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The challenges faced by teachers during the confinement caused by Covid-19 were more severe for those who look after students with special needs or learning barriers, particularly in a context marked by the scarcity of specialized technological tools and an incipient development of digital skills among both teachers and students. The paper analyzes the conditions in which teachers who work in basic and upper secondary education in Mexico carried out their jobs from April 2020 - December 2021. The analysis is based upon a structural attributive research of explanatory scope that retrieved information through a survey. 140 teachers participated in the process; their responses were statistically analyzed and mapped out using the Geographic Information System and the ArcGIS program, in order to highlight regional differences and shortcomings. The results presented focus on two axes of the Common Framework for Digital Teaching Competence (Content Creation and Security) and show the persistence of socio-educational gaps. Those who express that to have developed these competences are teachers from urban areas, particularly those who have less years of service, higher academic degrees, and are in the seek of job stability. This leads to the conclusion that there is a need to strengthen differentiated training processes that respond to the specific needs of educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, heritage communities have become conservators and transmitters of assets that have been in danger of disappearing in recent decades, in which collective actions outside official institutions have managed to preserve their heritage in a helpless situation. This paper shows the development and the activities of the Uj-ja 'Síijo'ob Community Center in Canicab, Yucatán, since the opening in 2012 until nowadays. This project arises together with a group of volunteers, pretending to be a space for literacy for children and adults in the first instance, to end up being a space for dialogue open to the entire community, in which heritage and education are the two key axes. So it presents the value of heritage communities in preserving and transmitting the Mayan cultural heritage in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper frames the history of the Second Empire in Mexico within the international context, studying the influence of the situation and the European conflicts of the time, the diplomacy developed by Maximilian and the role of the United States before the French Intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to argue that Mexico's involvement in the Universal Exhibitions and World Fairs of the nineteenth century can be considered as the immediate background of what would be called cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century. The evidence found is that Mexico started a tradition that will remain nowadays. The influence of history, as well as the richness and diversity of its artistic and cultural production were their "letters of credence" that allows the country to be appreciated and recognized internationally. Based on testimonies from those who witnessed and attend the exhibitions, as well as official documents and papers of that period, the features of these exhibitions were exposed. To this end, this paper analyzes Mexico's involvement in three of the most important exhibitions of nineteenth century: 1851, 1889 and 1900. This selection allows to compare different contexts and at the same time contributes to observe Mexican political narrative evolution. This article aims to show that the Universal Exhibitions were an opportunity for Mexico to be known and to promote an idea of a country that was aligned with the canons of that century: progress, civility and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using interpretative analysis methods, the paper looks at policy and analyzes the meaning, values and judgements implicit in the devices that gave footing to the program's creation and of the analysis of six interviews with public officials in a position to make decisions and that participated in part in the creation or modification of the program. The results show that the prejudices of the culture of poverty are present in the documents that gave rise to the program, in the founding documents of the program and within the narratives of said public officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the factors of stage of establishment, region of destination, country of origin and union as determinants of the annual integrated wage of unionized workers through the analysis of the collective bargaining agreements of the year 2019 for 20 automotive assembly companies. Kruskal Wallis analysis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests are used to determine whether wage differences existed. The findings show that from the third stage of establishment wages decreased. The central and northern regions displayed high wages, but western and central-northern regions displayed low wages. In the case of companies of European origin, they displayed high wages, while Asian companies displayed low wages; in unions of FESEBS higher wages and FNSI low wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based on qualitative interviews realized between 2014 and 2022 with 36 Central American migrant women captured by drug cartels when they transited through Mexico, aims to examine the different repertories used by criminal organizations to capture, exploit, and subject the victims to a condition of sexual slavery. It is concluded that criminal groups have developed four different repertories, which aim to tame the body and mind of the slaves to achieve total submission: kidnapping, deception, recruitment in the country of origin and extortion. Inside these organizations the roles of victim and perpetrator are interchangeable, and enslaved women are