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This paper shows that an optimistic explanatory style consisting of taking positive situations as permanent and global attributions and negative situations as temporary and specific attributions is related significantly to lower depressive symptoms. Implications of these results are discussed in the light of the reformulated model of learned helplessness (Abramson, Seligman y Teasdale, 1978) and the hopelessness theory (Abramson, Metalsky and Alloy, 1989). The paper also suggests taking into account new constructs that can be influential, such as explanatory flexibility, self-perceived control over stressful situations and the importance given to them. Girls show a more optimistic explanatory style in preadolescence and participants older than 10 score higher in depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the results of randomized clinical trials of psychological and/or pharmacological treatments for smokers. Special attention has been devoted to subjects with or without a history of depressive disorder. A 6 to 12 months biochemically validated abstinence was used as main criterion for success. Relevant earlier reviews, meta-analyses, original articles in PsycInfo and MEDLINE databases, along with papers from Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group were checked. Current data suggest that cognitive behavioural therapies involving mood-handling components, antidepressants bupropion and nortriptiline, and nicotine-substitution therapy can help these smokers give up smoking. Choosing the most appropriate treatment will depend on the clinical profile and needs of the individual patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high frequency of anxiety and depression in university students is related to social and family factors, as well as academic stress. The goal of this paper is to analyze the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders and associated academic and social-family factors. A research was carried out on 700 students who were administered the Goldberg's Anxiety and Depression Scale. Variables assessing a myriad of stressful situations related to socio-family and academic factors were used. Results, 47.1% of the students suffered from anxiety disorders and 55.6% suffered from depressive anxiety. In the multivariate analysis, females showed a higher level of anxiety (OR: 2.30 IC 955 1.65-3.19) and depression (OR: 1.98 IC 95% 1.43-2.76) -- they are students who commute on a daily basis and have other extra-academic duties, resulting in higher risk in law and business students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among adults and adolescents. Over the past 12 years, a significant progress in depression prevention research has taking place although many studies in this field still exhibit serious flaws. This paper discusses issues such as the choice of prevention objectives, theoretical considerations, the identification of high-risk groups, and the design of both preventive programs and their evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between relevant signs of educational uneasiness (psychopathological symptoms, depression, burnout, role stress and absenteeism) and certain work environment variables (years of educational experience, type of school, number of students, type of work contract, previous positions. etc.). The sample consisted of 71 secondary teachers, who completed three standardized instruments (BDI, CBP-R and SCL-90-R) and one questionnaire that collects information about work environment variables. Results show a high level of psychological uneasiness and high rates of labor absenteeism. Besides that, we found significant associations between work environment variables and the different signs of educational uneasiness -especially teacher dissatisfaction with organizational conditions and a poor correspondence between teacher academic background and the subject he/she teaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]