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This paper aims to calculate and analyze the human capital returns of micro-enterprises on Mexico's northern border by examining the education levels of the micro-entrepreneurs in charge of the production unit. Analyzing data from the National Survey of Occupation and Employment from 2010 to 2019, we estimated econometric cross-section models based on Mincer equations. The results suggest that elementary education is not sufficient to achieve high monetary income in micro-enterprises, even its rates are negative, generating losses systematically. The turning point starts in high school, where positive rates are beginning to be observed. However, it highlights that undergraduate and postgraduate education doubles their positive returns, although the number of business owners with this education level is lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to make an initial approach to both the human security paradigm and the issues of border security and migration at the northern Mexican border. The approach is conceptual and arises from Geography for peace, a perspective that articulates the approaches of critical geography (political geography from political economy and geographical historical materialism), human rights, and peace studies and conflicts transformation. The conclusions focus on proposing a paradigm shift in border security, moving from a national security approach focused on the State, to one focused on people and their rights, and is guided by the principle of shared responsibility. Despite being an initial approach, the text seeks to promote a paradigm shift, to in future work, provide concrete strategies and lines of action that contribute to materialize the human security approach at the borders of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The border is everyone's, can be seen by everyone, and is travelled and crossed in multiple and dynamic ways. Northern Mexico's border cities have particular characteristics that distinguish them from others. Ciudad Juárez is one of the 100 most resilient cities, and along with its sister city of El Paso, Texas, is a space that claims the right to the city through "artivism", a series of actions and manifestations of art and resistance. This paper maps and analyses these spatial appropriations in Ciudad Juárez as an essential dimension of the right to urban life and a symbolic territory for dialogue between urban residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective is to analyze the importance of governance app. roach in order to reduce the violation of human rights of migrants under the Mexican immigration and security policies. The main contribution of this paper is to promote a model of governance for results that can guide effective implementation of the current Mexican immigration policy, particularly with regard to the Special Program for Migration (PEM, 2014-2018). The paper starts the premise that there is a limited app. roach of governance for results in Mexican migration policy and therefore, has not been reduced the insecurity and violence that affect the human rights of migrants in Mexico and particularly in the northern border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a qualitative methodology that includes in-depth interviews with one hundred migrant smugglers. This study was conducted between April 2008 and July 2012, and examines the transformation of migrant smuggling between Mexico and the United States in the context of restrictive migratory policies. The paper concludes that Mexican migrant smugglers have lost independence, because now they have to pay multiple bribes and they need the sponsorship of US employers to conduce undocumented immigrants from their place of origin to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic integration between the United States and Mexico has affected the economic, political and social relations in the border region. The paper seeks to relate the increasing economic integration and business cycles of the economies of San Diego and Tijuana to the development of both national and binational economic organizations in the border region. The methodology of analysis uses both statistical estimations of the economic integration of San Diego and Tijuana and semi-structured interviews of economic organizations to analyze the increasing economic integration and the role and achievements of the cross-border economic organizations. The results showed that cross-border cooperation is predominately controlled by federal and state governments on both sides of the border. However, the main achievements of cross-border economic cooperation have been accomplished by local private organizations. The perspective of further local economic development greatly depends on both the possibility of increased involvement of federal governments and the growing encouragement of regional organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the diversity of economic practices around rap music by young people from three cities in the northeast border of Mexico. The approaches employed are those of youth identities, on the one hand, and creative, alternative and solidarity economies on the other. The contributions and limitations of these concepts against empirical evidence are discussed and proposed the economies of resistance. Evidence is presented through seven cases collected during the summer of 2014, through ethnographic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclusion underlines the xenophobic edicts of the supposed mandate of the majority--predators of minorities--in daily acts of classism and racist jokes. These actions typically take place where different historicities enter into dispute as a result of displacement. This is the case in Baja California, where these expressions of exclusion are denied but not absent. This paper reveals how xenophobia and racism have been present throughout the history of this border, and have taken new forms today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many national and international organizations consider that the U.S. economic crisis is the reason behind a significant decrease of migratory flows, from and through Mexico, towards the United States in 2009. This has also increased the number of cases of abuse and deportation of migrants. This paper analyzes the cause for deportation of migrants from all over the United States to Mexico. Furthermore, we will depict the violence and abuse that this vulnerable group of people are subject to in Mexico, not only by municipal, federal or migration authorities, but by other actors of the migratory process, called “coyotes", who also violate migrant's human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]