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In this paper, a new method for measuring the neutron flux using proportional counters SNM-18 filled with 3Ne is studied. When developing equipment for automated measurement of the neutron flux of the research reactor VVR-K, the determining optimization criteria are power consumption, weight and dimensions. For this purpose, devices were used for automated measurement of the equivalent of soil moisture and the equivalent of snow water by the neutron component of cosmic rays. A number of experimental studies have been carried out to determine the optimal levels of supply voltages, the design of the device for operation at the VVR-K reactor has been changed. The main elements of the neutron detector design are a block of a hydrogen-containing moderator; a tube of a proportional thermal neutron counter; an amplifier and a microcontroller for analyzing the signal from the detector; a high-voltage power supply and a transmitter. Special software has also been developed for simultaneous control of detectors. Test measurements of the neutron flux were performed at the research reactor plant VVR-K INP using a Pu-Be neutron source, with an intensity of 1.8 *106 n/s. To reduce the neutron intensity for the safety of personnel and to reduce the load on the detector, the neutron source was placed inside a boron polyethylene collimator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to overestimate the role and place of computational experiments in modern scientific research. Scientists investigate physical phenomena based on computer models and computational experiments when analytical methods of theoretical physics do not allow obtaining more reliable results. On the other hand, computational experiments can be carried out in conditions inaccessible to field experiments. The paper presents the scientific results of the study of some issues of celestial mechanics. These results are obtained on the basis of the use of computer methods. The MathCAD application software package is used as a programming language. The main scientific results include the following: a graph of the potential of the gravitational field of the Earth is constructed depending on the distance r to the center of the Earth; on the basis of a computer approach, the equations of the potential energy (binding energy) of the interaction of a body of a unit mass with the Earth-Moon system are studied; on the basis of computer methods, graphs are obtained. These graphs characterize the binding energies of the body depending on the coordinates of the radial axis; with the help of the MathCAD package, the flight path of the spacecraft near the Earth was modeled under various initial conditions; the motion of the spacecraft from the Earth to the Moon was studied and various types of flight paths were constructed depending on its initial velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of thermodynamic and experimental studies of plasma-thermal processing of ash with the production of fuel gas and inert mineral material are presented. Plasma-thermal processing of ash and slag wastes consists in their heating, pyrolysis and melting to remove residual carbon and obtain a neutral melt, the storage and use of which after cooling does not cause environmental problems. Ash from Ekibastuz coal, which is widely used in the energy sector of Kazakhstan, is taken as ash and slag waste, which is a set of components of the mineral mass of coal and unburned carbon. Calculations have shown that during the plasma-thermal processing of ash and slag waste, combustible gas is obtained with a CO concentration of up to 86.8% and a calorific value of 8752 kJ/kg and a melt of mineral components that does not contain harmful impurities. The plasma reactor is a melting chamber covered by an electromagnetic coil. The chamber has the shape of an equilateral triangle in section, with three inclined immersed graphite electrodes at its corners. The reactor was started up by shorting the power electrodes to a bulk graphite track. After obtaining the melt channel, the heating of ash and slag waste continues due to the conduction currents between the power electrodes through the resulting melt. To homogenize the melt, it is stirred electromagnetically. The melt productivity of the reactor was 100 kg/h at its temperature of 1923 K and specific energy consumption of 0.96 kW h/kg. Both in calculations and in experiments, no harmful impurities were found in the products of plasma processing of the investigated wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When negatively charged particles are scattered by atomic nuclei before the thresholds of excitation of nuclei, the formation of a metastable system "charged particle + excited nucleus" is possible. In particular, during the scattering of μ-mesons by nuclei, mesoatoms with an excited nucleus in the states of the entire atomic spectrum of hydrogen-like atoms can arise. This infinite set of states of a quasi-bound system generates an infinite series of elastic scattering resonances in the continuous spectrum, which condenses to the threshold energy of the excitation of the nucleus. In cases where the elastic scattering widths of mesons are smaller than the decay width of the excited state of the nucleus, inelastic meson resonance decay channels arise, which make it possible to observe them experimentally in the process of resonant scattering. In the present work, an analytical expression is obtained for the widths of subthreshold resonances arising from the scattering of μ mesons by atomic nuclei. The widths of subthreshold resonances in such systems are explicitly expressed in terms of the reduced multipole matrix elements of nuclear transitions The paper presents estimates for dipole excitations of nuclei corresponding to the farthest resonant states. It is shown that modern meson facilities make it possible to directly determine the reduced matrix elements of dipole transitions in experiments on elastic meson scattering. For a group of nuclei with large widths of E1 γ-radiation, it is possible to set up an experiment to determine these widths, and for known widths, to determine the chemical composition of the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we are considering the processes of ice formation on Balkash Lake during extremely cold and extremely warm months. A significant correlation found between the average monthly air temperature of November, the dates of the first ice formation and the dates of continuous ice cover formation. The Bagrov-Tokarev anomaly criterion for November was calculated and the extreme years since the earlier 2000s were determined. The most common dates of inherent ice phenomena for the period 1971-2018 were calculated. The features of ice formation during the autumn-winter season for these years were analyzed. The number of days with certain types of ice phenomena are calculated and presented in the form of histograms. It was analyzed the various types and forms of ice formations for extremely cold and extremely warm months before the date of complete ice cover formation. The maps of ice thickness distribution were compiled. The deviation of the dates of the first ice formation and dates of continuous ice cover formation (in days) from the mean value extremely cold and extremely warm years was found. The data source were hydrological guides, monthly average air temperature data, and data reanalysis using the CDS COPERNICUS climate database of the European Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steganography methods are considered to be one of the most common technologies for the protection of any digital data when transmitted over open communication channels at a given time. The solution of the problem of digital data protection using steganography methods is used not only by government services, but also by terrorist organizations. Therefore, the need for research, development and continuous improvement of steganoanalytical methods is becoming extremely important. The steganoanalytical algorithm based on the study of the singular decomposition of digital image matrix blocks is proposed in the paper. The main purpose of this paper is to increase the efficiency of digital image steganoanalysis, in the absence of a container, by developing a new steganoanalytical algorithm based on the study of the singular decomposition of digital image matrix blocks. As a result of a detailed study of the steganography algorithm using the singular decomposition of digital image matrix blocks, the statistical characteristics of the singular values of image matrix blocks are established. Based on the defined characteristics, the paper presents the main steps of the stegananoanalytical