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The search for other possible types of journalism has been present in the successive historical stages of the contemporary period since the birth of modern journalism. From the appearance of muckrakers to the new American journalism or precision journalism, there have been proposals that have enriched journalistic technique and contributed to the emergence of new journalistic roles. However, on many occasions “Adamism” emerges, and we face current challenges as if history had just begun and the past had left no trace. This brief paper examines the emergence of recent proposals that, in the digital scenario, raise the banner of impartiality to combat the lack of trust and low credibility that journalism offers to some sectors of the public. In addition to constructive journalism and solutions, as well as new transparency measures, the focus is on two new and recent publications: Factuel in France and The Messenger in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any confrontation seeks the (partial) imposition of one party's will on an adversary. In recent years, digital technologies and data science have combined to create new ways of controlling the narrative and carrying out powerful information or disinformation campaigns that are part of a new type of warfare with digital characteristics. In particular, based on a literature review and the direct work of authors in different expert groups, this paper studies the use of either static or moving images (real, altered, or wholly artificially generated) as one of the most efficient means of altering perceptions and thereby narratives in the so-called cognitive domain. To this aim, this article collects in an orderly and exhaustive way the most recent military and intelligence doctrine related to such "influence operations," from a dual technological-sociological perspective. Based on this, the paper determines the differences between traditional disinformation techniques and those incorporating digital and artificial intelligence technologies in the form of images and video. The paper proposes a new double-entry taxonomy that can display the degree of image faking and the objective of disinformation. This helps to identify and prioritize the most relevant cases and thus adopt the most appropriate countermeasures. These are also examined in detail, leading to the conclusion that only a combination of transparency, consumer education, technology, and regulation can counteract the increasing use of images and video with false content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological transformations and, especially, the accelerated process of digitalization have changed the profiles and production routines of the media. At the same time, universities have had to adapt their journalism curricula to new training needs. This paper analyzes the evolution of the technical-digital training of the journalism degree in Spain over the last two decades through a comparative study of three stages: before, during, and after the adaptation to the EHEA (2000-2010-2020). The research brings together, as valuable reference material, the curricular offerings of 112 programs and 242 subjects that show the educational evolution of the digital environment over the last 20 years, with a longitudinal and epistemological approach. The trends identified by this diagnostic work confirm, among other aspects, how the design of journalism curricula has evolved at a slow and asynchronous pace in digital training until the last decade and with disparate speeds between universities. Added to this is the conformation of a highly varied epistemological heritage that, beyond the specific names of the subjects, denotes a progressive commitment to digital and multimedia teaching, combining generic hybrid knowledge with more specialized training in terms of languages and formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication studies in Spain have now become consolidated based on their evolution over the last 50 years. The aim of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the current state of Spanish higher education in Communication. To this end, an analysis is carried out of the structure and composition of the undergraduate and postgraduate degrees (master and PhD studies) in Communication at public and private universities in Spain, paying special attention to the centers that host these studies, the people who contribute to their operation, and their offerings and distribution. Using a descriptive methodology and the content analysis technique, an analysis form is applied to the universities composing the system of Communication studies in Spain, based on their offerings and the information available and accessible on their institutional websites. The results reveal the difficulty of accessing such data and the lack of common criteria (or compliance) for presenting such information on official websites. The results reveal a greater offering at the national level but a wide dispersion of the higher education offering in terms of type, location, type of university, and territorial distribution. We also highlight the gender gap in terms of faculty leadership as well as among teaching staff. We emphasize the phenomenon of double or combined degrees, especially at private universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Google News Spain service has been relaunched after 8 years owing to the approval in Congress of the European copyright directive that allows Spanish media to make their own decisions on how to monetize and discover their content. This paper aims to present a review of the challenges and opportunities that the return of Google News Spain represents for professionals in the journalistic sector as well as for academics and scholars of communication, documentation, and web visibility. To this end, an analysis of the operation and new services of Google's news aggregator is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any confrontation seeks the (partial) imposition of one party’s will on an adversary. In recent years, digital technologies and data science have combined to create new ways of controlling the narrative and carrying out powerful information or disinformation campaigns that are part of a new type of warfare with digital characteristics. In particular, based on a literature review and the direct work of authors in different expert groups, this paper studies the use of either static or moving images (real, altered, or wholly artificially generated) as one of the most efficient means of altering perceptions and thereby narratives in the so-called cognitive domain. To this aim, this article collects in an orderly and exhaustive way the most recent military and intelligence doctrine related to such “influence operations,” from a dual technological– sociological perspective. Based on this, the paper determines the differences between traditional disinformation techniques and those incorporating digital and artificial intelligence technologies in the form of images and video. The paper proposes a new double-entry taxonomy that can display the degree of image faking and the objective of disinformation. This helps to identify and prioritize the most relevant cases and thus adopt the most appropriate countermeasures. These are also examined in detail, leading to the conclusion that only a combination of transparency, consumer education, technology, and regulation can counteract the increasing