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Social media play a leading role in the daily lives of young people, especially such media where images are central. There has been a significant increase in the production and circulation of multimodal digital texts in current times. This article addresses the potential and complexity of digital production on Instagram from the perspective of learning and literacies. Based on ethnographic research in a public secondary school in Santiago, Chile, this paper presents the digital practices of eight young people. The materials analyzed come from interviews with young people, teachers, and mothers, in situ and digital ethnographic observations, and visual pieces produced by young people. The findings show different learning, the level of complexity of which is associated with the intensity of text production and the orientation and motivation. Vernacular literacies are related to practical knowledge, where English, hashtags, images, and humor are significant in digital production. The findings also show some cases of production that transcend personal use with an expressive function, guided by strategic orientations of communication, politics, and education. For the latter, the interaction of academic and vernacular literacies is crucial. Finally, the paper identifies certain gaps in digital literacy, where the school could contribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the mercantile circulation of enslaved people, fabrics and haberdashery between the Río de la Plata region, Santiago in the Kingdom of Chile and Bajo Perú in the period 1779-1783. The sources used to carry out this investigation are Buenos Aires Customs notes, which allow us to quantify the intensity and commercial density of the aforementioned goods. The data obtained demonstrate the importance of this trade route for the whole of South American economies in the late eighteenth century, and highlight the importance of the economies of Mendoza and San Juan (Andean Dry Port Complex) and Santiago in the Kingdom of Chile. The results obtained call into question the levels of consumption and expenditure of American societies supported by historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, 50.9% of all Chilean children, measured by the "Nutritional Map" of the Ministry of Education, were categorized as overweight or obese, which is evidence of rising obesity rates in Latin America. Discussions on the subject revolve around the tension between agency-determining factors, such as eating and exercise habits, and structural ones, pointing to the correlations between high levels of obesity and poverty. However, there is also a territorial dimension that stands out, especially in cases with high levels of residential segregation, as is the case in many Latin American cities. Here there are potential clusters of more or less obesogenic food environments, where the socioeconomic level, the nutritional status of the sector, and the food supply of the place are correlated. In this article, the spatial dimensions of childhood obesity are mapped, arguing that the segregation of nutritional status overlaps with the nature of multidimensional inequalities in Chilean cities. The study was done by organizing and combining public databases and spatial analysis techniques to create diagnostic maps. The results show a trend towards higher obesity rates as the socioeconomic level of the neighborhood decreases, while food environments vary according to the availability of different combinations of supply (street markets, quantity and size of supermarkets, traditional channels) for each socioeconomic level, suggesting the presence of different types of food environments. The paper concludes with reflections on how the nutritional context has changed since the Covid-19 pandemic and opens a discussion on the role of urban planning in creating nutritional (in)equity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses concessive resources with a mitigating function which are found in argumentative acts in the PRESEEA corpus from Santiago, Chile. Based on data from 36 semi-structured interviews, the behaviour of concessive-oppositional moves and concessive discourse particles in argumentative acts is analyzed, and their sociolinguistic variation is described in relation to the speakers' gender, age and level of education. The key findings highlight that in Chilean Spanish there are at least 12 strategies that fulfill a mitigating concessive function, among which "sí, pero (yes, but) + negation", "aunque (even though)", "no, pero (no, but) + assertion" and "a pesar (de) que (despite the fact that)" stand out. These strategies are linked to the functions of self-protection and face prevention in the development of the argumentative act. Furthermore, it is also observed that the variation is mostly due to the subject's age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particle pues has received special attention from studies on conversational discourse markers since it has great polyfunctionality. This paper describes the pragmatic functions of the discursive marker pues found in the PRESEEA-Cali corpus and contrasts the results with other studies on pues in other varieties of speech in Colombia and other countries. We analyzed 2262 samples of pues from 36 sociolinguistic interviews. The results reveal that pues is a polyfunctional marker that is present in all types of discourse, that it has two main pragmatic functions, a total of 10 subfunctions, and of these, the most frequent are those of delaying the discourse, the commentator, and the continuative. Although the functions and subfunctions found had already been reported for pues in other Spanish-speaking communities, so the Caleño-speaking1 community does not seem to make particular use of this marker, a contrastive analysis with published results on the use of this marker in Medellín and Santiago de Chile shows similar patterns in terms of functions and frequencies with the first variety and differences with respect to the second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matters of care has been a relevant issue for several decades in feminist studies, particularly in relation to the power relations that have been built from their feminization, and the consequences they have had in all spheres of life. Despite their importance, the way care is spatialized has not been sufficiently treated based on the daily interrelations in which they are part of. Based on research taken place over the course of a decade by a collective group of researchers on the