algorithm. As a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the developed steganoanalytical algorithm, the probability of detecting additional information was used. Errors of the first and second type are considered. To compare the results of the developed steganoanalytical algorithm with existing algorithms in open access, the following applications are selected: XSteg; StegSpy. The software product "StegoAnalysis" has been implemented for the automated solution of the stegananalytical problem for digital image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is said that the best password manager is our brain. This statement makes sense, but sometimes our brain does not cope, we have to use external resources. The number of passwords per user is growing every year: new social networks, new bank accounts, new registrations in various services, accounts on various services (television, music, Internet service providers, etc.). According to the rules of information security, using the same password for different client services is not rational, because if attackers can, for example, choose a password for your email, they will try to apply it to your other applications such as Internet banking and more. Modern man understands that each service needs its own unique password. The password must be strong, contain a certain number of characters, where among the numbers and letters the reliability of the password is increased by special characters and case changes. It's hard to remember. But remembering one password is beyond the power of most of us. Choosing a convenient and reliable password manager is not an easy task. You really have to trust the service. In the end, it is he who will store your confidential information. In this paper, two dozen password managers were tested and eleven were selected, which are the best in terms of functionality, security and convenience. However, each of the well-known managers does not take into account the individual characteristics of users and needs additions according to their needs. Therefore, the creation of software for storing passwords in encrypted form is relevant. Encrypted passwords can be accessed through the one password you need to remember. Such relationship software was created in this paper, taking into account the needs of corporate and private use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a methodological justification for assessing the state of financial management of the enterprise using the category of "technological way". The paper presents a conditional view of the sedentary technological structure in the form of: axes as a group of interconnected new industries, technologies, enterprises; disk as a manufacturing sector that unites large industrial enterprises that produce competitive serial products; Tires are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises that generate the latest products and technologies and undergo trial marketing. The paper considers the structure of the axis of the technological structure of financial management of the enterprise, as well as providing financial instruments - financial assets and financial liabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the influence of the initial stress state of a sufficiently wide rectangular elastic plate on the stability of the linear dynamic system "plate-flow" under the assumption that there are concentrated inertial masses and moments on the free edge of the plate stretched along the gas flow. An analytical solution of the systemяхstability problem is found. The possibility of loss of stability of the system only in the form of a localized divergence is shown. It has been established that the initial longitudinal tensile forces lead to a significant increase in the stability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the importance of proper placement and positioning of operating room equipment and operating team members in the neurosurgical operating room. This allows the members of the operating team to communicate effectively and minimizes time delays in the workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of monitoring intracranial hypertension according to neuroimaging data (computed tomography (CT)) in the detection of acute transient hydrocephalus among 23 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of non-aneurysmal etiology. The results of the study provided on the basis of the analysis of neuroimaging non-invasive monitoring of intracranial hypertension in 23 patients with acute transient hydrocephalus on the background of subarachnoid hemorrhage predetermined the timely identification of characteristic signs of its progression that complicated the course of hemorrhage, which allowed to establish direct indications for invasive monitoring and surgical correction of intracranial hypertension syndrome of hydrocephalic nature in the acute stage of cerebrovascular catastrophe on the background of subarachnoid hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, a large number of immunomodulatory agents of microbial, endogenous, synthetic and plant origin are known. There is a sufficient range of immunotropic drugs on the pharmaceutical market. However, the availability of a wide range of immunomodulators and their use in the clinic is limited by the presence of side effects and a number of contraindications for use. Currently, no cytokines with strictly specific activity have been identified. Such features of the functioning of the immune system make the existence of an immunomodulator with an absolutely selective final effect on immunity practically impossible. The article discusses the effect of the plant immunomodulator 1(10)β-epoxy-5,7α,6β(Н)-guai-3(4),11(13)-diene-6,12-olide (hereinafter referred to as epoxyguaianolide) on the immune system of the cancer patients. According to the results of randomized clinical trials, the immunomodulatory effect of epoxyguaianolide was confirmed and its positive effect on the indicators of the LPO-AOD system and oxidative modification of proteins was determined. The paper shows the importance of immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cancer patients. The immunomodulatory effect of epoxyguaianolide was determined, which manifests itself as a predominant effect on the T-cell link of immunity. Epoxyguaianolide has the ability to correct the immunosuppressive effect of cytostatics. Thus, the results of studies of epoxyguaianolide indicate the potential for the development of a new drug based on it with a pronounced cytostatic effect, thereby stimulating the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is among the top ten leading causes of death worldwide and remains a serious health problem. More than half a billion people worldwide have diabetes, which occurs when the body is unable to produce insulin or due to the inefficient use of the produced insulin. To keep blood glucose levels within the acceptable norm, people with type 1 diabetes need daily injections of insulin. Even though insulin remains an indispensable drug in the treatment of diabetes, its injectable form prevents its wider use. To eliminate the barriers associated with the injectable form of insulin, improve ease of use, and supply therapeutic benefits, a lot of work is underway to create an oral form of insulin. This review is devoted to the presentation of general information about modern achievements in the creation of an oral form of insulin. The paper describes the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its treatment, methods of protein encapsulation, difficulties in the use of oral insulin, as well as various approaches that have been taken to overcome barriers to the creation of an oral form of insulin. The latest achievements in the use of mucoadhesive polymers and hydrogels for drug delivery are considered. Mucoadhesive polymers such as chitosan and alginate are attracting increasing attention due to their properties such as pH sensitivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Methods of encapsulation of protein drugs with the use of spray drying, emulsification, and deposition of polymer materials by complexation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the problem of studying the daily distribution of the passage of meteoroids by radio observation. The advantages of the chosen method of registration over the classical optical and photographic methods of observation are considered. A voluminous series of data was obtained using a registration facility implemented on the basis of the Center for Astrophysical Research at the North Kazakhstan University named after Manash Kozybayev. Processing, analysis and systematization of the obtained data on meteor phenomena have been carried out. Based on the obtained