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Objectiv: The purpose of this study in knowledge-based organizations is to investigate the impact of future developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) on organizational knowledge engineering. Given the importance of information and communication technology to increase speed and accuracy of different activities of organizations and thus increase their productivity, can be towards the advancement of organizational knowledge and raising the level of awareness of the organization and raising the development and creativity of the organization. In fact, by gathering the knowledge of the organization's external and internal environment, a knowledge system engineer creates practical items, so that these items can be implemented in the future. The supporting role of information technology for knowledge management will bring significant progress in the intelligent and knowledge-based behavior of organizations and their people. Methodology: It is a type of applied research and qualitative approach that has been done using background theory and foundation data. Using an empirical approach and ideographic explanation, this research seeks to drive the future of information and communication technology (ICT) and knowledge engineering. The researcher tries to understand the challenges of information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge engineering and information and communication management by conducting field studies and participating in processes related to the research subject. The statistical population of the study includes 178 managers and experts working in knowledge-based companies at the senior level. The research sampling method is theoretical and open and unstructured interview tools with experts have been used to collect information. The method of analysis in the present study is thematic analysis methods and contextual theory and statistical tests have been performed using confirmatory factor analysis. Finding: Based on the results of the research, it was found that the factors influencing the presentation of a conceptual model of future developments of information and communication technologies on organizational knowledge engineering were identified. Causal conditions are contextual conditions, intervening conditions, process / interactions and consequences, and information technology is the most important factor in enabling the knowledge engineering process with high speed and accuracy. Conclusion: Lack of general government policy in the development of information technology in the field of knowledge engineering Lack of telecommunications platform for information exchange, lack of familiarity and skills of employees in using information technology tools is an important challenge in using information technology in knowledge organizations. Therefore, it is suggested that governments provide the appropriate platform and plan to improve this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Communication skills and stress affect the quality of nursing care. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic and limitations in face-to-face training, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of virtual training of emotional intelligence components on perceived stress and communication skills among nursing students. Methods: This Experimental study was conducted on 56 nursing students who entered the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were randomly assigned to a control group (n=28) and an intervention group (n=28) with permuted block randomization. The intervention group received emotional intelligence components training using Skype software. Data were collected through a Demographic questionnaire, Cohen’s Perceived Stress questionnaire, and Queendom’s Communication Skills questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (Version 22). Results: The results revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean scores of perceived stress and communication skills before the intervention (P>0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was observed between the mean scores of perceived stress and communication skills (P<0.05) in both groups one month after the intervention. Conclusion: The study indicated that the virtual training of emotional intelligence components reduced the nursing students’ perceived stress and increased their communication skills. These results highlight the importance of emotional intelligence training for nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Intimate communication provides opportunities for personal and interpersonal growth between two people. However, one of the challenges that many couples face is cheating in the relationship, and it seems that the biggest act of cheating between couples is dealing with infidelity (1). The complexity of intimate communication and the effects of infidelity on it have made it necessary for researchers and family therapists to pay attention to these effects from different perspectives (2). In fact, marital infidelity damages the marital relationship more than any other problem and factor and puts the couple in a very difficult situation, for this reason, practical and practical ways to deal with this problem have always been mentioned in family and marriage counseling texts. is (3). Forgiveness is one of the most important factors and variables when working with couples who experience marital infidelity, because on the one hand it provides the conditions for forgiveness and on the other hand it increases marital satisfaction (11). Forgiveness is one of the concepts that plays a positive role in creating mental health, especially in couples (3). The process of forgiveness includes resentment, hatred, healing and forgiveness, and finally reconciliation and returning to the other side (11). Emotion-focused couple therapy is considered as a short-term structured approach in couple therapy, which is based on clear concepts of marital distress and adult love (26). Emotion- focused therapy emphasizes the participation of emotions in the permanent patterns of incompatibility in troubled couples. The effort of this approach is to reveal the vulnerable emotions in each of the couples and facilitate the ability of the couple to create these emotions in safe and loving ways (27). On the other hand, cognitive-behavioral therapy is another intervention that has been used for women who have experiences of infidelity and other marital problems and conflicts (35). This type of intervention is considered highly capable for working with couples due to its flexibility and the possibility of modifying the thought-emotion-behavior cycle, and it has been used especially in the treatment of marital conflicts, including marital infidelity (36). The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on the forgiveness of women affected by marital infidelity. Methods: The research was conducted using a semi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and a control group, during which the members of the two experimental groups and the control group completed the forgiveness questionnaire in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The statistical population of the research was all women who referred to one of the counseling centers in Isfahan city in the first 3 months of 2022 due to marital infidelity on the part of their husbands. Thus, by using available sampling and conducting a short clinical interview, the researcher selected 54 people non-randomly and then randomly placed them in three groups of 18 people. Expression measurement and data collection in the present study included forgiveness questionnaire (Pellari et al., 2009) and clinical interview. The interventions provided to the members of the experimental groups included emotion-focused therapy (26, 27) during 8 sessions of 90 minutes to the experimental group (1) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (43) during 8 sessions of 90 minutes to the experimental group (2). The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: The results of inter-subject effects showed that the average scores of forgiveness and generosity and anger-avoidance components were significantly different from each other at different measurement times (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) (P<0.01). The results of time also showed that the average scores of total forgiveness and generosity and anger-avoidance components increased significantly in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage (P<0.01); But there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stage (P<0.01). Therefore, it was concluded that the average scores of forgiveness and its components increased in the post-test and follow-up phase compared to the pre-test phase and this increase was stable (P<0.01). The intergroup effects also showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of forgiveness and the components of generosity and anger-avoidance between the experimental and control groups (P<0.01). The effect coefficients were also equal to 0.572, 0.504 and 0.632, respectively, which shows that more than 57% of the changes in the total scores of forgiveness, 50% of the changes in the scores of the generosity component, and 63% of the changes in the scores of the anger-avoidance component are due to the presentation. There have been interventions. Also, the results of the pairwise comparison showed that the average scores of total forgiveness and components of generosity and anger-avoidance of the experimental groups were significantly higher than the control. In addition, it was found that the average scores of the total forgiveness and the components of generosity and anger-avoidance of the emotion- focused therapy group were significantly higher than the cognitive-behavioral therapy group (P<0.01) and it was concluded that although the two intervention methods increased the average scores of forgiveness and its components are effective, but the effectiveness of emotion- focused treatment was significantly higher (P<0.01). Conclusion: Regarding the effectiveness of emotion- focused therapy on improving the average scores of forgiveness components including generosity and anger-avoidance, as it was said about the improvement of the average scores of forgiveness, it seems that before experiencing forgiveness, people experience various negative emotions. They suffer from stress, anxiety, depression and especially anger (20). While when they experience forgiveness through emotional therapy, most of these negative feelings change and give way to positive feelings (33, 37). In this way, emotion- focused therapy by focusing on different emotions provides the conditions of adaptation through generosity, which is a positive emotional and motivational state (54). Regarding anger-avoidance, it was also found that emotion- focused therapy helped the participants to recognize and cope with their negative emotions instead of reacting with anger or avoidance (32). The results of the research show that both emotion- focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy were effective in improving the average total score and components of forgiveness, including generosity and anger-avoidance. It seems that the correction of emotional reactions and the improvement of difficult emotions, which were applied by emotion- focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy with two different mechanisms, led to the improvement of the state of generosity and anger-avoidance and finally forgiveness in the women of the experimental groups. It seems that emotional therapy in the first degree and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the second degree have the necessary capacity for a person to display more appropriate and effective emotional and behavioral reactions while correcting their emotional and emotional cycles. In addition, because in both treatment methods, women learned to deal with negative emotions caused by betrayal in a more effective way, such as anger, fear, despair and hatred, the ground