not always passive victims, but some rescue themselves using both astuteness and brute force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental rights of the crime victim have been strengthened through the establishment of the accusatorial criminal procedure in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. The problem is that important rules of the National Code of Criminal Procedures are still restrictive in terms of their constitutional rights. The current paper aims at analyzing the right of the crime victim to become an active part of the criminal procedure and as a result, this right could turn into a guarantee to provide effective access to every single stage of the criminal procedure for the adequate and timely defense of their interests according to due process of law. It is concluded that this right is the nucleus of a jurisprudence doctrine issued by the Federal Tribunals to progressively broaden the scope of the adjectival rights of the victim in conditions of procedural equity with the defendant's rights. This is a documentary research developed within the framework of the theory of guarantee procedural law through the analytical and hermeneutic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the worker-employer conflicts in one of the representative companies of the mining industry in Mexico in the context of the great depression of the world economy of 1929, based on the study of the group's files documentary of the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration belonging to the General Archive of the Nation corresponding to the company ASARCO in the period 1927-1932. The study carried out contributes to broaden the understanding of the way in which the crisis affected the working conditions of mining workers, as well as the way in which the State, through the Conciliation and Arbitration Boards, acted in conflicts between the capital and labor in the context of the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Know the global and national panorama of research focused on Social Innovation through bibliometrics as a point of reference to promote strategies in Public Research Centers (CPI) for applicability in different disciplines of knowledge, mainly in Agricultural Sciences. Methodology. The Scopus database was obtained as one of the own methodologies for bibliometric studies by gathering scientific literature with the theme “Social Innovation” with information collected in articles published from 2015 - 2023. Findings. Relevant bibliographic analysis of Social Innovation was obtained in its different disciplines, areas, and countries with the highest scientific production and most representative authors. Bibliometric analysis for Agricultural Sciences and Biology. Originality. A recent and updated study contributes to expanding the state of the art on Social Innovation. The search for this topic in the Scopus database broadens the vision of its applicability in the different science disciplines, international and national production, and participation of research centers and academics. Relevant information about the articles that address Social Innovation in Agricultural Sciences as a guide for future studies. Conclusions and limitations. This paper generates a frame of reference for future studies of the CPI, universities, and public and private sectors based on recent studies focused on the theory of change and transformation as a strategy to solve social problems, better known as social innovation. The study shows the countries with the highest scientific production, its principal authors, production by disciplines of knowledge, and a more detailed approach to research in the agricultural sector, both international and national, highlighting the universities or research centers with the most significant publications on the subject in México. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has two objectives, the first is to identify during the period 1993-2022 the economic cycles of Mexico and the USA. The second consists of showing the degree of economic integration of the two countries. Production data was obtained from the FRED database of the Federal Reserve of St. Louis. For the first objective, the growth cycles method was used, while for the second, an integration measure known as LINK was calculated. With the support of the growth cycle method, four cycles with five recessions were found in Mexico and the USA. Regarding integration, the percentage change in the variance of Mexican GDP because of innovations in US GDP, after 16 quarters, was a LINK of 87.48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the perspectives of companies, school tutors and graduates on the Mexican Dual Training Model (MMFD) in the CBTIS of the State of Hidalgo. For this, we followed a mixed methodology using semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire to find out the perception of the MMFD. In this way, we identified an articulation between education and employment and that the MMFD generates and promotes new dynamics. Likewise, we observed effects such as the development of competencies in graduates and internships in companies and the reach in employability by graduates. We set out conclusions and recommendations for its application in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to verify if the urban population of the municipalities of the northern border of Mexico has higher incomes than those of other municipalities in the country, while suffering worse living conditions; that is what some authors have called "border development paradox". To verify this issue, proportions were compared based on multidimensional poverty data from Coneval for the period 2008-2020, and more municipalities and population were considered than in any previous research. The results show that urban residents of the northern border have higher incomes, but also better access to services and less social deprivation. These results--which contradict some previous research, but confirm others--are maintained throughout the entire period analyzed and with different territorial groups. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no evidence of said paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to show the increase in rural municipal inequality using fuzzy logic for the state of Jalisco, Mexico, from 2000 to 2015. Methodology: a fuzzy index was developed to measure municipal inequality, considering rural activity, both sugarcane and non-cane, public spending, economic performance, urbanization and the Gini Index. Results: the index showed a trend of increasing inequality between sugarcane and non-cane municipalities. Limitations: The study should ensure a clear conceptual relationship between the analysis tool and the measurement. Value: The use of fuzzy logic reveals that the role of the Mexican state has been important in this, and the proposed index highlights the pattern. Conclusions: during the first sixteen years of the 21st century, municipal and rural inequality in sugarcane and non-cane municipalities in Jalisco increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extension of the Religious Conflict to the north of Mexico had different times and ways compared to the center-west of the country. The northern region has generally been considered not very Catholic, due to Protestant influence and liberal political tradition, which is why it has been taken for granted that the north did not participate in the Catholic mobilization in response to the anticlerical policies of postrevolutionary governments. This vision began to change since Jean Meyer, in the 1990s, pointed out that in Chihuahua, during the Religious Conflict, took place a notable Catholic social and political activity. Although an armed conflict did not break out in 1927, a vigorous social Catholicism had taken root in Chihuahua and all the major Catholic organizations of the time were present and active. New research confirms that, at least Chihuahua was the scene of intense Catholic activity in the 1920s and 1930s that managed to attenuate and delay the onslaught of official anticlericalism. This paper will address in particular the recovery of regional Catholicism after the armed conflict, evidencing the notable impulse and presence of Catholic social and political organizations in the regional scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and particularly, mitigation measures taken by government institutions in Mexico, such as the closure of all schools at all levels of education, have brought strong regressive consequences in terms of both education and gender equality. In this paper, we start from a theoretical framework of gender and family to analyze, along with the negative repercussions of this measure (especially for women and children), an embodied experience of upbringing and community education in Mexico. This experience seeks to preserve educational and labor rights violated by school closures such as sociability, guardianship and custody of minors, the right to a life free of violence, work-life balance, among others. Our aim is to suggest some keys for an ecofeminist and community solution to the education crisis in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial inequality associated with the location of population and activities, access to infrastructure and services, employment and material living conditions, is a historical reality in Latin America. This phenomenon has accompanied the demands of successive development models, and since the mid-twentieth century it has begun to be recognised in its full complexity with the installation of developmentalist governments. As a result, various public policies were adopted that failed to have a significant impact on these inequalities or to address their social consequences. Given the need to reformulate approaches, optimise resources and overcome obstacles in the implementation of public policies, this paper seeks to analyse the policies on the government agenda in Argentina from the change of management materialized at the end of 2019, identifying the limitations, achievements and potentialities of the policies proposed in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico and their effects on territorial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on pre-electoral coalitions underlines political hegemony, erosion and electoral cycles as determinants for the creation of anti-hegemonic coalitions. However, in governor elections, the previous conditions appear without the expected results. What is impeding them? It is argued that the lack of local concurrence, few simultaneous elections and electoral nationalization inhibit the formation of this type of coalitions. In order to test the argument, we selected the State of Mexico as an example of a negative case and compared it transversally and longitudinally resorting to a case study approach. This paper aims to reveal the conditions that systematically inhibit the formation of antihegemonic pre-electoral coalitions. Findings include predominance of officialist coalitions, absence of positions for anti-hegemonic negotiation and greater dependence on national resources. It is concluded that the electoral cycle and the state's political dimension increase the nationalization of the election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of sediment transport is important to understand how erosive processes operate on the earth's surface and to try to manage natural resources in an optimal way. This paper studies the mechanisms of surface transport of sediments in two high mountain headwaters that have similar topographic and lithological characteristics with an ecosystem of high ecological value characterized by the alpine grassland. These headwaters are distinguished in that one is in a natural state, located in the Altzomoni gorge, and