observational data, on the basis of the Center for Astrophysical Research at the North Kazakhstan University named after Manash Kozybayev, using the Multi VirAnalyzer program, namely the Date Recorder, the daily distribution of the meteor flight frequency was calculated. Also, with the help of the Microsoft Excel software application, diagrams of the daily distribution of the meteor passage frequency were constructed. During the analysis of the obtained diagrams of the daily distribution of the meteor passage frequency, the peak and average daily values of meteor activity were determined. Based on the daily distribution, diagrams of the frequency of meteor passages were constructed for certain months during which the Perseid and Leonid meteor showers are active. A clear correlation with the results of studies of other laboratories of a similar line of research is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the modernization of the methodology for studying astrophysical ice and cold interstellar dust. An experimental method of physical modeling using a vacuum cryogenic installation is presented. The nodes of the universal vacuum cryogenic spectrophotometer where it is necessary to modernize, retrofit for the subsequent improvement of measuring capabilities in scientific research are considered in detail. The IR spectra of polystyrene were obtained on the IRS-29 and FSM 2203 spectrometers, the results of the obtained characteristic absorption bands were compared with the values of the reference spectrum of polystyrene, and the expanded uncertainty was calculated. To assess the accuracy of the measurement results, we calculated the expanded uncertainty according to the IR spectrometer calibration procedure. The wavenumber scale calibration uncertainty was determined by direct measurements as the difference between the wavenumber value corresponding to the maximum ordinate of the absorption line of a standard polystyrene film sample. In this work, an analysis of the completed retrofitting of a universal vacuum cryogenic spectrophotometer was carried out. N2O spectra were taken, obtained at a temperature of 16 K in the wave number range of IR spectrometers from 370 to 4200 1/cm with the designation of the corresponding absorption bands. The studies carried out in this work are aimed at improving the accuracy of measurements, which guarantees and improves the quality of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a model of a pulsating universe is investigated with periodic function of the scale factor together with a homogeneous, isotropic and spatially flat Friedman-Robertson-Walker metric. The parameters of the pulsating universe model coincide with observation parameters of the modern universe, taking into account the different contributions of various types of matter to its evolution. In the resulting solution, during periods of accelerated expansion of the universe, the scalar field with negative pressure makes a greater contribution to the expansion growth. The fermionic field and the vector field, which have positive pressure values during this period, prevent the growth of this expansion. During periods of compression, the fermionic field and the vector field have a greater influence on the dynamics of the evolution of the universe. In the resulting periodic solution, the universe goes through endless cycles of expansion and contraction. The observed modern accelerated expansion of the universe corresponds to one of these cycles. Cosmographic parameters are calculated - parameters of deceleration q, jerk j and snap s and energy conditions for the model under research. These parameters make it possible to link model-independent results obtained from cosmography with theoretically sound assumptions of gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of information technologies, including artificial intelligence, is leading to their widespread use in many areas of our lives. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the number of cases of its application to generate digital images, audio, video, etc. is growing. Counterfeiting digital audio files is dangerous from the point of view of being used by criminals to exert information and psychological influence and manipulate society and individuals. There are modern methods for detecting audio fakes made by artificial intelligence. They are highly accurate, but not without drawbacks. The main drawback is the complex architecture and high resource intensity. The aim of this paper is to develop a neural network that would allow detecting audio fakes with satisfactory accuracy and whose training would not require significant computing resources. A method was chosen for modification, namely, the method of detecting audio fakes using a convolutional neural network. The method for detecting audio fakes was modified by building a model with a new architecture with fewer layers, which significantly reduced the time and computational resources required compared to analogues. The experimental results obtained using the modified method show satisfactory efficiency and accuracy of the system. Errors of the first kind amounted to 24%, errors of the second kind - 9%. The developed modification is implemented in a software application with a convenient and simple interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The task of path finding by an agent is one of the basic tasks and is of great practical importance. As a rule, this is an optimization task that is solved in the space of the state graph in order to minimize the length of the path. Such a task becomes more difficult and becomes even more popular if it is solved on the basis of one graph space by several agents. In this case, another practically important optimization parameter appears, which is expressed by the number of conflicts between agents. Such an abstract formulation of the task has numerous variants of formalization and a large number of approaches to its solution. In this paper, the main element of the approach is the application of the classic Dijkstra algorithm, which is executed sequentially by each agent. When finding the shortest route, each agent modifies the graph space in such a way as to reduce the probability of conflicts with subsequent agents. This approach is original and a number of computational experiments were performed to verify it using software developed for this purpose. The experiments that were conducted demonstrate the adequate behavior of the main algorithm. The work analyzes the limitations inherent in the proposed approach within the framework of the abstract formulation of the task. The directions of further development of the basic approach have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that the effectiveness of experiment planning methods, especially when solving applied problems, has been proven more than once, the ideas of a multifactorial experiment are very slowly being introduced into science and engineering practice. The reasons for this are: the complexity of organizing the experiment; the parameters of the systems under study are of a complex dynamic nature and are subject to significant influences of changes in environmental conditions; the apparent complexity of the planning and calculation matrix discourages researchers with insufficient mathematical background; many manuals on the application of a multifactorial experiment are written at a level inaccessible to engineers, given the training in the disciplines of mathematical and computer cycles in technical universities. The experiment occupies the main place among the methods of obtaining information about the internal relationships of phenomena in nature and technology. As the processes and phenomena under study become more complex, the costs of the equipment and the experiment increase. During the tests, a large amount of experimental data is collected that requires processing and analysis. At the same time, the duration of the analysis, comprehension of the test results and their accounting for adjusting the characteristics of new products is very significant. The systems approach involves considering all elements of an active experiment as a single system. From these positions, it is necessary to present the general properties of the experiment as an object of study and give recommendations on the choice of mathematical techniques and methods that the experimenter can use when choosing decisions during the preparation of the experiment, its conduct and processing of the results. It is very important to choose methods and tools for processing experimental data. Despite the fact that, since 2002, many works have been proving the effectiveness of using the Excel analysis package for processing experimental data, the