This paper presents a study of the rural population in the province of Salamanca with the objective of verifying whether during the 21ST century there has been any change in its traditional regressive evolution and its strong aging process, as a result of recent migration processes and the implementation of rural development policies for several decades; or if on the contrary maintains its previous trend. In the latter case, it is worth wondering what will happen in the future with the rural areas in Salamanca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]