the other has implemented management practices consisting of the construction of infiltration trenches and afforestation, in the Amalacaxco gorge. Both headwaters are located within the Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl Zoquiapan National Park (central Mexico). In the study, the luminescence signals were analyzed with the optically stimulated luminescence (LOE) technique to understand the degree of erosion that exists. The luminescence of the two deposits that make up the surface of the two headwaters was estimated and the LOE signals were analyzed in samples taken on the surface in longitudinal profiles along the slope in three different periods of one year, this to consider the variability associated with seasonal changes. The results indicate that most of the materials that are mobilized downhill come from the surface deposit. However, during the months that concentrate the greatest rainfall and solar radiation, the subsurface materials, more than 80 cm deep, but only in the Amalacaxco gorge, are mobilized punctually. This indicates that erosion is greater in the gorge where the management techniques were implemented, which contrasts with what is observed in the gorge in its natural state. It is concluded that the management techniques applied modify the surface dynamics and favor the incisive processes of the alpine grassland. The use of the method used is appropriate to study erosive processes in high mountain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the trilateral trade relationship between Mexico, the United States and China, and its main characteristics, from 1993 to 2020, through the application of vector autoregressive (VAR) models at different points in time. More specifically, trade links between these economies have been transformed from a first phase of little significance to a second phase with profound interrelationships since 2001, and finally to a current consolidation stage, despite the current increasingly complex environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a piece of research on the use and impact of renewable energies in rural development in Mexico. It was found that various projects have been financed to be included in agricultural production activities and for the lighting of rural communities; however, according to the report of the sustainable development goals, there are still many challenges to face. Ensuring that 100% of the Mexican rural population has energy would lead to an improvement in living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliometric analysis is carried out on scientific articles referring to Mexico on cybersecurity issues, published between 2015 and 2020, indexed by Sciencedirect, Redalyc, and Dialnet. The study takes into consideration indicators such as productivity per year, per journal, per institution and per author, as well as the thematic content of the texts. From the 18 papers analyzed, the detected research trends suggest a majority contribution from researchers affiliated to universities, as well as the association of cybersecurity issues and the technologies involved in cyberspace with social topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fiscal incentives and public financing destined to the promotion of Workers' Cooperatives in Mexico, as well as the participation of cooperatives in activities that may represent transgressions to the fiscal and labor laws of our country. The results show that the economic crisis of the 1980s forced a change in the economic model and cooperatives were relegated from public policies. The relationship with the State fractured again in 2013 when cooperative companies were accused of fraudulent operations to avoid paying federal taxes, as a consequence, special taxation regimes were eliminated and public financing was reduced. However, the information published by the country's administrative authorities does not provide evidence to ensure that in the last 11 years the cooperative organizations have constituted a risk factor for federal public finances and the labor stability of workers. This research applies a mixed method, which means the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods and techniques. In the first case, the hypothetical-deductive method is used, and in the second, grounded theory and hermeneutic triangulation. The data come from the tax agency's web page and direct consultation with the institute responsible for providing public information to citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to show the way in which the educational policies implemented in Higher Secondary Education (EMS) in Mexico, led to the omission of the Federal High Schools for Cooperation (PREFECO for its acronym in Spanish) as a public subsystem. This omission had repercussions in the closure of schools and exacerbated the precarious working conditions of the teachers who work in that school subsystem. The paper analyzes the policies directed at the EMS during the 2008-2019 period in order to identify the causes that originated the main changes in the subsystem. The case of the PREFECO's of the state of Morelos is contextualized and the labor conditions of their teachers. For the analysis of the official documents, some guidelines of the historical-descriptive method were retaken. To contextualize the conditions of the teachers, a questionnaire was applied and descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, during the 2012-2018 six-year term, the National Crusade against Hunger (CNCH) was implemented, in which social participation played a central role in combating the lack of access to food and promoting social welfare. With the creation of Community Committees and the support from promoter staff, this strategy aimed to strengthen and ensure the active and constant involvement of the population; however, there were a number of factors that had an impact on the difficulties in achieving