for reducing such emotions was provided and the process of forgiveness was gradually formed. Of course, because emotion- focused therapy focuses directly on these emotions, it is more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy, which tries to improve emotions indirectly through the modification of cognitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Trust means having confidence in the intentions and actions of others and is considered a key factor in the new mutual relations between leaders and employees. Trust in the organization plays an important role in achieving its goals. Under the conditions of complexity and uncertainty, it will be possible to maintain effective cooperation only when the communication is clear and this happens when there is mutual trust and confidence. Trust in itself will bring loyalty, and a loyal workforce is willing to work beyond the prescribed duties in their job description. Management is one of the most important human endeavors in human social life. Human societies consist of a set of organizations with different goals, each of which performs a task. When the society reaches the desired goals, when all the organizations achieve the organizational goals by carrying out tasks and plans. In all organizations, the most important pillar that is effective in achieving the goals is management. Undoubtedly, at the dawn of the new century, when organizations, especially educational institutions, face the environment of global competition, the need for radical changes is always felt; The global competitive force has forced today's organizations to adopt new working methods after decades of continuing their fixed work methods and procedures, so that the organizations do not have work stability and a kind of stability. Also, in the last two decades, new approaches in the field of leadership have emerged in organizations, which researchers call neo-charismatic theories of leadership and also inspirational approaches in the field of leadership. These types of leaders are people who create motivation and energy in their followers and inspire them through their speech, thoughts, and behaviors. The main emphasis of inspirational leadership is on creating a vision, communicating and transferring it to the followers, and empowering them by the leader in order to realize and implement this vision. At the level of higher education, it is clear that for survival and sustainability, it must explore the future and future opportunities and determine its place in the future by designing a coherent program that takes place through vision. Certainly, this is done through inspiration, which by creating these visions encourages its followers to achieve them. At the national level, it is also obvious that every country that intends to build a guaranteed future with prosperity and progress for its nation needs leaders who, with high insight, create a vision to improve organizational trust, and both government officials and Empower citizens to achieve this vision. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question that does inspirational leadership have an effect on improving the organizational trust of the academic staff of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In terms of the purpose, this research was a descriptive-survey type of application, and the statistical population included all academic members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, which was equal to 484 people. Based on the Krejci-Morgan table, 214 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method according to gender. In order to collect data, standard questionnaires of inspirational leadership that Bass and Avalio, and organizational trust by Payne (2003) were used. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equations of data were used using SPSS21 and PLS software. Results: The results showed that; Inspirational leadership has a significant and positive effect on the organizational trust of the faculty members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The influence of inspirational leadership in promoting the organizational trust of the academic staff has been validated. Conclusion: In general, it seems that the development of an inspirational leadership model can be considered a suitable solution to increase and improve the level of organizational trust in educational organizations. In general, the research on social sciences and humanities has a special complexity and imposes many limitations on researchers in conducting research. These limitations include time, human, social and economic limitations that cause problems in conducting research. This research, like other research and studies, has faced limitations. Among these limitations, we can mention the following: The variables of the research have a qualitative state, which is considered a limitation. The intelligence, interest, scientific, and specialized ability of the subjects also had an effect on their answering process. The economic, social, and cultural characteristics have had an effect on the response process of the research subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sexual satisfaction is considered one of the most important factors in marital happiness, and it plays a significant role in the health, well-being, and overall quality of life for individuals in a society. Therefore, the research aims to develop and assess the effectiveness of a counseling package based on the sexual communication model on the level of satisfaction and sexual intimacy in Iranian couples. Methods: The research was conducted using a mixed exploratory research design. Initially, qualitative methods were employed to identify the factors influencing couples' sexual exchange. Subsequently, a counseling package was developed based on these factors. For the purpose of quantitative validation, the relative content validity ratio and content validity index were utilized. In the next research phase, an applied and semi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design was employed, including a one-month follow-up with a control group. Data analysis was carried out using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the SPSS software version 26. Results: The results showed that the relative content validity coefficient and content validity index were higher than the required size (CVR¹ ≥49 and CVI² ≥79) and a valid counseling package was prepared. The results of the next stage also showed that the sexual communication pattern counseling package significantly increased sexual satisfaction (P<0.01) and sexual intimacy (P<0.01); the experimental group had a significant increase in sexual satisfaction and intimacy compared to the control group. Results:The results indicated that the content validity ratio and content validity index exceeded the required thresholds (CVR≥0.49 and CVI≥0.80), establishing the validity of the counseling package. Subsequently, the results of the next phase demonstrated that the sexual communication pattern counseling package significantly contributed to sexual satisfaction (P<0.01) and sexual intimacy (P<0.01). The experimental group exhibited a substantial increase in sexual satisfaction and intimacy compared to the control group. Conclusion: The counseling package based on the sexual communication pattern is valid and can lead to an increase in the sexual satisfaction and intimacy of Iranian couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim It is suggested that hearing impaired children with hearing aids and cochlear implant, showed poor pragmatic abilities. Pragmatic is the most related language component to social interaction. Further, it has effect on personality development and self-esteem. The main aim of the present study is investigating the relationship between pragmatic abilities and self-esteem in hearing impaired children. Methods & Materialssixty hearing impaired children with hearing aids or cochlear implant were included into this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then parents or other caregivers were asked to fulfill children’s communication checklist (CCC) and self-esteem questionnaire. The participants were divided into three groups based on hearing impairment severity, including: severe, moderate and mild. The relationship between pragmatic ability and self-esteem was examined in three groups and without considering categorization, by Pearson correlation coefficient, significant level was 0.05. Ethical Considerations This project was approved by the Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.150). Results The results illustrated that there is significant relationship between pragmatic abilities and selfesteem in all hearing impairment children without considering categorization (P<0.05). By considering categorization, significant relationship was showed in self-esteem and pragmatic abilities in moderate and mild groups (P<0.05). Conclusion According to our analysis, pragmatic abilities and self-esteem are related. This relationship is more obvious in low severity impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Every organization has an identity that is based on organizational culture. Organizations, like individuals, have personality, which is called the culture of that organization. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the components of organizational culture in medical universities and present a conceptual model using the Delphi technique. Methods: To conduct the research, semi-structured interviews with 15 experts, including university professors in the field of organizational culture at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences and the Delphi method were used. In this paper, three basic steps of qualitative methods included; Open coding, axial coding, and selective coding and then the validity of the extracted codes was checked by Delphi method. Results: The findings showed that in the case of creating and forming friendly groups in universities of medical sciences in order to improve relations and proper cooperation in terms of presenting ideas, opinions and also solving problems, it creates a favorable organizational culture in universities. Medical science will be.in this section, the survey has been conducted in several stages to reach the consensus of the experts for the components. The components identified in the qualitative phase were presented to 15 experts in the form of a closed questionnaire. Then the average answers were calculated using Excel software. The purpose of the Delphi method is to reach the most reliable group agreement of experts on a specific issue, which is done by using questionnaires and asking experts' opinions, repeatedly, according to their feedback. This process continues until the average numbers become stable enough. In this research, the minimum average value of the answers is 3.5 and the difference of opinion for the Delphi averages is 1 (the lowest number in the response spectrum). If the average response is less than 3.5 or the amount of disagreement is greater than 1, the corresponding component will be removed. In the first stage of Delphi, the identified components were presented to the experts in the form of a 5-option Delphi questionnaire, and the average answers were calculated. At this stage, the average answers given for the components of risk acceptance, the importance of work to satisfy personal needs, personal influence, the effort to participate in the public-private sector, and creating an atmosphere without fear and intimidation were less than 3.5, and therefore this component were removed from the process. Kendall's coefficient of agreement in the first stage was equal to 0.569, which shows that the experts' agreement in this stage is average. In the second stage of Delphi, the Delphi questionnaire was again provided to the experts and the average answers and also the average difference with the previous stage were calculated. At this stage, the average difference in all identified components is less than 1, but the average components of voluntary coordination and voluntary