daily mobility practices as well as on care issues, we have been able to identify six categories that contribute to the spatialization of care from a relational spaces approach. Through mobile ethnographies of urban dwellers' daily lives, we were able to understand how care strategies and circulations take place, and their relation with subjects of care, practices, time spaces, places, affects, materialities and objects that support care in cities like Santiago, Concepción or Temuco. Understanding them from a perspective of relational space helps to visualize the complexity that care implies, and at the same time the intertwined implications of space that go beyond domestic space. This paper contributes to the existing work on the invisible aspects of care including the spatialization of care and to the discussion on the need to defamiliarize and collectivize care in Chile. This is particularly relevant today, as care became a major issue in Chile and globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was possible to identify the material reality of care in tangible ways, and also to question the ways we want to care for ourselves and our living space in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are multiple technologies for transporting info-communications between objects and machines for the internet. Two of the most robust and with the highest coverage and support for multiple users are 4G and WiMax IEEE 802.16x. This paper presents a simulation of land coverage of both wireless communication technologies as a broadband communication alternative for new free, private, or supported operators by public institutions, such as municipalities or regional cooperatives. The cases of the cities of Riga, Bucharest, Florianópolis, Santiago, Concepción, and Copiapó were studied. The study uses Radio Mobile GLOBE-BIL software, obtaining propagation coverage graphs on digital SRTM terrain elevation maps released by NASA. This simulation determines the number of antennas required for millions of users in the context of the Internet of Things. It quantifies the square kilometers of wireless propagation coverage that can be technically achieved for each project city. The results show that WiMax supports a more significant number of connected users, has better coverage, and requires fewer antennas. On the other hand, for the propagation coverage indicator, the results for 5 cities are better for WiMax technology than 4G, except for Santiago (Chile), where the best performance is achieved for 4G over WiMax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes expedients of daily mobility that -though fundamental for the sustainability of life, have been marginalized in territorial planning: the pedestrian trajectories of migrant women. The research explores urban walking practices in the La Chimba neighborhood, Santiago of Chile, using a qualitative perspective trough focus groups and directed interviews combined with shadowing techniques of women from the global south. From the observation of the rhythms, affects and wisdoms of the participants in the study, the paper concludes that personal pedestrian experiences depend principally on the (re)productive roles that they assume; the contingent otherness of their bodies; and the social and communitarian networks that they establish with their territory of arrival, sharing a common epistemic privilege to know the place they inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the Associations of Friends of the Camino de Santiago is virtually unknown in research into the pilgrimage to Santiago. Their function is crucial for understanding the modern-day recovery of the Camino, its international fame and the conservation of many of the unique features along the way. In this paper, based on surveys and interviews, we analyse their current vision of the pilgrimage as well as their relations with public administrations and the Church. Their work, in direct contact with the pilgrims, means that they have a good knowledge of their needs, developing actions to support and guide the wayfarer. However, they are often not taken into account by the institutions that manage the Jacobean itineraries. We conclude by stating that the importance of these associations is fundamental for maintaining the dynamics of the route and that some obstacles must be overcome in order to maintain the central place they occupy in the Jacobean world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consolidation of popular housing programs in Chile in the first half of the 20th century must be understood under the dynamics of the political dispute and the configuration of the urban space, which respond to alliances between the working sectors and the State. In this paper, we analyze how this trajectory is mediated by utopian projective perspectives by both agents, until they reach the workers' orchards as a concrete materialization of those abstract utopias. Official documents and publications of the main managers of the production experiences of a specific urban space, Santiago in the first half of the 20th century, were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on what went beyond mere housing action, problematizing not only the right to housing, but how that right should be materialized. The utopian question, as a horizon of possibility, allows us to argue that the popular housing projects managed to be permeated by alternative ways of inhabiting the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social housing in Chile has become a space of growing interest in the context of increasing neoliberal and financial capitalism, even when historically it has been subjected to the logic of the real estate market. One expression of this is the production of social housing located in "desired territories". These territories are areas of high surplus value and high urban standards that have historically been restricted to poor households. A mixed analysis of two social housing projects built in some of Santiago's "desired territories" identifies how experiences have emerged that potentially position social housing within the financial circuit. The paper presents three findings; first, the growing municipalisation of housing policy; secondly, the importance acquired by the production of social housing in "desired territories"; finally, the early emergence of new stakeholders, processes, negotiations and mechanisms in housing policies to expand the participation of the housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey and in-depth interviews with waste collectors in Santiago de Chile, this paper