sustained community participation. The objective of this paper is to show the factors that limited social participation in the implementation of the CNCH in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, through the voices of the implementing staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines in-depth the root causes and consequences of Mexican forced displacement from a decolonial feminist perspective, emphasizing the intersections between the body and territory. The absence of quantitative and qualitative data on internal forced displacement in Mexico erases people and communities from the territory, making them invisible along the migratory routes and making them disappear on the map of contemporary geographies of terror. In this article, we focus on the embodied experiences of women, drawing upon extensive multi-sited binational research along the Mexico-US border. Their testimonies allow an understanding of forced displacement beyond passive and re-victimizing narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exposes the limits and possibilities of educational researchers' training in Mexico concerning the dissemination of science. From the criticism of these formative processes, it turns evident the scarce professional preparation of the consolidated researchers, as well as of the novices, to establish a plural and open dialogue with all the strata of Mexican society. The idea that scientific knowledge is for the consumption of academic elites within the educational field is still upheld, and not the opportunity to debate, from different points of view, regional educational problems. Based on this, scientific journalism is proposed as the primary activity for the social communication of science to build more equitable scenarios for making better political decisions in and for our National Educational System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reflection on the relationship between the mass media and the prehispanic past of Mexico. The official discourse (archaeological, institutional) around the past has been called into question with the transition from classical media (print, film and TV) to digital media. In contemporary worlds, the established imaginary about Mesoamerica is seen resignified and confronted with other imaginaries associated with New Age groups that promote the resurgence of the Anahuac culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has the purpose to analyze to what extent TV series produced nowadays mostly on digital streaming platforms, and whose main topics focus on drug dealers' lives (narcoseries), have constituted one of the most 'fashionable' trends on TV production lately, both in terms of viewer figures and audiences' perceptions. Most of them, especially in Mexico, are linked to a group of political and social facts which, undeniably, lead many audiences to perceive a transposition of roles in these productions over the traditional duo villain-hero. Thus, viewers tend to relate the figure of a corrupted State to the villain one, while criminals are identified as heroes. Nonetheless, such perceptions find historical roots in Mexico's and Latin America's questionable governmental policies, which have direct effects on the State's condition of anomie. All these aspects together could lead, not just viewers but actual citizens, to lessen -and ultimately justify-real and patent criminal acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo enfoca en la conservación de elementos arqueológicos de papel y textiles encontrados durante una investigación arqueológica del Templo Mayor, en la Ciudad de México, México. La autor considera las características de materiales orgánicos hallados en contexto arqueológicos y describe los tratamientos empleados para su conservación.

This paper performs a comparative analysis of the Chinese and Mexican production structures, through a descriptive study and using the methods of structural analysis on input-output tables of 1995 and 2011. During this period, the average annual per capita gross domestic product (gdp) growth in China amounted to 9.18%, while in Mexico it reached only 0.95%. Assuming that China's growth has been successful in this sense, then a mayor conclusion from this paper is that if Mexico wishes to reach high growth rates, the main element potentially useful to elaborate an efficacious strategy from China's experience is clear: To foster, from a proactive participation of the state, the development of key sectors which will constantly increase their multiplier effects, so that a mayor integration of the national economy is achieved, and the development and consolidation of the productive apparatus sufficient to support the generation of next-generation productive sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the state of the social capital between 2004 and 2014 in front of the implementation of the Mexican policy of attention to poverty. The investigation contemplates the beginning of the OPPORTUNIDAES program, and its passage to the PROSPERA program. The first study was conducted in a municipality in the state of Guerrero, and the second in the state of Oaxaca. The work made use of semi-structured interviews, face-to-face and with a mixed questionnaire, these were complemented with the observation technique to obtain a contextualized understanding of the situation at different explanatory levels. The results show that the policy of attention to poverty has a negative effect on the development of social capital. It was observed that the targeting method employed by these poverty attention programs creates two networks of social relationships, beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries; from the perspective of social capital, this influences the development of cooperation, solidarity, trust, reciprocity and social norms; that is, the fragmentation of social ties in a community has an impact on local development, and