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Records of milk production adjusted to 305 d, adult equivalent of the first lactation and two milking were used. Those come from the National Breeding in Mexico PNMG (n= 163.885), which includes records of the Holstein Association of Mexico (AHM) (n= 43.668) and National Bank of Dairy Information (BNIL) (n= 120.217). Best Linear Unbiased Predictor method was used to predict breeding values (VG) of animals. ASREML software was used with an animal model that included herd-year group-season as fixed effect and animal and residue as random effects. Averages of VG per sire were estimated weighted by the number of daughters and unweighted for PNMG, AHM and BNIL. Also, we estimated the weighted average of the sires VG of the PNMG according to their country of origin (USA, Canada, Other, Mexico). We also estimated the average of VG and phenotypic values (VF) for dairy cows. The average of VF and VG for cows PNMG, AHM and BNIL increased between 2007 and 2011. Breeders of the AHM chose sires with greater VG than the BNIL. However, breeders of BNIL used sires with high VG used more frequently. The VG for foreign sires were higher than national sires and were more commonly used by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actualmente, el análisis de clasificación de calidad de la canal depende en gran medida de la edad del animal; sin embargo, el patrón en México es demasiado impreciso, pues sólo requiere identificar si éste es menor o mayor a 30 meses. Esta falta de precisión genera la necesidad de sistemas objetivos para medir la madurez fisiológica. El propósito de esta investigación fue estimar de manera precisa el porcentaje de osificación del cartílago en la 12ava costilla, como un indicador de madurez ósea en canales de bovino, utilizando un esquema electrónico por visión artificial. En el esquema desarrollado se aprovecha la mayor fluorescencia que genera el cartílago, en comparación con la del hueso y la grasa, sobresaliendo claramente la región del cartílago, desarrollando algoritmos de procesamiento de imágenes para analizar esta región, y estimar de manera precisa el porcentaje de osificación, y por tanto la edad fisiológica de la canal. El sistema de visión artificial desarrollado permitió evaluar la madurez ósea de una canal en menos de un segundo, y la información obtenida fue utilizada para establecer la clasificación electrónica de la canal en menos de cinco segundos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remittances sent by Mexican migrants in the USA are relevant for recipient household at least in two senses. First, they contribute to rise income, and therefore to diminish poverty level. Second, they also contribute to regional and local economic development via the multipliers generated by the increases of the demand and of the investment in productive activities. Nonetheless, there are several estimations of household remittances magnitude. This paper analyzes the methodologies of Banco de Mexico (Mexican central bank) and those of recognized researchers. There is no consensus regarding the amount of money transferred by Mexican migrants in the USA. Consequently, the positive effects upon the recipient economy may not be conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work's objective to analyze what has been done on public budgets from a gender perspective at the federal level in Mexico and what are the prospects in this regard. It seeks to highlight the progress, reflecting on the challenges and outline some ideas on how to advance implementation of these budgets considering the peculiarities of mexican budget. Regarding the latter issue, we propose to use the budget analysis, understanding such analysis not as the accounting review of spending programs and revenue for a given fiscal year, but as the examination of a series of stages, not linear, allow to understand the institutional network in Mexico to manage and estimate its income and expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To introduce the Hospital Standardized Mortality Ratio (HSMR) as an alternative to assess the quality of hospital care in Mexico. Material and Methods. Datasets of public hospital discharges were used as source of information. The analyses were based in a logistic model to estimate the risk of hospital death adjusting by sex, age, length of stay and main diagnosis. The HSMR is estimated dividing the observed deaths by the addition of the risk for each discharge by hospital. Results. The ISSSTE had the lowest HSMR. At state level, the best figure was obtained by the hospitals of the ISSSTE in Veracruz, while the worst performance corresponds to hospitals of the SS in Nayarit. Conclusion. Our results suggest that this indicator can be used as a suitable alternative to evaluate the performance of hospitals in terms of mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate and compare direct costs per hemodialysis session in public and private units in Mexico City. Material and Methods. PAATI, a microcosting strategy, was used to determine total costs of four public and two private health hospitals in Mexico City. A "shadow study" approach was employed to collect the needed data. Charts containing the "PAATI" information for each session were developed in Microsoft Excel. Results. The average annual cost per patient undergoing hemodialysis in public units is $158 964.00 MX. The estimated cost for the care of all population estimated in need of renal replacement therapy (via hemodialysis) was estimated to be $10 921 788 072.00 MX. Conclusion. Human resources and infrastructure availability in México are very limited for nephrology, and in consequence for offering hemodialysis services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the effect of "Seguro Popular" (SP) on the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure in the medium term. Material and Methods. We used