scientific and educational literature still uses coding of variables, randomization of experiments, and the choice of critical values of the criteria for assessing the quality of mathematical models from tables. In addition, optimization methods are not used in the works for forecasting. In this paper, in order to accelerate the process of introducing effective computer processing methods into science and engineering practice, the implementation of the methodology for processing active experiment data using Excel is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video analysis is a very important tool in video surveillance systems with one or more cameras. Among the most promising features are tracking the movement of objects - tracking. The current state of development in the field of tracking is considered in the work. There are several types of trekking. Pixel Tracking is the tracking of the movement of a specific point (pixel) or group of points on the original video sequence. The result of this process is the trajectory of the pixel, corresponding to the movement of an object in the frame. Matchmoving is a complex process that allows you to create a three-dimensional scene with a digital camera based on the available video sequence, which exactly repeats the movement of a real camera. Motion Capture is a technology designed to determine the position and orientation of a real object in a virtual environment, determining the position and orientation of a real object in space is carried out using special sensors and markers. Each of these types of tracking can be used on its own or as part of more complex processes. The paper develops a modification of the camera motion detection algorithm, which works in the field of Pixel Tracking. The description of the main approaches to motion estimation is given, namely recursive raster algorithms, frequency domain algorithms, optical flow algorithms and block matching methods. The urgency of the work, its purpose and objectives are given. The paper describes a method of arranging blocks in a video sequence frame, which are used to calculate the movement of the camera. Similarity metrics are used to estimate the similarity of the blocks, namely the correlation coefficient. The paper describes the steps of the developed modification of the camera motion detection algorithm. The results of the modification of the camera motion detection algorithm are presented. The result of this work is an indicator of the visual quality of tracking in the form of a 2D image of the camera motion vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the current state of developments in the field of security assessment. The problem of information technology security is becoming increasingly important in the implementation of computer systems as their role in the informatization of society. Ensuring the security of information technology is a complex problem that is solved in the areas of improving the legal regulation of information technology, improving methods and means of their development, development of certification systems, ensuring appropriate organizational and technical conditions of operation. The paper considers systemic problems of information systems security, lists the threats that can cause one or more harmful effects on systems. The paper provides a list of standards and regulations that can be used to assess the quality of the information system or individual indicators. The urgency of the work, its purpose and objectives are given. A key aspect of solving the problem of information technology security is to develop a system of requirements, criteria and indicators of the level of information technology security. The paper describes in detail the structure of the ISO 15408 standard, which was chosen as the basis of the developed methodology. The ISO 15408 standard consists of three parts. The paper uses the second part of the standard, which contains a universal systematized catalog of functional safety requirements and provides for the possibility of detailing and expanding them according to certain rules. The developed method of assessing the security of information systems is given. The paper describes the main indicators used to assess the security of information systems in the developed methodology. A software product has been developed that implements the described technique and the program interface is presented in the form of the main program windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Serpentinite is considered a raw material for the production of magnesium compounds widely used in various sectors of the country's economy. Uzbekistan also has a large serpentinite deposit - Arvaten, which contains MgO ≥40% and is a promising raw material for obtaining magnesium compounds by acid decomposition. This requires research, in particular, the study of the decomposition coefficient of Arvaten serpentinite, depending on the particle size and norm of nitric acid. Purpose. Study of the process of nitric acid decomposition of incalcinated serpentinite from the Arvaten deposit with different fineness. Methodology. The process of decomposition of serpentinite with nitric acid was carried out in a thermostatically controlled glass tubular reactor equipped with a screw stirrer driven by an electric motor. The duration of the process was 3 hours at 80oC. After the end of the process, the reaction mass was filtered on a Buchner funnel under a residual pressure of 100-150 Hg using one layer of filter paper. After drying, the precipitate and filtrate were analyzed for the content of CaO and MgO using the complexometric method with Trilon B in the presence of the indicator fluorexone and acid chromium dark blue. The content of Fe2O3 and A12O3 was determined by the complexometric method. with a solution of Trilon B in the presence of sulfosalicylic acid and back titration of an excess of Trilon B with a solution of zinc sulfate in the presence of a xylene orange indicator. Originality. The dependence of the change in the decomposition coefficient of the constituent components of serpentinite on its fineness (0.05-0.25 mm) has been established. The optimal condition for the process of decomposition of serpentinite with nitric acid was found, under which a high decomposition coefficient (Cdec.) was achieved. Findings. It was found that with increasing particle size from 0.05 to 0.25 mm Cdec. of MgO increases from 83.86 to 86.85% and 86.63 to 90.05%, respectively, at a stoichiometric 90 and 100% rate of 30% nitric acid. The decomposition process mainly occurs in the diffusion region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the stress state for a piecewise homogeneous plane, containing an absolutely rigid thin interfacial inclusion, one of the long sides of which is completely coupled to the plane, and the other side is in contact with it under dry friction conditions. On the basis of discontinuous solutions of the theory of elasticity for a piecewise homogeneous plane, a closed solution of the mixed boundary value problem is constructed. The regularities for the behavior of contact stresses near the end points of the inclusion are clarified, and simple formulas are obtained for determining both normal and tangential contact stresses acting on the long sides of the inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new thermodynamic approach for phase stability of a nanoscale material under irradiation taking into account Gibbs free energy of phase formation and nucleation is proposed. The influence of powder dispersion and vacancy saturation on the radiation stability and phase changes of spherical Ferrum nanoparticles during irradiation is determined. The paper shows the possibility of a radiation-induced α-Fe → y-Fe polymorphic transition, and also defines the radiation stability zones of Ferrum nanoparticles. It is shown that the competition between the energy of the accumulated vacancies in the particle, the bulk energy of the phase transformation, and the surface energy of the particle is responsible for the specific behavior of irradiated nanocrystalline Ferrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines ways to improve the organization of independent work of university students. Innovative education is the use of the latest information technologies in the entire didactic complex of information support for the subject. The innovative model of teaching physics in higher education includes methodologically structured information presented in the form of one of the types of the infosphere - a system of interrelated and interdependent textbooks and other means of educational activity (modular programs, electronic lectures, various methodological aids). In the new conditions of increasing