this does not counteract poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the feedback relationship that exists between inflation, its uncertainty, and the economic growth of the two main Latin American economies. A Bivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model is developed, which also allows the identification of asymmetric impacts on the conditional volatility of the product and inflation, the sample period corresponds to January 1985 to June 2019. Additionally, causality tests are developed to identify the fulfillment of the main hypotheses raised. Among the main findings is the verification of the Friedman-Ball hypothesis for both countries in most of the lags. Regarding the second hypothesis, it is found that the central bank of Mexico has presented a stabilizing behavior, while in the Brazilian case an opportunistic behavior has been identified. In the third hypothesis, no causal relationship of inflationary uncertainty towards economic growth is identified, in the case of Mexico; while, in the case of Brazil, an ambivalent causality has been identified, regarding the number of lags. Finally, in the fourth hypothesis we find results that corroborate, mainly for both economies, a positive effect from inflation on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the gender perspective, historicization and decolonization as part of a theoretical-methodological proposal, to understand the gender systems that support masculinities and models of being a man, linked to reproduction and contemporary indigenous survival in Mexico. It constitutes a first effort of reflective analysis, on how to approach these ethnicized and gendered realities, specifically on masculinities and being a man. To do this, we start by discussing the contributions of some gender studies of men and masculinities, which do not constitute an exhaustive and updated review, but only an approximation to the growing knowledge base, to support the methodological proposal with which it seeks to understand the patriarchal, heterosexist and colonizing constraints on men and women of indigenous peoples. In this work, it is argued that re-readings of these realities are required through theoretical-methodological proposals that are sensitive to these realities, in order to stop the homogenizing views of the indigenous gendered subject, specifically the masculinized one from westernized gender systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study aimed at identifying good practices in different systems of Vocational Education and Training (VET) around the world and in some regions of Mexico, with the purpose of designing a new vocational model for the state of Guanajuato, integrating the educational and employability dimensions, and considering the new trends in vocational systems, that have evolved from an exclusive action of educational centers, towards a new conception that integrates strategic actions carried out collaboratively by educational, governmental, social and economic actors in the region. This is a research project where a documentary analysis methodology is applied, exploring different sources and references of vocation systems that have been implemented by different countries and in other states of the Mexican Republic, to make the proposal of a new vocation model, which is the theoretical-practical reference to coordinate the actions of different actors in the region, which facilitates adequate decision-making by Guanajuato students about the continuation of their educational preparation at the high school and college levels, in addition to the best option for employment. The resulting model integrates two major conceptual axes and four subcategories in each axis, so that it is the initial input for the design of state public policies, as well as the formation of strategies in the educational, social and economic sectors of the state of Guanajuato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SIR model (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) proposed by Kermack & McKendrick aims to simulate the behavior of a contagious disease's effect-propagation, such as covid-19's; consists of a system of three differential equations, one that models the behavior of the individuals likely to acquire the disease, another equation for the infected ones and the last one for those recovered. This system has two parameters: the transmission rate ß and the recovery rate ?. The objective of the paper is to show the operation of the SIR behavior model using data from the covid-19 pandemic for Mexico, in particular, the effects of health and social containment measures on the dynamics of the model addressed. Based on daily data from the first three phases of the pandemic in Mexico, which runs from February 27 to May 17, 2021, the scenarios with and without public intervention measures was contrasted. The finding is that with sanitary and social containment measures, the rate of transmission is reduced and the curve of infected is "flattened". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity has suffered throughout its history from different types of pandemics caused by deadly infectious diseases. Mathematical models are very useful tools to understand the dynamics of the behavior and propagation of these. Among these models are those known as SIS, SIR and SEIR. This paper presents a brief explanation of the structure of these models and its use in some pandemics. In particular, some SIR-type models without and with delays are analyzed with special interest, as well as their applications to the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. To determine the correspondence between some of the models analyzed and the data of Infectious and Recovered from Mexico reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), simulations are presented in three different time periods between the years 2020-2021. In addition, an unpublished