the 'Encuesta de Evaluación del SP' -SP Survey Evaluation- (2005-2008). We analyzed the SP effect on the rural cohort during two years of follow-up (2006 and 2008) and in the urban cohort during one year of follow-up (2008). Results. At the local level (regional clusters) we did not find an effect of the SP. At the household level we found a protective effect of SP on CHE and the OOP health payments in outpatient and hospitalization in rural areas; and a significant effect on the reduction of OOP health payments in outpatient services in urban zones. Conclusions. SP seems to be an effective program to protect poor household against out-of-pocket health expenditures in the medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The weight is an anthropometric parameter routinely used in ambulatory and hospital settings, and takes its importance, because often there are clinical conditions that impede it's taking in a traditional scale. There are equations to estimate weight. However, they have not been designed for Mexican ambulatory patients. Objective: To develop an equation to estimate weight in Mexican ambulatory patients from the Study of Health, Well Being and Aging, corresponding to Mexico city an surrounded area. Material and methods: The database of the Study of Health, Well Being and Aging of Mexico City was used, and adults of 60 years and older, who completed the anthropometric measures were included. Two groups of datasets were crated though random numbers, one for the design and the other for the validation of the equation. The equation was obtained from the first database and cross-validated in the second. Results: The equations obtained were: (0.67)* (Knee height) + (0.46)* (Mid-arm circumference) + (0.60)* (waist circumference) + (0.38)* (hip circumference) + (0.53)* (calf circumference) - (0.17)* (Age in years) - 80.01 and (0.69)* (Knee height) + (0.61)* (Mid-arm circumference) + (0.17)* (waist circumference) + (0.45)* (hip circumference) + (0.58)* (calf circumference) - (0.24)* (Age in years) - 55.9 in men and women respectively. The correlation coefficients were 0.94 y 0.92 (p < 0.001 for both). The differences between the real and estimated values were not significant. Conclusion: The equations developed in our analysis were confident and can be employed to estimate weight in ambulatory elderly. It is needed to test its validity in clinical scenarios were it is not possible to weigh patients directly in the rest of the Mexican republic and adjust to specific populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility and validity of folate intake (FI) estimated from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), taking into account the retention factor (RF) associated with meal preparation processes. Material and Methods: A total of 497 healthy adult participants were interviewed with a FFQ. A second interview was performed one year later of a sample of 100 randomly selected individuals who had not modified their diet during the previous year . In addition, serum folate (SF) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay to evaluate the validity of FI. Results: Reproducibility of IF was 0.36 and 0.34 for folate without FR and with FR, respectively. SF concentration significantly correlated with FI (0.18 with RF; 0.21 without RF, p<0.05). Conclusions: Incorporating the folate RF in estimates of FI does not improve the reproducibility and validity of those estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con el objetivo de estimar las tendencias genéticas y fenotípicas, se analizaron registros de primera lactancia estandarizados a 305 días para producción de leche (MILK, n=1041), producción de grasa (FAT, n=487), producción de proteína (PROT, n=477), producción de lactosa (LACT, n=401), contenido de grasa (%FAT, n=487), contenido de proteína (%PROT, n=477) y contenido de lactosa (%LACT, n=401), obtenidos entre 2000 y 2006 en 10 rebaños de cabras Saanen de Guanajuato, México. Los valores genéticos aditivos predichos (VGP) se obtuvieron mediante modelos animales univariados que incluyeron grupos genéticos de progenitores fantasmas. Las tendencias genéticas se estimaron a partir de la regresión de los VGP en el año de nacimiento. Las tendencias fenotípicas se estimaron a partir de la regresión de los registros en el año de nacimiento. Las tendencias genéticas anuales para MILK, FAT, PROT y LACT fueron de 2.99±1.06 kg, -0.21±0.09 kg, -0.10±0.04 kg y -0.19±0.09 kg, respectivamente (P<0.05). Las tendencias genéticas anuales para %FAT, %PROT y %LACT fueron cercanas a cero (P>0.05). La tendencia genética anual para MILK fue de 0.32 % de la media fenotípica. Estos resultados indican que es preciso usar criterios más adecuados de selección, incrementando el énfasis en todas las características productivas, incluyendo los contenidos de grasa y proteína, para maximizar el progreso económico en esta población, cuya principal finalidad es la producción de leche para la fabricación de queso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under some conditions, it is possible for foreign debt to lead to declines in fixed investment within a country. In those cases, economic growth will turn negative. This theoretical possibility is known as the debt overhang hypothesis. This study investigates the debt overhang hypothesis for Mexico during the period between 1980 and 2003. Parameter estimation results offer partial evidence in favor of this hypothesis and simulation results exhibit a high degree of correlation with sample historical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta una estimación y un pronóstico de la demanda de activos financieros en México. Se han realizado varios estudios sobre la estimación de la función de demanda de dinero en el caso de México. El problema en este ejemplo es que la estacionalidad de los activos financieros han sufrido variaciones que pueden introducir errores en el cálculo del flujo anual.