examines the meaning that these informal workers give to their work. Using a cluster analysis, the article shows five types of relationship between collectors and their work. Furthermore, it explains why most of them find satisfaction in this activity, despite the precariousness that characterizes it. The article argues that this perception of the collectors lies in their acceptance of an "ideological offer of social recognition", embodied in the figure of "entrepreneurship", which has been promoted by the chilean social policies since the 1980s. This acceptance appears to be conditioned by the obstacles that these workers find in their career, due to their position in the social space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration is one of the defining features of our time and calls into question processes of the construction of identity in relation to the experience of belonging and ties to space, territory and social worlds. This paper presents the perspectives of 14 Colombian immigrants regarding their lives in Santiago, analyzing how some features of the space make cultural trends and particular ways of dwelling visible. Santiago plays the role of the main character in their narratives, as it illustrates, reflects and participates in the construction of social issues. The article discusses how moving beyond localisms and incorporating a peripheral perspective can contribute to adding dynamism and depth to the understanding of social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Santiago, Capital of Chile, is characterized by a large scale pattern of socioeconomic residential segregation. There are very few spaces where the inhabitants of different social strata interact. However, in the last two decades there have been examples in which the scale of residential segregation has been reduced, with a narrowed distance between families of very low and high income in peripheral districts. While originally these peripheral areas were slums occupied by low income dwellers, today the two communities are neighbors in private condos. Does this new phenomena constitute a wide tendency or is it something found in isolated cases? What sociospatial effect does this have for these communities, their inhabitants and the city as a whole in the short and long term? Can the reduction of residential segregation generate moments of social interaction and integration? This paper examines these questions, through the particular case of the Peñalolén borough. The paper outlines the possible negative effects of this phenomenon as well as examines why interaction and social integration are not natural consequences of the close proximity in the actual social and economic context of Chile. Finally, starting from Manuel Castells' theory of the logical flow of space and its application in the case study we review the idea of residential segregation and the methodologies for its study, proposing that there is a need to re-consider this term and to consider new methods for studying it, which emphasize the qualitative methodology that Anthropology can contribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the perspective of political ecology. For this purpose, a series of conflicts were identified and localized through consultation of three sources: judicial decisions, print media, and social networks, sources which were then cross-referenced with specialized socioeconomic information. The results show a trend towards concentration of socio-environmental conflicts in the most privileged socioeconomic sectors of the city, a phenomenon which is not consistent with their conditions of deterioration or environmental quality. Based on this finding, it discusses whether socio-environmental conflicts are a new form of social exclusion or solely a matter of the elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Santiago, Chile experienced an important process of transformation in which the city and the urban started to assume socio-economic and discursive prominence. Using evidence gathered from parliamentary and municipal debates, legislative text, the press, scientific literature from the era and business archives this paper shows that the construction of Santiago's sewage system was a phenomenon that condensed the economic, the technical, political and the discursive in the exercise of power and the administration of the public during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an investigation intended to disclose the various forms through which urban space has been produced in Santiago's outer limits. With that purpose in mind, two settlements built by the end of the 1950s were analyzed following Lefebvre's theory of production of space (2013): La Victoria, and San Gregorio. They both constitute appropriate examples of emerging new agents in urban space in Chile during the 1950s, and of their ways of producing urban space in Santiago's periphery, methods whose objective was to gain State recognition as formal urban settlers, a status they aspired to achieve through a fair deal during the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cerrillos-Maipú industrial cordon ('ring') was one of the first initiatives of the Chilean workers designed to build an organization that allowed them to develop a coordinated strategy to deal with local obstacles that originated within the changing process of the Unidad Popular. This paper analyzes the elements that made that organization possible, and examines how, during its existence, it became a space for the workers' social activities, and their own and independent political debates, with a clear popular orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has pioneered the implementation of emission offseting programs pursuing simultaneously economic growth and environmental protection. In this paper, emission trading programs implemented in Santiago of Chile are analyzed and its relevance for developing countries is evaluated. It is argued that emission trading programs can be the best tool to deal with air pollution problems even in cases in which the institutional capacities are not well developed. Moreover, the inclusion of the transport system into the emission trading programs and the possibility of moving towards a system of interpollutant exchange are both nouvelle and relevant elements in the context of air pollution control policies. However, these innovations involve rather more complex elements in the design of emission trading programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human groups make up for themselves, for the others and for the events they live