the volume and strengthening the role of students' independent work in the educational process, students receive and master only methodological information at the appropriate level. To master the material on a regular basis, a student needs to work for months, and only a qualified teacher who knows the psychological characteristics of the learning process and owns the teaching methodology will help save the student's time by transforming the professional knowledge of teachers into educational knowledge. The paper shows the types and stages of performing classroom, extracurricular IWS in physics, as well as ways to improve the efficiency and quality of students' educational work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern dangerous signs are manifested in the nature of the most significant components of engineering and geological conditions, ensured by the safety of people's life, the features of industrial and abrupt construction in mountainous and foothill areas, and, consequently, in conditions of sustainable economic development. In the event of serious development processes, serious difficulties arise for the construction and use of various engineering measures that require ensuring the safety of the population and taking measures to prevent and protect the population. During the design of anti-landslide measures, when erecting structures on unstable slopes or when distributing mechanisms on slopes and sides of ravines, works must begin with assessment stability degree of the inclined earth surface. Such assessment is made by calculating the slope stability coefficient, which is characterized by the ratio of the holding forces to the shear forces of the soil mass on an inclined surface. The paper presents the results of research in Almaty city on the experimental site on the slope of mountain Kok-Tobe. The article presents calculations of slope stability coefficient in "GEO5" program, in the natural state and taking into account seismic impact. As result of the calculation, unfavorable factors and risks in terms of slope stability are identified and recommended measures are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Dans cet article, nous traitons l'interprétation du symbole de l'auteur et le problème de sa traduction en russe. Sur l'exemple du poème de Njegos Une nuit plus précieuse qu'un siècle nous avons présenté l'algorithme de la procédure de traduction pour déchiffrer la sémantique complexe du symbole de l'auteur, ainsi que la procédure pour trouver son correspondant de traduction en langue russe. L'analyse part du point de vue de la traductologie, de la linguistique et de la littérature moderne, et prend en compte les données pertinentes de l'étude des chefs-d'œuvre de Njegos, en tant que science intradisciplinaire. Afin d'éclairer la nature complexe du symbole en tant que signe linguistique et sa fonction dans le texte littéraire, ainsi que la possibilité de sa traduction en russe, diverses méthodes sont appliquées: analyse contrastive, étymologique, interprétative en synchronie et diachronie. L'analyse menée montre l'importance de rechercher des symboles sous divers aspects, en partant du niveau linguistique le plus bas dans la langue source, en passant par le littéraire – dans le style de l'époque et l'idiosyncrasie de l'écrivain et en terminant par l'approche translatologique interlingue. Cette interprétation multiforme contribue à résoudre la sémantique du symbole et à trouver son correspondant traductionnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses spatial aspects of reactive astrogliosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the rat brain observed 40 and 70 days after the intracerebral 12 µg rotenone infusion. The infusion was shown to cause a marked increase in astrocyte density at both analyzed time points. Minimal spanning tree (MST) analysis was applied to analyze spatial patterns formed by nigral astrocytes. Spatial clusters of these cells, identified as disjoint MST subgraphs, were more numerous in the infused SNc tissue as compared with the control one. Size and density of clusters were significantly different between the infused and control areas 40 and 70 days after the infusion. In conclusion, the data suggests that rotenone-related astrogliosis in the substantia nigra includes changes in spatial patterns of astrocytes as well as transient spatial clustering of these cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since culinary art is part of the traditional cuisine most prone to changes and influences from other cultures, the paper will use the examples of Serbian, Slovak and Romanian cuisine to present one such encounter in multicultural Vojvodina. The authors' intention is to analyze culinary lexemes and demonstrate interlinguistic (and intercultural) contacts among these ethnic groups, as well as the influences of other cultures that, historically speaking, could directly or indirectly change these autochthonous culinary terminological systems in Vojvodina. In addition, tracing the current scientific interest in cultural heritage, the paper represents the beginning of a wider thematic intercultural researsch. Specifically in this case it is one of the elements in the process of compiling a register of Pannonian culinary art. In the wider sense it is a contribution to making an ethnolinguistic dictionary of central European cuisine and, in that sense, a contribution to the protection of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper consists of confrontational analysis of two Czech translations of Alexander Blok's famous poem "The Twelve": one by Bohumil Mathesius published in 1925 (4th ed. 1977) which was considered canonical for many generations of Czech readers; and the most recent one published by Lubor Kasal in 2016. The present study tries to ascertain which translation is more accurate and closer to the Russian original and to identify the flaws and mistakes from the stylistic and semantic point of view which can be found in both translations. The paper discusses whether the two Czech translations under study render the same aesthetic experience for Czech readers as the original for its Russian readers. Both translations are closely examined with emphases on several important aspects: the semantic density of both the original and the Czech translations; the rhythm of the Russian poem and of its Czech versions; the choice of suitable equivalents in both translations. In the end, the assessment of Lubor Kasal's Czech translation is overall positive, as it meets the requirements for the translator and his translation without serious reservations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even partial replacement of graphite in the anode of lithium-ion batteries with silicon can significantly increase their specific energy. But the issue is the insufficient life cycle of such batteries due to the accelerated degradation of the liquid organic electrolyte with traditional lithium hexafluorophosphate, especially at elevated temperatures. The subject of discussions and further research are the processes involving a natural oxide layer on the surface of silicon in the manufacture and electrochemical litiation–delitiation of Si-containing electrodes. Among the most promising areas for solving the issues of practical application of silicon are new additives to the electrolyte and polymeric binders for electrode masses. This paper demonstrates the capability of trimethylsilylisocyanate (with aminosilane and isocyanate functional groups) as an additive to a liquid organic electrolyte (LiPF6 / fluoroethylene carbonate + ethyl methyl carbonate + vinylene carbonate + ethylene sulfite) to scavenge the reactive HF and PF5 species that alleviates the thermal decomposition of fluoroethylene carbonate at elevated temperatures. This makes it possible to increase the electrochemical parameters of half-cells with a hybrid graphite–nanosilicon working electrode when using water-based binders – carboxymethylcellulose and styrene-butadiene rubber. The addition of trimethylsilylisocyanate in the electrolyte significantly improves the reversible capacity of hybrid electrodes and reduces the accumulated irreversible capacity during prolonged cycling at normal temperature and after exposure at 50 °C, therefore to be effective for use in high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Even partial replacement of graphite in the anode of lithium-ion batteries with silicon can significantly increase their specific energy. But the issue is the insufficient life cycle of such batteries due to the accelerated degradation of the liquid organic electrolyte with traditional lithium hexafluorophosphate, especially at elevated temperatures. The subject of discussions and further research