use of images and video with false content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines databases of female experts as tools to promote gender parity in the sources consulted and cited by journalists. To do this, we conducted a search of databases available online (n = 88) and carried out in-depth interviews with people in charge of these databases (n = 4) as well as a survey among female scientific researchers included in the database of the Association of Women Researchers and Technologists of Spain (AMIT) (n = 919). The main results reflect the great potential of these tools but indicate that, to be effective, they require fluid communication with the media and a design that allows their incorporation into the regular routines of journalists. In Spain, their impact is still low and, as in the rest of the world, there is great fragmentation of resources accompanied by very weak interaction among the different initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the digital media context which imposes brevity, immediacy, and superficiality of information, digital media outlets committed to slow journalism are opting for quality, depth, and credibility in their content. This is a journalistic model which, from new digital platforms, reappraises classical journalism genres such as reports, features, and extensive interviews and in-depth analysis. Immersed in a sea of free digital content, these media outlets are resisting the crisis affecting news companies. This article analyzes the business models developed by five Spanish media outlets committed to slow journalism: 5W, CTXT, Jot down, Panenka, and Yorokobu. The main challenge for this type of media lies in facing the difficulties of capitalizing on their digital audiences. The methodology used in this research combines case studies of the analyzed media, a Delphi survey of professionals and experts in the subject, and an opinion poll of digital press consumers. From the results of our research, we can conclude that these media outlets survive thanks to very tight business models which are struggling to take root and which limit the development of their journalistic projects. Similarly, we conclude that income from subscriptions and voluntary donations represents a significant proportion of their turnover, and that they are very mindful of the loyalty of the readership community. They also resort to business diversification strategies to balance their budgets through the sale of their own paper publications or by producing content for other companies. The native digital projects studied are based on a reduced staff complemented with work by a wide network of collaborators, mostly freelance journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protocol figure of the first lady is subject to media exposure, whether for directing an organization, when accompanying her husband at events, or because she is involved in conflicts of interest. Literature indicates that her role generates a narrative of how an exemplary woman should be in her country. In this context, this paper aims to identify, using the model of Winfield (1997), the news frames used to cover the first ladies of three countries, namely Argentina, USA, and Mexico. For this, three groups of first ladies were selected: a first group of expert politicians, including those who had a political career prior to their position and later sought the presidency of their country (Cristina Fernández, Hillary Clin ton, and Margarita Zavala); a second group of novices who took the position without a previous career (Juliana Awada, Laura Bush, and Angélica Rivera); and a third group made up of those who currently hold the position (Fabiola Yáñez, Melania Trump, and Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller). The newspapers analyzed were La nación, Página/12, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Reforma, and La jornada. Content analysis and the framing model revealed that the most widely used frame was that of a political official, being more pronounced for expert politicians and in newspapers opposed to her husband's government. Moreover, this allows presidential wives to express themselves via direct quotes. It can thus be concluded that the first ladies are preferably covered from political news frames, which endows them with soft power that allows them to intervene in elections, makes their opinion relevant, and shapes their political career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines databases of female experts as tools to promote gender parity in the sources consulted and cited by journalists. To do this, we conducted a search of databases available online (n = 88) and carried out in-depth interviews with people in charge of these databases (n = 4) as well as a survey among female scientific researchers included in the database of the Association of Women Researchers and Technologists of Spain (AMIT) (n = 919). The main results reflect the great potential of these tools but indicate that, to be effective, they require fluid communication with the media and a design that allows their incorporation into the regular routines of journalists. In Spain, their impact is still low and, as in the rest of the world, there is great fragmentation of resources accompanied by very weak interaction among the different initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to deepen knowledge of CTXT, an independent digital weekly magazine founded in January 2015 by journalists from leading Spanish newspapers and that in just four years has managed to carve a niche in the current media ecosystem. Based on an ongoing ethnographic research, in this article we will focus on the analysis of its business model, a central aspect in the birth and development of a small company such as CTXT, which emerged as a key issue during our field work. In a context of great difficulty to start a new independent journalism company, this model has been possible thanks to a continuous effort of search, experimentation and diversification of sources of income and thanks to the passion for journalism and the low-paid or free work of journalists and other highly qualified professionals. The team's effort has been focused on making productive its important symbolic capital (to build the brand of a qualified, independent and alternative journalism) and its social capital (its networks with people and other related media) for, despite its small financial capital, become relevant in the media sphere. The type of journalism that CTXT proposes, attentive to being thoughtful, critical and of quality, has managed to find its audience niche and make its voice heard in the media scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the existing literature on social networks in Ibero-America, with the objective of organizing the main topics covered, highlighting findings, and proposing future research paths. The four thematic areas that stand out are political communication and electronic government; journalism and traditional media; social groups (including adolescents and young people, those marginalized, women, entrepreneurs and influencers, students, and older adults) and areas of use (including commerce, tourism, education, health, professional communication); and political and civic participation. In addition, we review the literature from the perspective of the platforms (Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat) and from the geographical regions and countries that make up