presence of people to carry out assigned tasks, sensitivity to the needs, desires and personal problems of organization members, creating a communication network and alliance with Good people, the independence of employees and team members for how to do work and design a happy and stimulating work environment was less than 3.5. Therefore, these components were also removed from the process and the third round of Delphi was conducted. Kendall's coefficient was 0.590 in the second stage, which shows that the experts' agreement in this stage is average. In the third round, the average difference in all components is below 1, and also the average of all identified components is higher than 3.5. Also, Kendall's coefficient was obtained in the third stage equal to 0.690, which shows that the level of agreement of the experts in this stage is almost high. Therefore, all the indicators that entered the third round of Delphi were evaluated according to experts and therefore these indicators were approved. According to the results obtained from the Delphi method, finally 8 main components and 54 secondary components were identified. According to the number of experts, the content validity index of CVR is confirmed. Also, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient in all components is above 0.7, which shows the acceptable reliability of the components questionnaire. Conclusion: The purpose of the current research was to analyze the components of organizational culture in universities of medical sciences using the Delphi technique. Based on the results, 8 main components and 64 sub-components were identified as organizational culture components in medical sciences universities. First, the questionnaire made by the researcher and the answer package was provided to the experts. Then it was done by Delphi method in three rounds until we reached the agreement of the experts for the components. In the first round, 5 sub-components and in the second round, 5 other sub-components were removed from the study process. Kendall's coefficient in the first and second rounds is 0.569 and 0.590, respectively, which shows that the experts' agreement in these two rounds is average. In the third round, the average difference in all components was below 1 and also the average of all identified components was higher than 3.5. Kendall's coefficient was also obtained at 0.690 in the third stage, which shows that the level of agreement of the experts in this stage was almost high. Therefore, all the indicators that entered the third round of Delphi were evaluated and approved by experts. Therefore, in the end, 8 main components and 54 sub-components were identified. According to the results of this study, the components of organizational culture in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences include shared responsibility; team orientation; The main result; desirable communication pattern; adaptability; governance and leadership; The emphasis is on details and ideation and individual creativity. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that in universities of medical sciences, the factors that define the organizational culture of the university are joint responsibility and cooperation among the members of the organization, attention to teamwork, correct communication., friendly and favorable among the members of the organization, accuracy in the results and considering it important, adapting the members of the organization to the conditions and problems created, the presence of a competent and capable manager in the university, emphasizing the details of the problems of the university and trying to provide a solution for it. It is a collective and team form, as well as expression of creativity and ideas by all members of the university. If groups are formed in a friendly manner in universities of medical sciences to create cooperation and proper relationships to solve problems and also to present ideas and opinions, a favorable organizational culture will be implemented in universities of medical sciences. Therefore, it is suggested that the universities of medical sciences of the country pay attention to teamwork and cooperation among the members of the organization so that they can use the opinions and ideas of all people. If all employees have a sense of responsibility in the university and adapt themselves to the conditions, it can be said that an organizational culture has been implemented in the university. The requirement for this is to pay attention to the details available in the university as well as the results obtained from the cooperation of the members of the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Anxiety is one of the issues that human beings have always been involved with over time (1). One of the characteristics associated with anxiety and quality of life is self-compassion. Compassionate people feel better about themselves and therefore experience more satisfaction in interpersonal relationships. Self-compassion is one of the factors that reduce anxiety (7). Another thing that seems to be related to anxiety due to its special nature is social skills. And is one of the variables that has a significant effect on mental health and can play a major role in mental health and therefore anxiety (12). However, among the disorders that can disrupt social success is anxiety, and the destruction of social relationships is one of the biggest consequences of this disorder, although anxious people are eager to have social relationships (14). One of the methods that affects the cognitive aspects is the reciprocal behavior analysis method, which is an interactive treatment method that emphasizes the cognitive, rational and behavioral aspects of the treatment process and aims to increase people's awareness and power to make new decisions. In doing so, they change the course of their lives. One of the therapies that deals with emotions and its effects on anxiety has been studied is emotion-focused therapy (17). In view of the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question whether there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of group therapy focused on emotion and the analysis of reciprocal behavior in social intimacy, social acceptance and compassion for anxious clients of counseling centers in Isfahan? Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. To conduct this study, among the anxious clients of Tohid Counseling Centers in Isfahan in the spring and summer of 1399, whose anxiety disorder was identified through clinical interview and SCL- 90 questionnaire, 60 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. 20 people were divided. Before the beginning of the intervention, all individuals had a sample questionnaire of Nef (2003) selfcompassion questionnaire with 26 questions and 6 components, Miller and Lefkourt (1982) social intimacy questionnaire with 17 questions and two components and Marlowe and Crown (1960) social acceptance test. They completed 33 questions before, after and one month after the interventions. Also, the experimental group received emotion-focused treatment interventions and interaction behavioral analysis therapy interventions received 12 sessions of 120 minutes of treatment, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro and Wilk test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of the two types of interventions on self-compassion. It was also found that both emotion-focused group therapy and interaction behavioral analysis therapy were effective compared to the control group. However, the mean score of selfcompassion in group therapy focused on emotion and interaction behavior analysis is not significantly different. Another finding showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social intimacy. It was also found that the mean scores of social intimacy in the emotion-focused treatment group and interaction behavior analysis and the control group were significantly different. Comparison of means shows that emotion-focused therapy and behavioral analysis are effective. But the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy is greater than that of reciprocal behavior analysis. Finally, it was found that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social acceptance. Also, the mean scores of social acceptance in the emotion-focused treatment group and the interaction behavior analysis group and the control group are significantly different. Conclusion: Explaining the results, it can be said that reciprocal behavior analysis is one of the most effective psychological theories. It causes a more correct orientation in life, which has a positive effect on people's verbal and non-verbal behaviors and brings peace and people experience more pleasure in life. Also, emotion-focused therapy is that emotion is the foundation and determining factor for self-organization at the beginning of its construction (20). On the other hand, it can be said that the teachings of exchange analysis in the field of caress and strategies for providing caress, intimacy, free expression of feelings and self-disclosure in an atmosphere of psychological security and mutual empathy, can reduce the negative confrontation among anxious people. . Finally, approaching bitter mental and emotional experiences is often a difficult and tedious process for clients. The therapist's mission in this area, in addition to creating an effective relationship, is to teach emotion regulation skills. The creators of emotion-based therapy believe that emotion regulation is a process rather than a training program with a specific protocol, and in this respect the therapist's work is more like a work of the waist than a low-knowledge task (20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim The internationalization of higher education is an effective strategy to meet the diverse needs of a society. One of the factors determining the failure or success of internationalization is the organizational culture of universities. The present study aims to investigate the role of organizational culture-related factors in the internationalization of Iranian universities. Methods & Materials This is a quantitative-quantitative study. Participants were 124 Iranian experts in higher education and those involved in internationalization of universities. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as a self-report tool with close-ended questions. In the quantitative stage, structural equation modeling and first- and second-order factor analysis were performed in SPSS and AMOS software. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch (Code: IR.IAU.RASHT.REC.1400.035) Results The ranking of factors affecting the internationalization of Iranian universities showed that the factor with the highest factor loading was “communication & interaction” (1.03) and the factor with the lowest factor loading was “human/physical/financial resources” (0.87). Conclusion Communication/interaction of universities with other education centers, as an organizational culture-related factor, plays an important role in the internationalization of Iranian universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adolescence is one of the most sensitive periods of a person's life, one of the most important tasks of psychologists and counselors is to pay attention to the problems and problems of teenagers. Part of teenagers' tensions and problems are caused by the transformation of normal growth; such as growth and hormonal change, and another part is caused by the changes that occur in connection with the change of role in the society, that if the teenager does not have the necessary skills to deal with individual and interpersonal issues, adverse consequences will occur. In fact, most teenagers are faced with low self-esteem and negative self-concept, confusion, increasing negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, and as a result, reducing adaptive and positive functions. One of the problems that teenagers face during their lifetime is the fear of negative evaluation. Some people make a negative and unique evaluation of the event, which causes a constant fear and dysfunction in them, which can be internal (like I am incapable) or external (like, no It is not a safe place. Such evaluations create powerful emotions such as anxiety, anger, regret or guilt and symptoms of arousal, and these symptoms motivate the person to control the symptoms by adopting some methods. In turn, it causes the intensification of malfunctions. One of the sources of severe and continuous fear of a person is the evaluations he makes of the event or its results, negative evaluation of the event including negative evaluation of the emotions that occurred during the event and inappropriate event and negative evaluation of the feeling. The actions and activities that occurred during the incident and the inappropriate event and the negative perception of the responses of others and the perception of sustainable change in life after the event. One of the sources of persistent and intense fear may be a type of cognitive processing style during the event, which is called psychological failure. In order to deal with the fear of negative evaluation, psychotherapists investigated and pursued different treatment methods. Among the psychotherapy methods, we can mention therapy based on acceptance and commitment, as well as reality therapy. Reality therapy is a type of therapy that can be used for all people who have problems. Not denying the reality, taking responsibility and, accordingly, planning to achieve the goals, is one of the most important human needs in the life process, which is given importance in this therapeutic approach. Reality therapy is based on the choice theory. Reality-therapy considers behavior to include four components of performance, thinking, feeling and physiology, which we have direct control over two components of performance and thinking and indirectly over feeling and physiology. This treatment method emphasizes facing reality, accepting responsibility, recognizing basic needs, making moral judgments about the rightness or wrongness of behavior, focusing on the here and now, internal control and, as a result, achieving identity. Considering that the researchers are of the opinion that for fertility and progress, the society should nurture people with high mental health and considering that so far there has been no research to investigate and compare the effectiveness of therapy based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy on fear of evaluation. The negativity of the students has not been addressed, and considering the importance of treating the students' malfunctions, as well as with the aim of preventing damage and improving the level of mental health, the necessity of conducting this research is revealed. Therefore, the current research aims to answer this basic question: Is there a difference between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and reality therapy on the fear of negative evaluation of female secondary school students? Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research community consisted of all female students of the second year of high school in Fasa city in the academic year of 2021-2022. From this, 45 people were selected among the eligible people and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group). For the first group, an intervention based on acceptance and commitment was applied, and for the second group, reality therapy was applied, and the control group did not receive any type of therapy. Research data with the help of the short version of Lori's fear of negative evaluation scale (1983), collection; and it was analyzed using analysis of covariance and Tukey's follow-up test. Results: The findings of the covariance analysis showed that the therapy based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy significantly improved the fear of negative evaluation in the post-test stages (p<0.01); However, no significant difference was observed in the post-test between the two experimental groups. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that these treatments play a significant role in improving students' fear of negative evaluation, therefore, by identifying and introducing students to treatment centers and receiving psychotherapy protocols. Their mental health can be improved. Also, in explaining the effect of reality therapy on the fear of negative evaluation by the evaluator, it can be said that people with high scores in fear of negative evaluation are easily disturbed by their emotions in stressful situations and have high levels of chronic anxiety in different periods of family life. And conversely, people with a low fear of negative evaluation, because they have a clear definition of themselves and their opinions, can choose their own direction in life and in extreme emotional situations that lead to involuntary behavior and decision making in many people. Fails don't lose control and make decisions based on reason and logic. For this reason, these people will be less in critical situations with appropriate decision-making, because they will solve problems at the right time and in a more appropriate way, and they will face fewer unsolved problems. Behaviors, qualitative world and lack of external control can help to increase management and reduce the fear of negative evaluation in relationships, especially academic relationships. As a result, it can be said that reality therapy based on the theory of choice helps to choose responsibility and self-control and freedom. It also teaches people that they have acquired a successful identity and can make better choices based on reason and logic and away from emotion in their decisions and without believing in controlling behavior. And felt by others, and in this case, they become more positive people, and with choices without mixing with others, they experience a quality life, more successful communication, and more compatibility, and have less fear of negative evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Domestic violence, which is often called intimate partner violence, is usually directed at women and includes any physical, psychological, or sexual abuse. The most common form of violence against women worldwide is domestic violence or physical and emotional violence and sexual abuse of women by their emotional partners. Women are not the only victims of domestic violence. Sometimes they commit violence, but usually, the violence committed by women is more of the type of violence to defend themselves, on the other hand, the violence committed by men is mostly behaviors aimed at forced control. However, women are estimated to comprise 85% to 95% of victims. Youth exposed to parental violence are more likely to be victims of bullying or cyberbullying and are less likely to seek professional help. Various factors, including mental health issues such as antisocial and borderline personality disorders, anger and controlling behaviors, contextual factors such as childhood abuse experience, poverty, and economic crises, social factors, and lack of gender justice play a role in the occurrence of violence. Surveys conducted in different parts of the world show that ten to more than fifty percent of women have been mistreated by their husbands in some way, and nearly one-third to half of them have experienced physical abuse along with psychological violence. The economic and psychological burden of domestic violence is associated with a wide range of broad and negative consequences for society. From a societal perspective, the costs of being a victim of violence are extensive. These costs include costs related to increased health care use, such as emergency room and doctor visits, costs related to legal services, costs related to lost productivity and absenteeism, job instability, and reduced academic achievement. The existence of violence among family members leads to mental and emotional injuries; therefore, this research aimed to understand and analyze women's experience of domestic violence, the injuries caused by it, and their coping strategies during the Covid-19 era. Methods: Domestic violence against women is a phenomenon with broad concepts and dimensions. In this study, by using the phenomenological method, an attempt is made to obtain a deep understanding and recognition of the lived experiences of women who have been subjected to violence; the participants of this research are 12 women who had first-hand experience of the studied phenomenon. This number continued based on data saturation until we felt that new information would not be obtained, but to be sure, two more interviews were also conducted, but of course, no new data was obtained and the study reached theoretical saturation. The data were analyzed using the seven-step colaizzi method. Also, to validate the results, the findings were informed to the participants and explained to them, and their opinions were sought over the phone. This step was done by the main researcher, who all the participants confirmed the accuracy of the results and acknowledged that the results of this research fully reflected their feelings and experiences. In addition, all typed interviews and extracted concepts and coding were emailed to a distinguished professor at Kansas State University who has authored more than a hundred articles on the topic of intimate partner violence. This researcher has also conducted studies on violence in Iran. All levels were approved by him. Finally, the use of different processes led to the validity, transferability, verifiability, and reliability of the study. The research tools in this study included the following: During the interview, the conversations were recorded with the consent of the interviewees to check the information carefully. The data was collected through an in-depth and open-ended semistructured interview. The researcher's preference was face-to-face interviews, but two of the interviews were conducted online at the request of the participants and the other ten interviews were conducted face-to-face at the counseling center following the protocols. All interviews were recorded and then transcribed verbatim in Persian; By asking general questions about the conditions and situations where the violence happened, one of the researchers tried to get the participants to enter into a conversation, and by gaining the trust of the participants and creating an empathetic dialogue, a suitable space for presenting honest answers. In this study, the duration of the interview varied from 45 minutes to 90 minutes. For coding and analyzing the data, the seven-step Claysey method was used. Results: Data analysis (11 sub-themes and 2 main themes) shows the vulnerability caused by violence (psychological and personality vulnerability, children's vulnerability, couple's relationship vulnerability, spouse's family vulnerability, physical vulnerability) vulnerability of high-risk behaviors) and women's coping strategies to prevent more violence (searching for new hobbies, seeking help from family and relatives, seeking professional help, taking refuge in religion and spirituality, taking refuge in the law). Conclusion: Based on the experience of women, the results of this research showed that domestic violence, especially in stressful situations and crises, leaves a lot of vulnerability in different areas of the family system. Also, women have experienced different solutions to reduce violence. It seems that the professional help of counselors and psychiatrists based on psychological interventions and drug therapy has been more effective to control anger, and aggression and restore the relationship. Health officials must pay as much attention to mental and psychological issues as physical issues and psychological services are covered by insurance. Face-to-face interviews in pandemic conditions with masks and compliance with health protocols had limitations. Also, due to the norms of the society and customs as well as respect for modesty, it was not easy for the participants to talk about the violence along with the audio recording, especially since honor and