are the processes involving a natural oxide layer on the surface of silicon in the manufacture and electrochemical litiation–delitiation of Si-containing electrodes. Among the most promising areas for solving the issues of practical application of silicon are new additives to the electrolyte and polymeric binders for electrode masses. This paper demonstrates the capability of trimethylsilylisocyanate (with aminosilane and isocyanate functional groups) as an additive to a liquid organic electrolyte (LiPF6 / fluoroethylene carbonate + ethyl methyl carbonate + vinylene carbonate + ethylene sulfite) to scavenge the reactive HF and PF5 species that alleviates the thermal decomposition of fluoroethylene carbonate at elevated temperatures. This makes it possible to increase the electrochemical parameters of half-cells with a hybrid graphite–nanosilicon working electrode when using water-based binders – carboxymethylcellulose and styrene-butadiene rubber. The addition of trimethylsilylisocyanate in the electrolyte significantly improves the reversible capacity of hybrid electrodes and reduces the accumulated irreversible capacity during prolonged cycling at normal temperature and after exposure at 50 °C, therefore to be effective for use in high-energy lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable territorial spatial development faces severe challenges globally, especially the threats from rapid urbanization. It is important for territorial spatial planning in the new era to explore the principles, methodology and models for the territorial spatial optimization aiming sustainable urbanization from global and national perspectives. This paper rethink the spatial optimization for sustainable development by reviewing the literature on urbanization, spatial optimization and sustainable development. The results show that there is no readymade path for sustainable territorial spatial development, and sustainability should be the fundamental objective of territorial spatial optimization. Cases from the globe and China show that urban sprawl tends to make cities disperse, decline population density, and fall in a path dependency. Cities should be laid at the core of territorial spatial optimization. Chinese sustainable urbanization should be characterized by compact development, high-density, livable urban development, and low carbon. The concepts of sustainable urbanization oriented territorial spatial optimization include ecological protection, resource saving, intensive development, and green development, which forms the path of sustainable territorial spatial development. The modeling of territorial spatial optimization can be reconstructed from index system and quantification, setting of objectives, and constraint rules in a multi-objective collaborative optimization model. In this paper, we conclude that China has to build her own way of sustainable spatial development in accordance with the conditions of the nation, promoted by territorial spatial optimization with sustainable urbanization as a core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach for indirect measuring of 90Sr activity concentration in stem wood of Scots pine's live trees within the Chernobyl exclusion zone based on values of beta-particles surface flux density from stem bark at a thee height of 1.3 m above the forest floor that obtained by use STORA-TU RKS-01 radiometer-dosimeter under field condition. The similar express-methods often consider in scientific publications so as they allow to obtain probable levels of radiation contamination without taking samples for laboratory measurements. That in turn can be used to optimize sampling or for example in the case of the need to preserve the intact initial state of the biota during long-term in situ or/and in vivo observations. The empirical data for validation of the method have received on 13 experimental sites of artificial (plantation) even-aged stands which consist only of one woody species: Scots pine. The correlation analysis discovered statistical significant relation at p-value=0.05 between arithmetic averages of beta-particles surface flux density from stem bark of pine trees at the forest sites and 90Sr activity concentration in stem wood elements (sap wood, heartwood and all stem wood), and functional dependencies among these parameters are described by a simple linear equation with only one slope parameters (R2 = 0.90-0.96) whose predicted values for sap wood, heartwood, and all stem wood are (± standard deviation) 23.1±8.5, 42.3±10.3, and 26.8±6.8 Bq·cm2·min·(kg·pcs)-1, respectively. Moreover, the influence of biometric indicators of individual trees (diameter, height, age) on this pattern was not detected. However, the average diameter (DBH) of stands has the strongest influence among forest inventory indicators on the value of the 90Sr activity concentration ratio between sap wood and heartwood (r = 0.93), that is, the radial distribution of the studied radionuclide in stem wood of pine trees. The results of these studies should be confirmed by a larger collection of observations for Scots pine given the small sample size for her in this paper. Also, scientists are necessary to include empirical data for other major forest-forming woody species within the research region due to the importance of using express-methods of radioactive contamination levels estimation for the planning and optimization of forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume of medical data in the world is enormous. Electronic medical records are growing rapidly. Therefore, in order to establish the correct diagnosis, with a large number of different analyzes (CT, cardiograms, etc.), intelligent systems for predicting cardiovascular diseases come to the aid of the doctor. The prediction problem is solved by machine learning methods. The most popular machine learning method for classification and prediction are decision trees. The idea behind decision trees is to split the set of possible values of the feature vector (independent variables) into disjoint sets and fit a simple model for each such set. Decision trees allow you to get high accuracy in solving many problems, while maintaining a high level of interpretation. The decision tree is built automatically depending on the statistical data. This paper examines different types of decision trees: CART, ID3, C4.5, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting. Based on the analysis of these types, the best result for predicting cardiovascular diseases was obtained by the Random Forest and Gradient Boosting methods. The random forest method is based on the construction of an ensemble of decision trees, each of which is constructed from a sample obtained from the original training sample using a bootstrap. Another ensemble is the Gradient Boosting method. Its main difference from Random Forest is that in Random Forest trees are built independently of each other, while Gradient Boosting improves the previous model at every step. Using a decision tree (Random Forest and Gradient Boosting), you can predict the vulnerability to heart disease in patients with reasonable accuracy. The paper proposes improvements to the Gradient Boosting method by modifying boosting. Namely, at each step of the algorithm, a new ensemble item is constructed based not on the entire training sample, but only on a random subsample of a fixed size. This idea is a combination of gradient boosting and bagging techniques. The Heart Disease UCI set is used as initial data. The heart_failure_clinical_records set was used to test the performance of the improved Gradient Boosting algorithm. As a result of the work carried out, an algorithm was obtained that allows increasing the accuracy of predicting cardiovascular diseases from 89% to 94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a steganographic method of embedding a binary digital watermark into the mid-frequency coefficients of discrete cosine transform of a digital image. One of the mid-frequency coefficients of the two-color components of a color image is used to embed the digital watermark: one color component is used to embed a secret coefficient which reflects changes in the image and helps to improve the quality of the extracted digital watermark after applying noise to the stego. The second color component of the container is used for embedding of the digital watermark. The proposed method involves the automatic selection of color components of the container for embedding the digital watermark and its pre-processing to increase the distance between its elements. The article contains the main steps of embedding and extracting of a digital watermark, as well as the results of computational experiments aimed at evaluating the efficiency of the steganographic method, and comparing the results with modern analogues. The efficiency of the steganographic method is evaluated by the indicator of visual quality PSNR of stego and various indicators of message extraction. Resistance to attacks is evaluated by indicators of extraction of information from the modified stego. The paper analyzes the developed method when embedding some secret coefficient equal to 20 and the digital watermark into the coefficient (5.5) of the discrete cosine transform of each 8»8 block of digital image is carried out. The results of computational experiments showed the high visual quality of the received stegan messages (PSNR is 50-58 dB) and the resistance of this method to noise, namely: multiplicative, Poisson, Gaussian and "salt and pepper". In the case of Poisson noise, the digital watermark is extracted almost without loss, the quality of extraction of the digital watermark was not lower than 0.97. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of currently urgent problem of reconstruction and restoration of equipment of thermal power units of TPP, work has been performed on development of basic technology of welding body elements of a steam turbine from low-alloyed 15Kh2M2FBS (P3) steel to branchpipes from high-chromium martensitic X10CrMoVNb91 steel with 9 % Cr (P91). The paper gives the results of determination of the thermal mode of welding such combined joints to prevent delayed fracture. Proceeding from study of the influence of different modes of high-temperature tempering on impact toughness of weld metal and hardness of welded joint areas hardened during welding, heat treatment modes were selected, depending on electrode material type. It is shown that the resultant mechanical properties of welded joints correspond to the requirements specified during work performance. 12 Ref., 5 Tabl., 9 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the axis-symmetric contact problem between an elastic layer and a rigid cylindrical circular stamp under torque. The stamp adheres to the upper boundary of the layer whereas the lower boundary of the layer is rigidly fastened. With the application of Hankel integral transform solving the problem reduces to solving the first kind Fredholm integral equation (IE) with symmetrical kernel, represented as a sum of its principal part, Weber-Sonin integral, and the regular kernel. It is estimated that once its height attains a certain level, the layer actually deforms as a semi-space. In the process, through Abel IE method, the solution of the well-known Reissner-Sagoci problem is obtained once again and the original first kind Fredholm IE is reduced to the second kind Fredholm IE. Concurrently, using the collocation method combined with Gauss type quadrature formulas for integral estimation, the original IE reduces to a finite system of linear algebraic equations. To obtain this quadrature formula, properties of Gegenbauer and Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials are used. In the enough wide range of change of characteristic elastic and geometrical parameters of the problem numerical analysis is performed and patterns of changes of tangential contact stresses under the stamp as well as the angle of twist of the stamp are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of studies on production of layered composite materials, based on aluminium and titanium alloys, by vacuum diffusion welding, with a broad range of specific weight values, which is achieved due to different layer ratio in each of the composites. Based on a layered composite material, a procedure was proposed for manufacture of three-layer honeycomb panels by vacuum diffusion welding. It is found that the average compressive strength of the three-layer panel with a filler from a layered composite material based on Al–Ti alloys is equal to 47.3 MPa, that is four times higher that the strength of similar honeycomb elements made from an aluminium alloy. It is shown that the layered material has higher thermal stability, compared to aluminium alloys. Sample annealing at the temperature of 700 °С for 30 min does not lead to their early destruction or loss of shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the experience of repair welding of service defects in the body of the connecting rod of mobile jaw crusher Metso lokotrack LT 120, which is a rather rigid honeycomb structure from cast low-alloyed steel of 20GL type with thickness of external walls of 60 mm and of partitions of not less than 45 mm and more than 5 t weight. It was found that the most signifi cant defects – fatigue cracks and cleavage which are incompatible with performance, naturally formed near the structural stress raisers, service damage, caused by contact impact of armour protection, casting defects, as well as in the sites of unsmooth connection of elements, etc. Crack opening displacement is equal to 2…3 mm that is indicative of the start of shape change of the body and need for prevention of further operation in such a state. Rigid structure of the connecting rod body and general state of destruction required special technology of repair welding, which was created and realized by the authors. It included new welding materials, technological measures and engineering solutions and those verifi ed by our own practical experience of repair of cast structures, as well as high skill and competence of the welders. Practical importance and eff ectiveness of the performed work on connecting rod repair was confi rmed by safe operation of the crusher in the design mode for two years. 9 Ref., 3 Tabl., 8 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of determination of the quantity and dimensions of grains of the structural components of steam pipeline welded joint metal. The above determination was performed using an improved method of analysis of the structuralphase state of welded joints. It was found that during long-term operation of welded joints the grains of α-phase increase in size. Structural analysis was performed for base metal of welded joints, HAZ regions, as well as weld metal. It was established that at long-term operation of steam pipeline welded joints grain dimensions are increased in their HAZ regions. It was found that the boundaries between individual grains are partially eliminated. Based on analysis of statistical data, grain dimensions, as well as their shape and distribution were determined at application of the secant method. 9 Ref., 1 Tabl., 7 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to A.R. Esayan, the founder of the Chair of Informatics at Tula Pedagogical Institute. The paper examines the influence of Professor A.R. Esayan's methodological legacy on the training of modern IT teacher. The article reveals some aspects of his influence on the "Computational methods" course: the development of students' algorithmic culture; the study of CMS capabilities; the use of recursive algorithms in problem solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the review of literature data on the prevalence of weeds as possible reservoirs of plant viruses in agroecosystems of Ukraine. The information presented here about the most distributed weeds as reservoirs of harmful plant viruses will be useful for understanding the pathogens ecology, analyzing the virus epidemiology and for disease management. Since legumes are the main crops grown in Ukraine, the paper focuses on weeds spreading in the agrosystems of cultivated plant. The paper provides information about the primary sources of soybean viruses (Soybean mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Tomato ringspot virus) and bean viruses (Bean yellow mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic virus) as well as the main factors contributing the virus transmission in agrocenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material for the development of the Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian Standard and Vernacular Language was collected across 160 years and is recorded on roughly 5,000,000 lexicographic citation cards. It was manually excerpted from over 4,500 written sources and collected in the field in all pronunciations of the Štokavian dialect. At least 15 new volumes of the dictionary are planned based on these card files. They can also serve as the basis for various phonetic, morphological, and syntactic research, as well as for analysing language development over the past two centuries, dialectal specifics from the time when the collections were created (often the only data on the speech of a region at the time of collection), and etymological studies. Its cultural value is also exceptional, as it includes contributions from many illustrious names in Serbian cultural history - Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Jovan Skerlić, Radoje Domanović, Isidora Sekulić, Milan Rešetar, etc. This precious, delicate material was scanned from 2016-2018, and in 2017, a web application was developed to efficiently annotate the electronic cards. It was further enhanced based on user needs, enabling (in addition to constricted annotation, where only card headwords were marked) a more detailed annotation including dictionary entry form, homonym tag, attestation and bibliographic reference, abbreviation in the dictionary, and card type (handwritten, typed). This paper will present the web tool and annotation results from the letter P to Š. So far, 12 different annotators have been working on the annotations, 3-5 annotating simultaneously at any moment with varying intensity. Of the 813 sections with 2,010,508 paper slips, 795 sections with 1,934,583 paper slips were processed with constricted annotation, including 201,487 different headwords. Annotation results will offer an estimation of the remaining number of words for the dictionary SASA with headword list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the main assumptions of The Learner's Thematic Dictionary of Russian-Polish Lexical Parallels. The article presents a new type of dictionary that describes lexical parallels, i.e. words that are similar phonetically and have full or partial correspondence of meaning or completely different meanings. Target groups of the dictionary users are learners of the Russian and Polish languages, translators, as well as teachers. The first part of the dictionary is devoted to the description of culinary vocabulary. The volume of the dictionary is approximately 300 dictionary entries containing pairs of Russian-Polish lexical parallels. The process of the lexicographic description in the Dictionary assumes the procedure for selecting entries, arranging meanings, creating a dictionary entry, defining, and giving illustrative examples. The paper also highlights the possibilities of applying the principles of multimodality, i.e. attracting multicode objects to improve memorization processes, which are essential in the process of learning a foreign language. The paper has also shown the ways in which to include multimodal components in the Dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes linguistic terms in the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (RSANU) extracted from the digital version of the dictionary. Twenty volumes of the dictionary have been published so far (А-погдегод) and they are in the process of digitalization. In addition to the presentation of the methods for the extraction of linguistic terms, the paper also deals with the relevance of a corpus compiled in this manner. A part of the corpus is checked against the material from other dictionaries, primarily a number of specialized dictionaries of linguistic terms. The paper aims to provide an answer to the following questions: Can the electronic RSANU dictionary be used as a relevant resource for the creation of the Dictionary of Serbian linguistic terminology and, if so, to what extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the COVID-19 pandemic spreads worldwide and affects many countries’ economy, policy and healthcare system. Specifically, quarantine measures related to the pandemic have significantly affected the medical organizations’ working regime. A paper aimed to assess the relationship between the COVID-19 in Kazakhstan and the decrease in the number of patients at the National Centre for Neurosurgery. Materials and methods. The official statistics of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the number of coronavirus cases in Kazakhstan, data on the number of patients at the National Centre for Neurosurgery were analyzed. The article uses and analyzes statistical data from March 13 to June 30, 2020. The estimation of the relationship between the variables was performed using a multiple (multivariate) linear regression. We also reviewed the data on the situation in the leading neurosurgical clinics in the world. Results. During the 3.5 months (from March 13 to June 30) of 2020, the number of patients at the National Center for Neurosurgery decreased by 41.1% compared to the same period of 2019, and by 37.8% compared to 2018. The number of surgeries decreased by 50.1% during the three quarantine months (March, April, and May), only 593 surgeries instead of 1187 were performed. These reductions were due to roadblocks, state of emergency and increase in COVID-19 cases (p <0.05). Conclusion. The increases in the COVID-19 cases and related measures (roadblocks, state of emergency) have a negative impact on the number of patients in the neurosurgical clinic. The information given in this paper on the Neurosurgery Center’s working regime during the pandemic could be informative for other clinics in Kazakhstan to provide a continuous inpatient care to the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, Dostoevsky's novella Notes from the Underground is interpreted through the conceptualization of literary tradition within a semiotic framework, from three interconnected angles: the interpretation of (1) the discursive forms of negation (apophatism); (2) the semantization of the idea of 'plenitude' (fullness, totality, completeness); (3) the text's concentrated reflection on the semiotic nature of the modelled world and its (meta) poetic language. Apophatic poetics calls attention to the conflictual relationship between the signifier and the signified, including the paradoxical situation in which intensive sign articulation/expression is given to some substance considered to be unexpressable. Signification here strives to gain epistemological knowledge about the potentials of the existence of personality through its definition in terms of non-existence or ambivalent, unproductive existence. Тhe character definition, putting in centre stage - within the problematics of personhood and personality - the protagonist's desire to achieve the state of plenitude, also gains a semiotic orientation through the conflict between being endowed with vs. being deprived of individual semantic attributes accorded to the object of cognition (individualization vs. generalization). The paper examines the semantic modelling of 'plenitude' and explains the various means that this model is discredited by the object's lack of individual semantic attributes in (a) causality; (b) temporal segmentation; (c) the forms of exhaustive detailing. Individual object identification is also interpreted as preserving oppositions at the levels of literary character (his contradictions) and abstract notions (theses and antitheses) in which conflicting elements constitute an organic whole. This can be traced back to monodualistic antinomies deeply rooted in the Russian philosophy of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the widespread opinion about the negative effect of chaos on the nature and human life, there exist examples of its constructive role in various processes. Among them, a prominent position is occupied by the processes in which thermal noise causes not only Brownian motion but also drift of nanoparticles as a result of unbiased non-equilibrium perturbations of various nature in systems with broken spatial and/or temporal symmetry. Such processes are relevant to the operation of Brownian motors, or ratchets, actively studied in the past decades. In the present paper, the working principles of systems of this kind are explained based on the author’s approach which unifies the treatment of different ratchet effect manifestations in the models of fluctuating potential, catalytic wheel, and electroconformational coupling. Another manifestation of this effect is provided by the paradoxical games proposed by Parrondo in which chaos appears in random tosses of a die and the ratchet effect arises from a certain alternation of game strategies ensuring an average win. The paper presents the simplest version of Parrondo’s game; it consists in the alternation of two antisymmetric games, with the rules depending on the parity of the capital possessed by the player before the next toss. The dependence of the average win on the number of tosses is calculated by computer simulation and compared with the result of the catalytic wheel model valid in the adiabatic approximation. The theoretical win calculated by this model agrees well with the numerical simulation result for the game concerned. The attractiveness of the treatment of the ratchet effect in terms of game theory stems from the possibility to visualize the theoretical framework and to study the laws of Brownian motor operation by simple modelling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]