explanations that, although not scientific, determine the practices that regulate their behavior. In the case of marijuana consumption, the representations of young people in particular and society in general influence the decision about whether or not to continue consuming. The perception of risk associated with consumption by high school students dropped from 60% in 1994 to 36.9% in 2004, which backs up the relationship between high consumption and low risk perception. Cannabis is the illegal drug with the highest indexes of consumption in the world with an increasing growth rate, to which we may add the alarming reduction in the age when people begin consuming it. This research paper is concerned with the effects of consumption on cognitive processes in school and social performance: a drop in performance, more problems getting along with others, absenteeism and drop out. The study aims to know how low marihuana doses affect cognitive ability in post-primary students. There are no studies concerned with the effect of marihuana in non-patient students (i.e. not diagnosed with addictive behavior and not considered socially as drug addicts). Material and methods Sample: The sample comes from high school students in public schools, private subsidized schools and private paying schools. The sample was stratified by non-proportional affixation, considering the sex, course and social economic level variables, and was made up of 304 students in high schools of the Metropolitan Area (Santiago), belonging to low, medium, and high socioeconomic groups (determined by dependence and the city in which the school is located). The research is descriptive, not experimental, ex post facto. Instruments: Group application to the entire sample (n=304) a) Psychosocial evaluation and consumption questionnaire, abbreviated and adapted, aimed at the collection of demographic data, consumption behaviors and other required information. The young people are identified with a number in order to ensure their anonymity and thus promote the truth of the responses. b) Domino Test (D-48): Evaluates non-verbal intelligence. It controls differences caused by social and educative factors. It is applied on a group basis in order to discard subjects whose IQ is lower than average, regardless of consumption. Individual application to the consumer group and the non-consumer group. a) Rey Complex Figure Test: Widely used in recent studies on the effects of drugs on teenagers. Evaluates neuropsychological functioning. b) Benton Test: Evaluates current intellectual efficiency from the attention span, concentration and immediate retention. c) Verbal memory (Rey): Evaluates immediate verbal memory. Results General: The total results for the three schools polled and evaluated show that 14.5% of the students declared that they consumed marijuana at least four times during the last month. The proportion in the three establishments is not distributed in a homogenous fashion, but is concentrated in the low social economic level school (27.8%), with the lowest percentage in the high social economic level school. With regard to sex, 11% are girls and 15.7% are boys. Although a higher proportion of the boys consumed, the consumption in girls shows a sustained increase in recent years. A significant group is beginning to consume marijuana at age 15 or even earlier. The perception of risk associated with frequent consumption and the possibility of quitting smoking on a voluntary basis show significant differences: among consumers (C), 51% consider that there is no risk or negative effect in consumption, while only 10% of nonconsumers (NC) share this perception. Protective factors or those associated with risk The family.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine under what circumstances slaves became eligible for freedom and to track their efforts and strategies to achieve it between 1698 and 1750. This is a period when slavery was widely legitimized in Santiago, Chile. The findings are based on the analysis of seventy two letters of freedom, along with wills written by masters and former slaves. After the crossed analysis of these primary sources the author argues that various emotional, socio-economic and legal impediments gave shape to a rigid institution that allowed a minimum flexibility to obtain liberty. Thus, slaves played an active role in their own manumission processes, negotiating agreements through payment for their freedom or opting for the strategy of manumission trough good behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joint analysis of individual or family strategies of daily and residential mobility -which is hereby proposed- aims at better understanding both processes, in a context where the home appears not only as an origin or a destination but also as a resource for mobility. This approach allows the observation of the eventual substitution or complementation effects between both areas -daily and residential-, that is to say, when daily travels compensate or, on the contrary, follows the residential mobility pattern. The paper analyzes the integration of the multiple dimensions of mobility, in search for key principles through which meaning is conveyed at the same time by the relationship with the territory, the decisions related to the extension and intensity of mobility, as well as life projects and ethical values. Thus, from the study of poor workers of the far suburb of Paris, we set the bases to discuss its replicability to the case of Santiago of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the traditional definition that has been made of the cabildos abiertos as instances of popular participation between the XVIth and early years of the nineteenth century, and also the characterization that has been attributed to the assembly held u Santiago on September 18 of 1810 in which the Junta Gubernativa was formed in the kingdom of Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high altitude peaks of the Andes were sacred to the Inca. High altitude sanctuaries were strung out along the Andes chain, with cerro El Plomo at the southernmost end of Inca territory, near present day Santiago, Chile. There, the frozen body of an Inca boy with numerous grave goods was discovered and purchased by the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago. In this paper we present the studies carried out in 1954, 1982 and 2003 by a multidisciplinary team aimed at examining the body, with particular reference to its conservation as well as the preservation of the clothing and grave goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]