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This article analyzes how the Armed Forces of Argentina used education during the country's last military dictatorship to consolidate their views on politics and society by the molding of future generations. Principal attention is given to changes in the teaching of national history and more specifically in the teaching of contemporary history in Argentine schools. The study of these changes enables reflections about how the dictatorial regime promoted the country's moral and educational reorganization as an essential part of the tools it deployed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the interethnic relationships between indigenous groups along the border region of Chile and Río de la Plata in South America during the 18th century. The authors comment on the impact of Spanish colonial government on these ethnic relations and describe the difficulties in communication between the Spanish authorities and the native groups. The understanding of the Mapuche indigenous language, referred to as mapu dungum, in the years since Spanish colonization is also examined.

During the administration of Hugo Chávez, Venezuela went through a political regime change that transformed it from a representative to a participatory and protagonist democracy. In this article, I present my research findings on the Catholic origins of the concept of participation that appears in the Bolivarian Constitution of 1999. In the first part, I reconsider notions of participation elaborated in the Second Vatican Council. Second, I show how those ideas became the basis for participatory political proposals of the Social Christian party Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (COPEI). Third, I compare these ideas with the ideas on participation of the Venezuelan Left. The fourth and fifth parts examine the notion of participation in the proposals of the Comisión para la Reforma del Estado (COPRE) and in the failed constitution reform of 1992, where the principle of participation was introduced for the first time, and later successfully integrated into the 1999 Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the political ideological role of Cuban historiography during the 1960s. Specifically it describes how the revolution of the previous decade which brought the Communist government and Cuban dictator Fidel Castro to power was justified ideologically. The work of Cuban historian Oscar Zanetti Lecuona is especially cited with his quotations of Castro's speeches. Censorship such as by the Oficina del Historiador de l Ciudad de la Habana in suppressing works of historians such as Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring is also addressed.

This article studies a sample of administrative processes carried out against teachers during Juan Perón's regime. The analysis aims to describe the impact of the arrival of Perón on the educational field. Exploring the practice of denunciation, the article shows that the emergence of Peronism created a great level of conflict among teachers, which contradicts the image that the government constructed teachers as allies in the symbolic campaign in favor of Perón himself. The specific discussion of education allows us to see how citizens participated in different and heterodox ways in the construction of the Peronist hegemony. At the same time, it shows how Peronism created both new tensions and cohesion among members of the same professional group and similar social backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the diversity in the Jewish community in Argentina, taking two identity projects into account: Jabad Lubavitch and the YOK Project. This analysis allows us to observe the differences regarding identity definitions in each project and the relationships between Jewish identity and national identity. Starting from the study of the Jewish community, the article examines social issues linked to the revitalization of religion and tensions among ethnic, religious, and national identities in the era of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to describe the ways in which informal waste collection is currently carried out in the city of Buenos Aires, focusing on the cirujas, informal collectors of recyclable materials. In a framework of changes in the working world over the past quarter century in Argentina, especially at the end of the 1990s and the first half of the 2000s, that led to a shrinking of the formal labor market, the article analyzes changes and continuities in the work of informal trash collection and the subjects who perform it as well as its broader significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a religious network, in the context of the Cold War and state terrorism, that, together with civil and state organizations, achieved the cessation of US military aid to the Argentine government and the granting of political asylum in the United States to some Argentine citizens, and also appealed to the Argentine government on behalf of others detained and disappeared. The religious actors who were part of this network displayed aspects of secularization to varying degrees: laicism in politics, social pluralization, and personal autonomy. This diversity is explained by Catholics' varied conceptions of sacredness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this reply to Iriarte et al. (this issue), we deal with four issues: (1) paleoclimatic reconstructions, where we analyze the low resolution of Iriarte's record, we point out the ambiguous sampling technique to calculate sedimentation rate and the type of selected aquatic system and datings. Likewise, we respond to the criticisms made to our paleoclimatic inferences undertaken in Negra Lagoon, Rocha Lagoon and Lake Blanca, and point out that Iriarte et al. (this issue) do not consider all the evidence we used, the time-frame of our records and speculate with salt-marsh-vegetation interference, which according to the data obtained from three sediment cores, is incorrect. Last, we indicate the coincidences between our paleoclimatic inferences and regional models. (2) We analyze the response on the lack of evidence of structured villages in the record of the sites with mounds. We observe the arguments for the Los Ajos site, referring them to a regional archaeological context. We address again our insights into cultural and environmental change, and point out the problems in the proposed cultural sequences. We consider the problem of the mechanics of construction of mounds as an initial issue to interpret past records and postulate cultural sequences. (3) We frame the discussion about dating, developing the concept of low resolution datings, and their relevance to the Model of Continuous Growth for the mounds. (4) Lastly, we point Out Iriarte's confusion between the La Plato and Merín Lagoon basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model of large estate and oligarchical landowners devoted to primary production was the predominant, but not the only one in colonial Latin America. This model coexisted with other models of production, like the wine industry, which was characterized by small property, intensive agriculture for the industry, strong social mobility, and the growth of an incipient middle class. This study shows the degrees of complexity of the wine industry measured by an indicator: the capacity to produce wine biologically, which is a very complex method based on specialized knowledge and technologies. The development of the capacity to produce wine biologically depended on social, cultural and economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta resúmenes sobre varios asuntos acerca de la sociedad latinoamericana y incluyen "Educational Homogamy in Mexico and Brazil, 1970-2000: Guidelines and Tendencies," "La Política Distributiva de Los Programas de Empleo en Argentina (1993-2002)," "Complexity of the Colonial Wine Industry: Biological Production of Wine (Kingdom of Chile, XVIII Century)," and "Capital social y Participación Política en América Latina: Evidencia de Argentina, Chile, México y Perú.