Ibero-America, to observe similarities and differences. We conclude with the mention and analysis of the two most outstanding patterns of the studies examined: 1) a tendency to expect from the networks a transformative potential that is not necessarily proven, especially in the case of political communication and journalism; 2) transformative capacity of networks in the areas of tourism, education and health, in which traditional media have not been characterized by having a prominent role. Finally, we propose some paths for future studies, among them the pursuit of comparative works, the incorporation of relational perspectives in the treatment of networks, the addition of mixed, experimental and computational methodologies, and the consideration, from the research design standpoint, of the acceleration of technological change and the need to generate questions and conceptualizations capable of surviving the passage of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Missing children pose to journalists the challenge of reporting on facts that offer high human interest, but this requires rigor and caution. Media coverage can exploit the emotional components of the event in order to increase the audience or it can cooperate with the investigation by facilitating citizen collaboration and avoiding speculation. This paper examines the key features in this kind of news and information for this article is drawn from the study of four Spanish newspapers' (El país, ABC, La vanguardia, and El periódico) coverage about the 15 missing cases reported in the SOS Desaparecidos association's website-which all occurred between 1977 and 2015. The analysis detects an unequal amount of media attention paid to the disappearances and a predominantly sensationalist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the treatment of gypsies in the Spanish press during their expulsion from Italy and France in 2008 and 2010, under the governments of Sarkozy and Berlusconi, because Spain was considered a potential receiving territory of this migrant minority. For the study, the newspapers El país, ABC, and La vanguardia were selected. The interest in this case is that it can be considered an antecedent to the tensions that the arrival of refugees in recent years have generated. The methods used were the quantitative analysis of the linguistic corpus in 474 texts and a critical analysis of the discourse in a selection of the sample. The results show an association of the migrant minority with controversy and marginalization, and that the treatment moves away from the guidelines drawn by the style books of the newspapers taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the situation of the archive departments in 14 of the Andalusian local newspapers. The aim is to update a similar study entitled "Situation of archive services in the daily press of Andalusia" (Aquesolo-Vegas, 1996) in which an analysis of these departments was performed for seven newspapers. This work studies, adapts, and extends the methodology of the above cited study to know how the situation has evolved since 1996. To that end, this field study is based on questionnaires sent to 16 Andalusian newspapers, two per province; 14 of which were completed. Aspects such as tasks, staff, facilities, and equipment are analyzed. The results show a technological restructuring, and also a reduction, or even the disappearance, of these services, due to the economic downturn. Therefore, journalists must now search for documents by themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2014 the media is no longer merely struggling for survival. They are now founding innovative departments and organizing hackathons to develop new products. These changes indicate that journalism is evolving and enjoying an era of opportunity. It is undergoing a process of permanent transition which requires proactive and flexible professionals who dialogue with the audience, produce multimedia information using their smartphones, occasionally use drones, and even create informative documentaries with augmented reality. In this paper a dozen consultants and innovation managers working in Spain, the United States, and Latin America analyze the new demands of the sector. This qualitative perspective is combined with a study of job offers posted on the website Infojobs located in Spain. The conclusion of both approaches is that the most necessary professional is that of the adaptive journalist, who is able to create informative content, integrate into multidisciplinary teams, and take up functions that engage with audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mainstream media all over the world have been regulating the behavior of their journalists in social media, fearing these new forms of communications might damage the credibility of their institutions. Those who have not yet done so face with concern this unstoppable challenge and are now outlining their own guidelines for social media policies. In an effort to inspire the design of these new policies, this paper aims to approach the recurring topics in the policies already written by leading media such as AP, American Society of News Editors (ASNE), BBC, Bloomberg, Charlotte observer, Freedom communication, Los Angeles times, NPR, Orlando sentinel, Politico, Reuters, Rockford register star, Saint Louis post-dispatch, Source media group, The Denver post, The guardian, The journal gazette, The Manhattan Mercury, The New York times, The Roanoke times, The Wall Street journal y The Washington post. A qualitative content analysis of 22 of these policies has been conducted to identify these topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journalism profession is facing a new digital communication environment in which traditional information flows, emanating from the media to the general public unidirectionally, are reversed under the new channels of participation and influence that audiences, which are active and dynamic on the network, use to take part in shaping public opinion. In this paper we describe and analyze some of the citizens' information practices and the ethical dilemmas posed about journalism and the right to information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet has changed news making. The search for information has been one of the most affected areas, with the emergence of news sources 2.0, such as blogs and social networks. Despite the apparent value of these new sources of information, what practical use and credibility do Portuguese and Spanish journalists give to these sources? In this paper we define what kind of tools can be considered "2.0 sources" and the ways in which these journalists consider them credible and reliable. The results show that the journalists from both countries are using the internet daily to find material for their work, get factual information, receive and send information and verify it, but still have little confidence in the 2.0 sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review of developments, changes and trends in radio, television, and online and print media in 2011. The strong impact of the economic crisis is discussed: unfortunately many newspapers have had to reduce staff, and a large number of journalists have been dismissed. The consequences of the general transition from paper to digital, and the new internet developments that day by day gain more audience and attract advertising are described. Statistics are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]