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The migration of Venezuelans nationals to other Latin-American countries has been defined as the most significant migratory phenomenon in the recent story of the region, with Colombia being the country that hosts the highest number of Venezuelan nationals. From a human rights perspective, this article critically analyzes the response of the Colombian State to address migration from Venezuela. The objective of this article is to show that Colombia has preferred to govern this migration through the creation of ad hoc permits, instead of recognizing the need for international protection of this population and their status as refugees. To this end, this paper analyzes the Colombian regulatory framework on migration and refuge and, in particular, the response of the Colombian State to the migration of people from Venezuela. Its central argument is that the Colombian authorities have opted for the design and implementation of alternative measures of migratory regularization, as it was at the time the Special Permit of Permanence and is today the Permit for Temporary Protection. This article concludes by stating that the approach to Venezuelan migration has led to a clear detriment to the refugee system, today collapsed and with no prospect of reform or strengthening. This is so because the institutional design of the Colombian refuge entails a host of obstacles that discourage applicants from following this path, even when they require international protection. The authors of this paper use legal dogmatic as the main research methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a decolonial feminist geopolitics of Venezuelan migration to Colombia, with Venezuelans fleeing the socialist Bolivarian Revolution and then facing discrimination and violence upon settling in capitalist Colombia amid its failing peace process context. Conflicts over migration and nationality permeate our global order of sovereign nation-states, both in north-south migrations and across the global south, while the feminisation and racialisation of migrants divides the subaltern class and facilitates capitalist exploitation. However, this paper elucidates migrants’ inter-national solidarities and grassroots peace struggles. Community organisers along the Colombia-Venezuela border – the women’s empowerment organisation Tejedores de Paz and youth leadership foundation Horizonte de Juventud – unite impoverished internally-displaced Colombians and Venezuelan immigrants to create resistance territories against xenophobia, patriarchy, and poverty. Illustrating the utility of the methodology of decolonial feminist geopolitics, I trace the reconfiguration of the spirit of sociopolitical revolution in South America through migrants’ emergent form of feminist non-state socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present certain hypotheses about aspects that regional integration has acquired in the border regions, where it tends to be confused with frontier or neighbourly Integration. It also presents the acceptance of the Andean integration experience in the frontier region of Táchira and North of Santander on the border between Colombia and Venezuela; the two most active countries the Andean Community. In addition it attempts to explain the apparent rejection of regional integration over the last decade of the XX Century on the part of these agents. This paper Is the result of biblio-hemerographic consultation as well as direct observation and interviews with political and social representatives on each side of the border. It consists of five parts in which there is a geographical location of the area under study, a theoretical approximation in relation to political and social actors, their perceptions towards regional and frontier integration, the actors who are more inclined to show a positive and a negative opinion towards regional integration, and finally and there is a discussion of some of the reasons that explain the findings of acceptance or rejection towards regional integration in this border region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of seismic intensity attenuation plays an important role in the analysis of menace that includes historical events. Mapping the intensity attenuation is usually done by regressing the intensity versus distance. Nowadays there are different ways to examine the characteristics of a seismic event using instrumental means, however, the experts face the problem of qualitative nature of the sources of information and the mapping of the relationship between intensity, magnitude and distance for the generation of risk scenarios based on historical information. This paper presents an alternative to map this relationship through artificial neural networks (ANN). As a result, we propose a procedure that was validated through the mapping of the intensities of 68 earthquakes that occurred northern South America, between 1766 and 2004. We found that ANNs present advantages with respect to the conventional models of regression: a. they preserve in a better way the first statistical moment, b. they reflect a minor approximation error and c. the variance explained by the ANN is better than the one from the models of statistical regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Records from the literature supplemented by reviewing reference collection specimens of fish in the Humboldt Institute - IAvH-P, Rancho Grande Biological Station - EBRG and Museum of Natural Sciences Guanare - MCNG, show 109 freshwater native species and 14 of marine estuarine origin living in the Catatumbo river basin, making it the system with the highest diversity of fish species on Maracaibo Lake. These species belong to 10 orders, 39 families and 91 genera. The taxonomic orders with the highest number of families, genera and species were Siluriformes with 12 families, 42 genera and 61 species and Characiformes with 11 families, 24 genera and 32 species. The richest families were Loricariidae (16 genera and 25 species), Characidae (13 genera and 18 species) and Pimelodidae (6 genera and 8 species), there were between one and five species recorded in each of the remaining 37 families. Of the 123 species registered, 69 were collected and cataloged as sampling results of this study and 11 are new registers for Colombia. As for the Catatumbo 61 of the 68 species are considered endemic to the Maracaibo Lake basin and 40 were established themselves as commonly fished species for commercial purposes, six marine - estuarine and 34 freshwater. This paper discusses changes in the number of species registered in the different lists and their implications for species richness Catatumbo basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to explore the main results of the project "Participation and social relationships in Twitter's online opinion leaders in Colombia, Venezuela and Iran, linked to the authors' research field. Our initial hypothesis said that new social networks in online media are strengthening the application of the flow communication model proposed by Klaus Jensen (Three-Step Flow), as well as they are contributing to the emergency of new opinion leaders. The findings confirm the relevance of Jensen's model and show how, the formation of new leaders of opinion online depend of factors out the ICT's effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ups and downs of the bilateral integration process and the economic and diplomatic crisis of the regional integration have crossed trough the Colombo-Venezuelan border in the last decade. In front of this process, this paper places the question about over the relationship between the coverage of the national press headed by El Tiempo, and the border policies advanced by the Colombian chancellery during the last ten years. In this sense, the work done establishes that El tiempo's media logic has mainly focused on official, mainly presidential speeches, and on security issues and external threats at the border. The implemented policies by the chancellery are centered exclusively on the activities and the development of integration mechanisms and on regional development. The job shows the independence of the national press from political institutions, when it ignores most of the work and advancement that has been made on the bilateral policies of integration and gional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 10 years, diplomatic relation between Colombia and Venezuela has been marked by a constant instability. Such a relation has had two hard moments: between December 2004 and February 2005 with Granda case, and in March 2008 with the death of Raul Reyes. This paper shows an alternative analysis of agreements between both nations, emphasizing particularly the Granda case. The analysis is based on a dynamic game, through which it will be very important the effect on the economy of each country has the freezing of trade relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods for enhanced recovery of heavy oil by steam injection, present great inconvenience in reservoirs of over three thousand feet deep. This is due to the high losses of energy from the generator on surface to the wellbore, so, the oil can not reach a temperature at which it is mobile and can be produced. This paper proposes the use of steam generators at bottom, with the goal of inject wet steam into deep reservoirs. Subsequently, is proposes the application of the technique steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), and that because it uses short distances between wells, requiring low rates of injection, such as those that provide these generators. Finally, is assessed the feasibility of implementing enhanced recovery processes in deposits of heavy crude oil with characteristics similar to those of the Colombian Llanos Orientales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1980, Venezuelan income per capita in dollars was 1.4 times higher than that of Colombia, but in 2007, this ratio was reversed and the Colombian income was 1.1 higher than that of Venezuela. This result deserves an explanation, as both countries made similar structural reforms to allow a free economy and to integrate with international markets. This paper aims to explain this result. The main conclusion is that the State-entrepreneur relationship and the real exchange rate management are crucial for the explanation of the difference in the economic performance of both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]