pretends to explain the existent needs that impulse the construction of a new culture of Nature in the working class, from the end of the nineteenth century to the thirties of the twentieth century. I analyze the development and the organization of the natural sciences to get a sustainable co-evolution with Nature, from the Iberian intermediaries of Elisée Reclus, based on the relations that society has with the territory and the water. I also analyze the expansion of the ecological naturalism in Cuba. This paper presents some contributions of this working class culture related to Nature, which was interpreted in cultural terms, social and political. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a method of solution of the Keenan, Keyes, and et al equation based on Newton- Raphson is shown. The purpose of the work was to elaborate a computer program which could provide the thermodynamical water properties, in subcooled states. The main objective was to get the stated properties in closed ranges of temperatures and pressures that allow the interpolation, in practical tasks. Both objectives were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]