SIR-type mathematical model with three delays is proposed as a main contribution. Finally, a discussion is given on the application of numerical algorithms to identify some parameters of mathematical models, such as ordinary least squares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the different forms of cultural resistance that some people belonging to original cultures in Mexico and who have migrated to the city of León Guanajuato have. Through qualitative research and the interview technique, we recover the actions they have to preserve particular characteristics of their culture are revealed. In the first place, we will talk about what the resistance of native peoples is, and then, we analyzed the strategies used by indigenous people to preserve everything that identifies them as part of their community, culture and people even when they are outside of it, that is, knowing the way in which they resist so that their culture continues to stay alive wherever they decide to go. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The General Health Law in Mexico was reformed in 2019. Since that moment the re-centralization began. Part of these process were the following actions: the Health Welfare Institute creation; the Popular Insurance disappearance; the coordination agreements signature between the national and the subtnationals governments, and the medicines consolidated purchase. These actions produced consequences in organizational functioning. Through the staff perception, this paper seeks to investigate these consecuences in a pimary healthcare organization in Nezahualctoyotl, Estado de México. Findings shouw that: 1. Second and third level hospitals were regionalized; 2. Contracts to treat diseases like cancer were eliminated; 3. Less existance of medicines and medical supplies; 4.Staff hired with fixed-term contract were given a regular contract. The re-centralization is usefull to study the health system changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of renewable energy consumption, electricity demand, sustainable economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on international trade in the countries of U.S. - Mexico - Canada Agreement (USMCA). To do this, unit root, cointegration and causality tests are applied, and the long-term relationship between the variables is estimated. The results suggest that the variables are integrated of different order and that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between them. There is a positive relationship between the consumption of renewable energy, the demand for electrical energy and sustainable economic growth on international trade, while CO2 emissions reduce it. This implies that it is important to analyze energy policies that encourage increased consumption of renewable energy to boost international trade, in order to accelerate sustainable economic growth in the region. In addition, the feedback relationship between CO2 emissions and the demand for electrical energy could have important implications within the energy and environmental policy for the panel of countries in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time historiography has characterized the National Cooperatist Party as a group with Catholic overtones. In this paper, aided by some programmatic texts written by party members, it is intended to question this conception. For this, rather than seeking the supreme ideological affiliation of the cooperative members, the emphasis is placed on the discussions and disagreements that arose between the ideas of the members of the political organization. Hand in hand with this approach, it is possible to shed light on the split suffered by the party during the presidential conjuncture of 1924. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the psychological, social and emotional effects of social isolation. Its objective is to reflect on this measure taken during the pandemic, focusing on the psychological consequences. On the one hand, it is based on official speeches, critical views and mental health research. On the other hand, a study is made on the subject in Mexico, in which opinions, practices and the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and relational impacts are addressed. This is done through a bibliographic and documentary review, as well as surveys, questionnaires and interviews, for the country and for Mexico City. As a result, the consideration between benefits and risks in general is presented. In particular, a favorable assessment from the population, a relative follow-up, an accumulation of unpleasant feelings, psychological disorders, as well as changes in habits, activities and relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the significance and the challenges of various decolonized practices in research and in social science training methods in Mexico and, particularly, in Chiapas, based on a Latin American approach to the field of studies conducted by intellectuals and activists involved in social movement struggles. We analyze different forms of intercultural dialogues used in decolonizing research in terms of social, ethnic and gender relationships, according to the contexts and the knowledge production of popular and indigenous movements facing politics, education and epistemic racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents various epistemological and methodological implications associated with research in dangerous regions in Mexico. Anthropological and sociological analysis methodologies were used to study violence as an object of knowledge, with new research routes and new ethnographic and information analysis strategies. These routes and strategies have been incorporated from research experiences in various dangerous territories in Mexico. This study concludes that dangerous contexts have led researchers to take new epistemological and methodological routes to address phenomena derived