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The study describes and analyzes the state of research on cocoa cultivation in administrative and socioeconomic areas in Latin America during the last five years. The research is descriptive, for which we proceeded to identify the location of the research articles considering the following criteria: filter by publication, filter by keyword and filter by topic. The results allow us to observe that after a filtering of 50 articles, the database was made up of 31 papers. It was known that 74.42% of the publications are published in regional impact databases (Latindex, DOAJ, Scielo and Redalyc) and in a lower order with 22.58% in global impact databases (SCOPUS and WEB_OF_SCIENCE); Likewise, it was determined that the most frequent lines of research are that of productive processes of cocoa cultivation in Latin America in 70.97% and in 29.03% socioeconomic aspects; It was possible to show that Ecuador leads the investigations in this area by 54.84% and to a lesser scale countries such as: Colombia, Mexico, Peru by 22.58%; 12.90%; 9.68% on your order. It is concluded, despite the fact that important research contributions have been made in the production processes of cocoa; It is important to analyze the economic and financial part of this crop in order to provide the small and medium producer of this crop with strategies that help improve their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 30 years of commercial relations between Colombia and Peru within the framework of their different integration processes, this article aimed to analyze the Colombian companies that boost bilateral trade with Peru. The study reveals the companies and the main goods traded, the study was developed from the theoretical perspective of economic integration and the concept of South-South trade, through a predominantly quantitative method, with 300,692 data obtained from the interface of the National Statistical System (SEN) fed by the Tax and Customs Directorate Nationals (DIAN) during the last 5 years, 24,651 export operations and 18,305 import operations were obtained. Within the findings, the Colombian companies that export the most, those that import the most, and those with the highest volume of trade are categorized. The industry with the highest business participation is the hygiene and personal care sector, which ranks 5 companies out of the 10 with the highest commercial volume with significant exchanges in essential oils, chemical preparations, plastic, and paper manufactures. Regarding their size, it was found that 100% They are large multinational companies, with more than 50 years in the market. Of the 10 most representative companies: 2 are Colombian, 2 Peruvian, 4 American and 2 European. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and reflect on the current crisis of multilateralism and its general principles of conduct --ideas, discourses and practices-- which may represent a scenario of opportunities and threats to respond to the complexity of the world drug problem and the crisis of its dominant paradigm whose strategy, primarily military, represents an anachronistic worldview regarding security reduced to the prohibitionist approach. Likewise, there are debates on the dominant development paradigm, built on global agreements and their general principles of conduct --ideas-- that have determined and constrained a multidimensional approach in the case of Colombia and Peru. In this way, the worldview has been determined by the dialectical vision of the internal world --harmony-- and external --anarchy-- according to the rationalist approaches which, from the critique of reflective approaches in International Relations, poses more than an explanation (causality), the understanding (interpretation) and coconstitution of reality and current phenomena, such as the world drug problem and development for the consolidation of alternative paradigms in Colombia and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the progress in the integration of the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA by its Spanish acronym) by studying the dynamic relationship between the volatilities of the markets that conform it: Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Chile. To achieve this objective, data between 2002 and 2018 from the stock exchanges' representative indices of each MILA member was used. Due to the particular characteristics of the financial series, such as nonstationarity and dynamic variance over time, time series techniques were applied, specifically, the models of the GARCH family with a multivariate approach captures the relationship existing between markets. It was found that individually all series are integrated processes of order 1 and present ARCH effects. Even though the existence of interdependence of volatility between markets is latent and varies over time, the results of this study show that this relationship does not represent a significant increase after the conformation of the MILA. This fact suggests that, although the markets are interrelated, the interdependence is not strong and therefore each of the markets maintain independence. The integration has not been fully achieved and the advantages of this have only been partially shown in each of the stock exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship between the financial instability generated by shortterm capital flows in the absence of control mechanisms and the restrictions facing the implementation of counter-cyclical fiscal policies in the inflation-targeting regime, using as a springboard the recent financial crises in, specifically, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, showing how an increase in the issuance of public bonds to, via interventions in the exchange rate market, sterilize the effects of short-term capital flows on the monetary base is a source of endogenous instability, because this mechanism entails risks for the exchange rate and interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a comparison between the drug violence in Peru and Colombia. These two countries are the greater cocaine producers in the world, but present different levels of violence. In the case of Peru there are low levels of violence, whilst in the case of Colombia, the levels are high. The paper argues that the cocain cultivation and production in itself is not a source of high levels of violence. The intensity of the violence depends on the presence of other variables that will be proposed and analized here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the border shared by Peru, Colombia and Brazil has become an enclave of drug production and trafficking for the international markets. It is a territory whose control is disputed by non-state actors and where state security forces suffer from severe material and transport limitations. This paper takes an ethnographic approach to explain the limitations of border security and the institutional challenges of controlling drug and wood trafficking in this context. It places the ideas of reproduction and social change at the centre of the discussion on drugs and borders, as key ways of thinking about the dynamics of growing and processing coca-derived drugs in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of seismic intensity attenuation plays an important role in the analysis of menace that includes historical events. Mapping the intensity attenuation is usually done by regressing the intensity versus distance. Nowadays there are different ways to examine the characteristics of a seismic event using instrumental means, however, the experts face the problem of qualitative nature of the sources of information and the mapping of the relationship between intensity, magnitude and distance for the generation of risk scenarios based on historical information. This paper presents an alternative to map this relationship through artificial neural networks (ANN). As a result, we propose a procedure that was validated through the mapping of the intensities of 68 earthquakes that occurred northern South America, between 1766 and 2004. We found that ANNs present advantages with respect to the conventional models of regression: a. they preserve in a better way the first statistical moment, b. they reflect a minor approximation error and c. the variance explained by the ANN is better than the one from the models of statistical regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the effect of political violence on the production of coca in the Central Andes? Does U.S. military aid reduce the amount of drugs that originate from this region? What other factors help explain the production of coca? Are the effects of U.S. military aid the same across the Andean nations? This paper tests the effects of political violence and U.S. military aid in the drug producing nations of Colombia, Bolivia and Peru. Our results are consistent with existing literature that emphasizes the obstacles that governments face as they attempt to suppress markets for prohibited goods. Our comparative analysis sheds new light on the limitations of the current U.S. policy, particularly in Colombia, where political violence has strengthened the global drug trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]