from criminal violence, conceptually understood within the framework of a new war between drug cartels and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to expose and analyze how LGBT students in three public universities in Chiapas, Mexico, are carrying out forms of resistance in response to manifestations of violence and discrimination. The research was based on a qualitative methodology and analyzed through a grounded-theory strategy. We found that LGBT students are not passive victims of discrimination, but rather resist in various ways, making the university a space in dispute over heteropatriarchal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the literature on formal and informal institutions, this paper offers a typology of the role informal institutions play in the efficacy or inefficacy of formal institutions. Particularly, whether and why de jure and de facto independence converge or diverge. We distinguish four roles that informal institutions can play: competing, reinforcing, overlapping, and redundant. To illustrate our typology, we include examples of each role from Latin American countries. In Brazil we show that a norm of professionalism reinforces internal judicial independence, whereas in Mexico a norm of patronage competes with it. In Uruguay we show that a norm of legislative cooperation is redundant with a high level of de jure external judicial independence, whereas in Paraguay a norm of militant subordination overlaps with a low level of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to other countries, in Mexico, there is no survey to numerically measure consumer inflation expectations. This paper reports the results of the application of a simple questionnaire that aims to obtain a first approximation of these expectations. The exercise also seeks to obtain information on the process of expectations formation through a controlled intervention, as well as to investigate which products have an effect on inflation expectations the most. Four groups were randomly formed: three that received information on past, present or expected inflation, and a control group with no additional information. Consistent with the literature, the results show that people have a higher inflation expectation than specialists. The experiment also reveals that providing information does affect and reduce inflation expectations. Finally, we find that inflation expectations depend mainly on everyday consumer products, such as food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, higher education is considered one of the main routes of upward social mobility. However, given the plurality of options offered by the education system at this level, there may be a distinctive pattern not only of socioeconomic origin but also of economic results after graduating from a specific higher education institution (hei), which can inhibit the promotion of social mobility through hei. Using data from the Intergenerational Social Mobility Module 2016, this paper analyzes whether the hei in Mexico promote the social mobility of their graduates. The results suggest a potential mediating effect of hei in the intergenerational transmission of wealth. This means that the wealth of the original household is an important determinant of the type of hei from which the respondents graduate, furthermore, the type of hei also explains part of the variation in the wealth of the current household of graduates. Specifically, individuals who reported having completed their university studies at the National Polytechnic Institute (ipn, Mexico) present the lowest intergenerational correlation of wealth, 0.18. In contrast, normal schools and the National Pedagogical University (upn, Mexico) have the highest intergenerational persistence rates, 0.48 and 0.47, respectively. Under these findings, it is argued that the type of hei from which individuals graduate can complement the explanation of the mechanisms of intergenerational persistence of wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the epistemic functions of images in the geographic and sociological discourses on poverty habitat in the megacities of the global south by focusing on Mexico city. Based on a conceptual and methodological review of art history from Bildwissenschaft perspective (visual studies), this paper aims to examine the poverty habitat by describing its typologies, patterns, encodings and possible effects of its visual constructions. This contribution outlines the utility of this type of research, the function of inter and transdisciplinary studies in this field and its fundamental ethic dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether the low-carbon transport strategy (subway, rapid transit bus system -Macrobús-, trolleybus, and shared bicycles) implemented in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (AMG) from 2000 to 2019 improves air quality. Sustainable urban mobility is the movement of people in cities in a way that generates the least impact on the environment. We analyze three actions of government intervention in the same sense. This is the first study for Guadalajara, the third-largest city in Mexico. We use robust Newey-West estimators and endogenously model pollution disruptions using the Bai Perron approach. Our results suggest that this type of public transport reduces SO2, NO2, O3, and CO, though we find an increase in PM10. We also identified that when the service of the first line of the Bus Rapid Transit was consolidated CO, O3 and PM10 decreased. In addition, the improvement in the connectivity of the bus network with the subway means that only NO2 diminished. Finally, the entry into operation of the shared bicycle program reduced PM10, while increasing O3 and in SO2. In short, sustainable urban mobility is an alternative to making the transit of people efficient, while mitigating air pollution in the AMG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]