keeping the behavioral problems of family members a secret is a cultural value. Domestic violence is related to all members of the family. It is better to research violence from the perspective of men and children to understand the needs, desires, and concerns of all family members. Also, the participants of this study were from the urban middle class, and there is a much more serious level of violence in the lower classes of society and marginalized people, which needs research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Workbooks are a key and important factor in learning. A portfolio is a purposeful collection of evidence that can demonstrate overall effort and progress in one or more areas. Portfolio-based learning should be used in all fields of medical education as an educational and evaluation solution. "Electronic portfolio is a tool for learning and measuring the learning process and product with the ability to store, organize, provide feedback, modify and review student's work in a digital environment based on the web, network or computer and can and can be like a showcase representing growth, progress, and skills. The student should be in the specific field" according to Barrett, one of the pioneers in the development of electronic portfolio in education, the electronic portfolio contains works that the learner collects, reflects, selects, and displays to show growth and change over time. The use of electronic portfolios in online courses as a good assessment tool is agreed upon by different researchers. According to some, portfolios provide an opportunity for self-evaluation, self-regulation learning, reflection, and the development of individual skills. In addition to being a good tool for assessment, the electronic portfolio can also be a good tool for learning. The portfolio is a collection of student evidence and documentation that shows their effort, progress, and academic success in a theoretical or clinical training course. The workbook provides useful information to the student that determines his success or weaknesses. In other words, a portfolio is a tool for empowering students, which, by adopting a collaborative approach, leads to independence in student learning and changes teacher-centered learning to student-centered learning. On the other hand, with performance-based training and creating learning conditions based on the needs of each individual, the work folder provides the possibility of fair education and judgment for educational environments. It fulfills tasks, presents documents and documents, introduces ongoing and completed tasks, selects and approves qualifications, encourages and promotes, and training and evaluates thinking skills and learning strategies. On the other hand, nowadays, considering the features of the information age and the rapid and continuous expansion of communication and information resources, it is inevitable to cultivate thinking in students to adopt the right measures and appropriate choices. A mindset is a tendency or tendency towards a specific pattern of mental behavior. Also, the nature of thinking is a stable tendency to discover, investigate, seek clarity, accept rational risks and think critically and with a lot of imagination. Considering the complexities of today's life and the many unforeseen issues that arise in various fields and the abundant need of people for lifelong learning and creating process skills in them, and also considering the complexity existing in medical fields that require the use of superior intellectual attitudes and the adoption of impromptu measures in emergencies, cultivating the intellectual attitudes of learners is one of the basic priorities that should be in the focus of curricula take Because thinking plays an important role in students' learning. Therefore, considering the importance of the role of the electronic workbook and the nature of students' thinking, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting it. Therefore, the main question of the current research is: What is the effect of the electronic folder on thinking habits and mental health in the University of Medical Sciences to present the model? Methods: This practical study was conducted with a mixed approach with a qualitative and quantitative approach with an exploratory design. Delphi method was used in the qualitative part and the descriptive survey method was used in the quantitative part. In the qualitative part, the statistical population included 18 professors of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, among whom 13 were selected by targeted sampling based on the saturation law, and 1665 postgraduate students and assistants of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were included in the study. became A small part of which 312 people were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. To collect data, a researcher-made electronic portfolio questionnaire with 47 questions and thinking tendencies with 50 questions were used. The face and content validity of the instruments was confirmed by the supervisor and the consultant, and composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha were calculated above 0.7. For data analysis, empirical factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Friedman test, and structural equations were used using SPSS21 and PLS3.2 software. Results: The results showed that the electronic portfolio has 6 dimensions, among which skill has the highest standard coefficient and attitude has the highest degree of correlation. Also, the results of the structural equation test showed that the effect of the electronic workbook on thinking patterns and mental health in graduate students and assistants of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences is significant. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the electronic workbook affects the character of thinking and mental health of postgraduate students and assistants of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. It is necessary to prepare and design the global citizen curriculum at educational levels, especially in higher education. Undoubtedly, one of the most fundamental tasks of education and training, especially higher education, is the training of informed, committed, active, creative, and comprehensive citizens. People who can adapt themselves to the values, customs, and traditions of the local, national and global society. The educational system, especially universities, compile and implement all learning activities and experiences in the form of a curriculum. The main elements of the curriculum, which include goals, content, teaching methods, and evaluation methods, and are specified according to the main components of global citizen education, including knowledge, attitude, and skills, provide a platform for learning and education. The results of the present research showed that the electronic work folder consists of 2 dimensions "evaluation and education" and 6 components "feedback, self-evaluation, fostering creativity, fostering critical thinking, learner progress, and metacognitive knowledge" and among these, the highest standard coefficient related to the dimension Skill is the lowest value related to the related knowledge dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Conflict is an inevitable fact of human existence that can arise among members of a team such as a professional basketball team. Basketball coaches, as team leaders, must identify and manage the sources of conflict between players. This is important because of the human and social nature of sports can also happen in women's basketball. The premise of this issue is that lack of conflict control in the team reduces the effectiveness of the team. Some coaches in teams perform better when there is a conflict in the team and have a different relationship with other coaches, and some coaches seem to lack strategies for resolving the conflict to increase effectiveness in be a team.No systematic review of the use of conflict management and problem-solving strategies and communication with players and the effectiveness of the basketball team, especially among Iranian women coaches, has been examined. Understanding how to select aspiring coaches may be helpful to the players and managers who work with these club coaches. Coaches can help players and stakeholders develop coping skills to compensate for the problem-solving aspects preferred by teammates. The value of the present study is that, since so far little has been reported on the value of conflict management strategies, conflict identification and the process that coaches go through at different stages of the basketball game, especially when some of these processes These include team members' conflicts. A conflict can affect a period of competition, and a loss can overshadow the performance of players and coaches and eventually be transferred to the team. Therefore, considering the importance of psychological components in problem solving management, the aim of the present study was the effect of conflict management psychology components on the effectiveness of women's basketball teams. Methods: The present research method is descriptive and falls within the scope of field research. Initially, in order to obtain the number of coaches present in the competitions, the 2021-2022 period was prepared by interacting with the competitions section of the basketball federation, a complete list of teams, and telephone numbers, supervisors and head coaches, and questionnaires were distributed online among coaches. For the effectiveness of the teams, the results and ranking of the matches were used from the official website of the Basketball Federation, which is publicly available. The researcher was responsive at all stages of completing the questionnaire to any ambiguities and doubts that educators may have encountered. The statistical population included all the coaches of Iranian women's basketball club leagues. Statistical sample was obtained from the coaches of 41 teams, leagues (category 2, category 1 and superior) of Iranian adult women's basketball club, which included 118 coaches (37, league coaches 1, 44, coaches of league 2 and 37 coaches of Premier League). Collected. The sampling method was non-random (targeted). Three different instruments were used for measurement. The research questionnaire consisted of three parts. The first section collects demographic information from coaches, demographic questions about age, coaching degree, education, coaching experience, and work experience with the current team. The second and third sections show the main research questionnaires that mention their psychometric properties: Robbins Conflict Management Strategies Questionnaire was used as a research tool in this study. This questionnaire measures five conflict management styles in three cases. The measurement tool includes a conflict management strategies questionnaire that includes 30 questions in three dimensions of competition, cooperation and avoidance. The coach-athlete relationship questionnaire consisted of 11 items and was used in three subscales of commitment, closeness / intimacy and complement / complementarity, and the intimacy and closeness questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software with a confidence level of 0,05. Both the independent variable and the dependent variables were quantitative and continuous and were measured at the distance scale level; hence, the statistical model was multivariate regression. Predictions of the effectiveness of the results and performance of the teams that led to their wins and losses were obtained from the official website of the Basketball Federation. Finally, structural equation modeling was performed using LISREL software. Results: According to Pearson correlation coefficients, it can be said that there is a significant positive relationship between the component of "no coping strategy" related to "conflict management strategies" and "effectiveness". Thus, with the increase of "nonconfrontation strategy" component in the coaches of women's basketball teams, "effectiveness" also increases and with its decrease, "effectiveness" also decreases in the coaches of women's basketball teams. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the "complementary / complementary" component related to "coachplayer interaction" and "effectiveness". Thus, with the increase of "complementary" component in the coaches of women's basketball teams, "effectiveness" also increases and with its decrease, "effectiveness" also decreases in the coaches of women's basketball teams. It can also be argued that no significant relationship was observed between the components of "commitment" and "closeness / intimacy" related to "coach-player interaction" and "effectiveness". Conclusion: The results showed that the model with emphasis on these indicators has a fit and has high efficiency in describing the relationships between variables and explaining the effectiveness variable through the variables of conflict management strategy and coach-player interaction. The experimental results of this dissertation also provide more support for the concept of the use of conflict management strategies using analysis at the team evaluation level. This means that team coaches are close to each other in their general tendencies to deal with team conflicts with effectiveness in understanding management, and the role of avoidance strategy means that coaches understand conflict management. Therefore, the results of this article can be helpful in contemporary and future trends in basketball management factors, and coaches can use conflict management to improve the results and improve the player-coach relationship by guiding effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Emotional schemas make people avoid treatment. Emotional schemas have been related to post-traumatic stress disorder, knowing and treating these schemas can be effective in improving the symptoms of this disorder. On the other hand, psychological issues such as post-traumatic stress at older ages are among the consequences related to traumatic experiences, and these consequences are not limited to negative ones, and according to researches, some stressful situations and suffering They can provide a suitable platform for people's development, and injured people not only return to their previous state, but also reach a higher level of psychological functioning, and this higher level psychological functioning, growth after injury. Post-traumatic growth is characterized by positive psychological changes after coping with challenging life circumstances and has five domains; a) communication with others, which means developing a network of relationships and more intimacy with them; b) new possibilities that indicate the creation of a new path or opportunities; c) Personal strength, which refers to the increase of inner strength and the ability to rely on oneself in difficulties; e) spiritual change, which refers to understanding experiences and strengthening spiritual beliefs; f) Appreciation of life, which means realizing the value of life. There are several intervention approaches to help people with post-traumatic stress disorder and improve their emotional schemas and post-traumatic growth, among which Gestalt therapy has useful and significant effects in treating problems caused by post-traumatic stress disorder. They have the assumption that people have the basic ability to be alert, introspective and reflect, people have the potential freedom of understanding and action and a responsible attitude in relation to others and life in society. Personal growth and fulfillment is possible if the existing potential is not blocked by limiting expectations and norms and this personal growth is supported by the utilitarian resources of others. Based on the background of the research, group gestalt therapy can be used as an independent therapy or along with other treatments to improve symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. It has also been shown that Gestalt therapy is effective for helping teenagers with traumatic experiences, and by combining cognitive-behavioral elements and committed to an interactive and conversational approach, it can help reduce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. But what has not been paid attention to in previous researches is the effectiveness of this treatment method on emotional schemas and posttraumatic growth in girls suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, based on what was said, the research question is, is Gestalt therapy effective on emotional schemas and post-traumatic growth in girls with post-traumatic stress disorder? Methods: In this research, the statistical population of all girls aged 14 to 19 years with post-traumatic stress disorder who referred to the welfare of Boushehr city was 91 in 2019, and by using simple random sampling method, 40 of them were selected and They were replaced in two groups (gestalt therapy test group of 20 people and control group of 20 people). The experimental group underwent Gestalt therapy (10 sessions of 90minutes); But the control group did not receive any Gestalt therapy intervention and remained on the waiting list. Foa et al.'s PTSD scale (1993), Leahy's emotional schemas (2002) and Tedeschi and Calhoun's post-traumatic growth (1996) were used to collect information. The analysis of the information obtained from the implementation of the questionnaires was done through SPSS software version 24 in two descriptive and inferential parts (variance analysis with repeated measurements and Ben-Ferroni post hoc test). Results: The results showed that the above-mentioned treatment had a significant effect on emotional schemas and post-traumatic growth in girls with post-traumatic stress disorder compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that Gestalt therapy can be used as a therapeutic method to reduce emotional schemas and increase posttraumatic growth in girls suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder in medical centers. be taken away It is suggested that similar researches be conducted in other cities and other cultures on girls suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder in other cities as well as male students so that the results of the researches can be compared. Applied research should be conducted with similar topics on the effectiveness of Gestalt therapy on other problems of girls with post-traumatic stress disorder such as aggression, resilience, distress tolerance, anxiety and depression. Conducting research on the comparison of Gestalt therapy with other treatment methods such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, commitment-acceptance therapy, self-compassion therapy, etc., can lead to effective results in improving the problems of girls with post-traumatic stress disorder. have In addition to the use of self-reporting tools, in which the possibility of bias is possible, it is suggested to use other research methods such as interview and observation to measure this variable in order to reduce the biases to a minimum. Considering the prevalence of this disorder and that the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder can have negative psychological, physical and social consequences for girls; Psychological interventions with the Gestalt therapy approach can reduce the severity of these negative consequences, and carrying out this therapeutic intervention with the aim of increasing growth after injury and improving emotional schemas can help the psychological health of these girls, and counselors and clinical psychologists. They can use the results of this research in counseling centers and psychological services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Currently, insurances and their coverage is an important issue for people in society, during which health can progress or decline and help to improve social and economic security and reduce people's concern in accessing health services. Treatment, prevention of poverty due to disease, creation of a healthy and dynamic society and economic growth, etc., ultimately leading to the strengthening of national security. Disclosure of financial information of insurance companies is necessary because if insurance companies do not plan and implement strategies properly and do not review them according to environmental changes, it will lead to bankruptcy. In the area of financial disclosure of insurance companies, leaders must keep their team informed and share information freely, the most important role of a leader in such a system is to set a clear direction, be clear about how to get there and stay on track. The regulation "Reporting and Disclosure of Transparent Financial Information in Insurance Institutions" approved by the Supreme Council of Insurance, is currently the only document requiring the disclosure of information by insurance companies, the entirety of which alone does not meet the needs of this industry. In addition, despite the short time for the approval and implementation of corporate governance in Iran's insurance industry and the lack of full implementation of these regulations, the Central Insurance of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Securities and Exchange Organization and the resistance of commercial insurance companies, which can be a reason for weakness, Whether it is the inadequacy of the notified instructions and the lack of a mature, comprehensive and appropriate model or the lack of executive guarantee for its implementation, we are witnessing the weakness of financial reporting in Iran's insurance industry. One of the performance evaluation indicators of the insurance industry is the insurance penetration rate (dividing the production insurance premium over the GDP), which indicates the effect of the insurance industry on the GDP. This index does not have a good coefficient compared to the region and the world. Therefore, by effectively monitoring and guiding insurance companies through the "reporting transparency model", protecting the rights, assets and capital of shareholders and beneficiaries remains immune from managerial greed. At present, a large part of the structural problems of Iran's joint stock companies can be attributed to such things as the inefficiency of the companies' performance, not respecting the rights of the beneficiaries, the lack of accountability of the board of directors, and the lack of constant monitoring of the companies' performance. Since the health insurance system is the most important tool in providing, maintaining and promoting health, the lack of transparency of the financial information of the health insurance system will cause concern and anxiety in the society and weaken the national security, hence the purpose of this research. The design of the financial reporting transparency model is in the field of health insurance. Transparency is essential as a tool for the growth and development of society, therefore, the correct discovery and identification of factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting from the perspective of different groups can turn financial reports into an important source of reliable information for users. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting in order to introduce the factors affecting the transparency of health insurance financial reporting. Methods: The statistical population consisted of 11 professors familiar with the subject of health insurance and accounting with at least ten years of experience, who were selected purposefully and using the snowball method. Also, in order to collect data, a questionnaire based on the DANP method was used. By reviewing the literature on the transparency of financial reporting and by reviewing the research literature and applying the opinion of expert using the fuzzy Delphi technique in the screening of factors, 54 factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting were identified and identified in 12 groups. Results: The findings showed that the factors affecting the transparency of financial reporting were categorized into 12 groups, which include the establishment of internal control system, meritocracy in the hiring of managers, evaluation of the quality of financial reporting, intra-unit political communication, intra-unit economic communication, transparency of financial reporting., economic development in health insurance, establishment of accounting standards, establishment of accounting rules and requirements, need for transparency of financial reporting, control over financial and operational policies of the company, pressure and competition of the capital market were categorized. The research results showed that the clarification of financial reporting procedures with a weight of 0.0345, the revaluation method in identifying assets with a weight of 0.0311, the existence of rent and political connections of individuals with a weight of 0.0309, and the application of the rules established in the company with a weight of 0.0308 were ranked first to fourth. Conclusion: Therefore, considering the importance of financial reporting transparency in insurance, it is recommended to the insurance organization to consider rewards and benefits for companies with high financial reporting transparency and punishments for companies with low financial reporting transparency, so that companies can improve their position from in terms of financial reporting transparency and appropriate information, they are taking steps. In this way, health insurance can benefit from the quality consequences of proper disclosure (such as optimal allocation of resources in the economy and information efficiency). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today human resources are the most valuable factor of production and the most important capital of any organization and the main resource that generates competitive advantage and creates the basic capabilities of any organization, one of the most important organizational planning is human resources planning. The important factor for the existence of human resources planning is planning to achieve skill, and educational needs and finally improving human resources. The most effective way to achieve a competitive advantage in the current conditions is to make the employees of organizations more efficient by improving them and what is important in the direction of human resources development is that the improvement of human resources is not achieved only with technical and specialized training, but it should be developed in many ways. Payment and this important component will not be possible by applying strategic management in the field of human resources management. Today, the role of resources in every organization is well-defined. Among all the resources of organizations, human resources are the most sensitive and vital resource. The reason for this is the difficult and difficult access to expert human resources when needed. Therefore, the sensitivity of human resources seems important and necessary in today's organizations. Paying attention to human resources and proper management of these resources is important and worthy of attention for the organization. On the other hand, human resource management in hospitals is of great importance; because the performance of all the employees of a medical center has a direct effect on the health of people (patients). If human resources in the health system are directed in the right direction, we can hope to improve other structures of the health system. Considering the above contents and considering the high importance of the performance of hospital personnel on the one hand and the observation of unprofessional behaviors in all hospitals of the country, it is necessary to take more management measures to manage the behavior of this category of employees. According to the review of the relevant literature and records related to the research topic regarding the criticisms of the past programs, it can be concluded that none of the past programs related to the design of behavioral standards of hospital nurses has been fully and comprehensively criticized and reviewed and few criticisms in this The ground has been made. Client satisfaction with the services provided in a health center can be a suitable indicator for measuring the quality of these services, for this reason, the use of behavioral standards is considered very important. Therefore, this research tries to design an interpretive structural model of applying the behavioral standards of young and inexperienced human resources in the country's hospitals (case study: nurses and midwives of Milad Hospital)Methods: The current research is of mixed types (qualitative and quantitative). In the first phase, a qualitative research method was conducted using thematic analysis, and in the second phase, a quantitative method was conducted based on interpretive structural modeling. The statistical population in both qualitative and quantitative sections, due to the expert-centeredness of the interpretive structural modeling approach, formed experts, who included long-term managers of Milad Hospital. The purposeful sampling method was of a criterion type (the criterion of having more than 10 years of experience) until reaching theoretical saturation. The number of samples included 24 people. The sampling method in the quantitative part, due to the expert-oriented approach of interpretive structural modeling, the experts was in the qualitative part (N=15). The measurement tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the data were confirmed. Results: The results showed that 5 main themes of effective factors in the application of behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals have been identified. Individual and management are placed in the linked cluster, that is, they influence other factors and are influenced by other factors; Legal and social-cultural are located in the independent cluster, which means that it has a great influence on other factors and other factors have little influence on it, and organizational, occupational and communication are located in the dependent cluster, which means that they are affected by other factors and have little influence on other factors. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, individual and managerial factors have been identified among the main factors affecting the application of behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals. In this regard, individual factors such as people's belief in ethical principles and appropriate behavior, personality characteristics of human resources, the degree of adherence to behavioral principles, individual characteristics (age, sex, education, marital status), the legality of hospital human resources, lifestyle and the amount Income and living conditions of human resources and management factors such as management style of managers, the leadership style of managers, use of management techniques by managers, development of a strategic plan for the development of behavioral standards, degree of adherence to behavioral standards of managers from the dimensions of designing an interpretive structural model of applying behavioral standards of human resources. It is the country's hospital. In terms of individual and managerial dimensions, there are two dimensions affecting organizational behavior that can help to improve behavior in the organization. In total, the main variables of the factors affecting the application of the behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals were identified and extracted based on the thematic analysis technique, and the classification of primary concepts into sub-concepts and main concepts is observed; Therefore, finally, the data obtained from the theme analysis method and the theme network formation show that the factors affecting the application of the behavioral standards of human resources in the country's hospitals have 7 main themes and 36 concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The family, as the founder of the personality, identity, values and intellectual standards of children and the place of learning the culture, norms, values and gender roles that exist in societies (2). In fact, given the importance of early moral development, children learn responsibility from their parents and learn to take responsibility for the consequences of their actions (3). Research has shown that families affect cognitive and emotional development through their relationship (6). Also, among human skills, none may be as important and effective as beliefs about self-efficacy defined as individuals' beliefs about their ability to control life-changing events (12). The tasks that human beings face throughout their lives are very wide and varied; As a result, the self-efficacy feature can be used and examined in specific spectrums. When a person has self-efficacy in situations in his life, he can experience more responsibility as a result (14). Other research in this field has shown that self-esteem affects interpersonal communication and responsible behaviors, social communication, and constructive thinking skills. Emotional development can follow a family communication pattern (15). In other words, emotion regulation can also affect human behaviors, such as responsibility. In this context, it has been shown that training emotion regulation skills can be considered as part of programs that create and increase responsibility (19). In addition, it has been found that a person who can control emotions and feelings experiences more responsibility (20). Based on the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question that what role does the family communication model play in adolescents 'responsibility with mediating the role of students' self-efficacy and emotional regulation? Methods: This research was a correlation in the form of structural equation model. To conduct this research, 352 students (163 boys and 189 girls) were selected from the second year high school students in Shiraz in the academic year 2010-2011 using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Were selected as a sample. The method of conducting the research was that the researcher first referred to the education and training of Shiraz city and after explaining the purpose of the research and the satisfaction of the officials and with a referral letter in hand, referred to the schools and questionnaires of communication patterns of Koerner family and Fitz Patrick (2002) distributed and collected the self-efficacy of Scherer et al. (1982), the Grosso John (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire, and Soroush (2011). Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Kalmogorov-Smirnov test and structural equations using SPSS-23 and AMOS-22 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the relationships between many exogenous, mediating and endogenous variables are positively and negatively significant. And the range of correlation coefficients between all studied variables is from -0.001 to 0.86. In addition, the relationships between the research variables were significant at the level of 0.01 and 0.05. Another finding showed that dialogue affects responsibility through self-efficacy (p = 0.02, β = 0.32) and cognitive reassessment (p = 0.01, β = 0.18). . Also, compliance through cognitive reassessment affects responsibility (β = 0.06, p = 0.05). However, suppression between dialogue (p = 0.92, β = 0.0001) and compliance (β = 0.04, p = 0.10) does not have a significant mediating role on responsibility. Self-efficacy and cognitive reassessment are significant between the relationship between dialogue orientation and family compliance orientation and responsibility. On the other hand, it was found that the direct and indirect path (self-efficacy and cognitive re-evaluation) of dialogue to responsibility and the indirect path of compliance (cognitive re-evaluation) to responsibility are significant. Also, the coefficient of determination of responsibility (R2 = 0.46) is higher than the coefficient of determination of self-efficacy (R2 = 0.10), cognitive re-evaluation (R2 = 0.13) and repression (R2 = 0.7). Finally, the results showed that the self-efficacy prediction based on dialogue was approved and the compliance prediction based on self-efficacy was rejected. Also, the prediction of cognitive reassessment based on dialogue and compliance was confirmed. But in the field of repression, only conformity could predict repression, and dialogue could not predict repression. The liability prediction was approved based on dialogue and Conformity was not able to predict liability. The prediction of responsibility based on self-efficacy and the prediction of responsibility based on cognitive reassessment were confirmed. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed in the context of predicting liability based on suppression. On the other hand, it was found that self-efficacy between dialogue orientation and mediation responsibility is significant. However, self-efficacy is not significant between compliance orientation and mediation responsibility, and also, it was found that only cognitive reassessment between dialogue and compliance with mediation responsibility is significant. Conclusion: In the explanation of the present research, it can be stated that in the direction of dialogue, the person in the family can express his / her opinions, hear the arguments of family members and present appropriate arguments himself / herself, and skills Achieves a variety of topics such as problem solving, effective communication, emotion control and management; Because the individual is influential in important family decisions and has gained the necessary independence (22). These provide the basis for the development of abilities and belief in them, and thus verbal persuasion creates a source of self-efficacy (31). Also, when a person has a conversation in the family environment, he / she can get acquainted with different opinions according to the arguments that are put forward in the family environment on various issues (5); And he can use adaptive strategies to regulate his emotions and learn different cognitive skills. As a result, he knows that his thoughts, emotions and behaviors are under his control and he can look at events from different angles and perceive them (26). This confirms that external situations do not affect the individual, but it is his thoughts that create behavioral and emotional consequences (32). Also in the direction of conformity, the individual tries to avoid conflict and to experience mutual dependence with the family. In this regard, the cohesion of the family is high and the family has a hierarchy and emphasizes the relationships within the family and the interests of the family are paramount (5). All of these, especially the emphasis on matching one's views with others and emphasizing the interests and values of the family, can provide the basis for understanding phenomena and events from different perspectives. Can use cognitive reassessment strategy. When adolescents use this strategy, they can eventually experience responsibility (5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Sometimes referred to as mental methods of measuring quality of life, life satisfaction is a multilevel structure that relates to the overall assessment of life areas such as health, capital, occupation, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships [2]. Leisure and the way it is spent one of the recent concepts that after the industrialization of societies, the growth of capitalism and the expansion of cities found its true meaning [6]. In order to examine the benefits of leisure, various studies have placed great emphasis on individuals' mental assessments of their leisure time in the literature. This emphasis was more on the concept of perceived freedom in leisure, which was used to measure the performance of tasks (tasks) of people during leisure. Perceived freedom has been one of the most important aspects of understanding leisure behaviors. Self-esteem was another structure that was examined in this study, based on its close relationship with the perception of leisure freedom and life satisfaction [9]. Self-esteem is related to a positive or negative attitude towards oneself and reflects one's feelings of self-worth. This factor seems to be important for a successful and satisfying life, as one of the main characteristics of being good (being healthy) [2]. Also, another variable that has been studied in accordance with the variables of this research is psychological well-being. Reef sees psychological well-being as the pursuit of perfection in the realization of one's true potential. Psychological well-being refers to the quality of life experienced and reflects desirable psychological performance and experience [11]. Exercise and physical activity are extremely valuable tools as one of the ways to spend leisure time, which today is the largest part of the leisure time of millions of people around the world. Rati and Lee (2020) state that psychological well-being has an effect on life satisfaction [18]. Liang et al. (2020) believe that selfesteem has an effect on life satisfaction [19]. But Agiar (2014) in a study examined perceived freedom and leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction among Turkish women and showed that perceived freedom in leisure time did not affect life satisfaction, although psychological, social subscales, Physiologically and aesthetically, leisure satisfaction was significantly associated with participants' life satisfaction [23]. In expressing the necessity of research, it can be said that considering the importance of self-esteem, perceived leisure freedom, psychological well-being in the lives of people, including students, and the effects that these factors can have on people's life satisfaction, the result of this research is It can pave the way for discovering some factors affecting students' life satisfaction and provide a more logical justification for promoting attention to the mentioned factors and indicators among students and in society in general, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the communication model of perceived freedom in sports leisure, self-esteem, psychological well-being and life satisfaction among students. Methods: The research was Quantitative method and descriptive in terms of implementation path, survey type based on structural equations. The statistical population of the present study is all physical education and non-physical education students of Azad University located in Tehran in research sciences units; Medical Sciences Branch, Central Tehran Branch, North Tehran Branch, East Tehran Branch, West Tehran Branch and South Tehran Branch, which consisted of 373 people according to Morgan table and unlimited population size based on cluster random sampling method Sample titles were selected from each unit. Reef (1989) Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, Ellis, Peter & Witt (1984), Rosenberg (1965) and Denise (1985) Life Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient test and structural equations were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS software. Results: According to the results of Pearson correlation test, there is a significant positive relationship between the variables of perceived freedom in sports leisure, psychological well-being, self-esteem and life satisfaction. Also, based on fitness indicators (GFI, CFI, RMSEA) and other fitness indicators (CFI, NFI, IFI), the communication model of perceived freedom in sports leisure, self-esteem, psychological well-being and life satisfaction has had a favorable fit. The results showed that perceived freedom in sports leisure on psychological well-being and life satisfaction; Self-esteem has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and life satisfaction and psychological well-being on life satisfaction of physical education students. Conclusion: According to the research findings, there is a significant positive relationship between perceived freedom in sports leisure and psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The results of the model also showed that perceived freedom in sports leisure has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and life satisfaction of physical education students. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research [2, 17, 18, 23, 28]. It could be argued that students who perceived higher levels of freedom identified themselves as more deserving individuals and were able to control what happened before, during, and after participation in their spare time. In contrast, those who perceived lower levels of leisure freedom (with less perception of leisure freedom) were subjected to a learned misery and helplessness that led to a different end of the chain (hierarchy) in White's perception of leisure freedom. Thus, lower levels of perceived freedom were likely to lead to lower levels of leisure participation. This ultimately leads to the loss of a variety of benefits from leisure participation such as positive mental and physical health and greater physiological (mental) health, self-esteem, psychological well-being, happiness and higher social interaction, especially in the case of university students, which are the main objectives of this study. Having a strong will and self-esteem, decision-making power and initiative, creativity and innovation, mental health and mental health has a direct relationship with the amount and manner of self-esteem and self-esteem, which causes a person to have higher life satisfaction and psychological well-being. Based on studies on intrinsic motivation, they propose an autonomous model of well-being. This model assumes that there are three universal psychological needs: independence, competence, and dependence; Satisfaction of these needs is a predictive tool for wellbeing [31]. It can be said that according to the welfare autonomy model, the effect of selfacceptance, collective feeling and dependence is positively related to self-fulfillment and vitality and life satisfaction of individuals and at the same time, it is negatively related to behavioral problems. For example, students are happier during the day when they engage in activities based on innate beliefs. In addition, moving toward intrinsic goals is positively associated with increased life satisfaction among students. Explaining the results, it can be said that participation in entertainment, recreational and physical leisure activities can have positive effects on the life and psychological characteristics of physical education students such as life satisfaction, self-esteem and psychological well-being. According to the results, the need to increase the level of awareness and attitude and engage in leisure activities along with sports activities can increase life satisfaction and mental wellbeing of physical education students, which is done by holding training classes and evaluating leisure programs. It can be effective and useful. It is suggested that information about better life satisfaction, self-esteem and mental well-being of physical education students be made public through mass media such as radio, television, magazines, etc. to encourage the public to participate in sports. Provide. Supporting leisure sports activities should be one of the basic principles in a leisure program. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of standard tools in the field of perceived freedom in sports leisure and also little research on this variable in the country. On the other hand, the present study is limited to all physical education students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. Therefore, generalization of results should be done with caution. It is suggested that information about the better life satisfaction, self-esteem and psychological well-being of physical education students be made public through mass media such as radio, television, magazines, etc. to encourage the public to participate in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Obtaining informed consent (IC) is essential for any diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. Objective IC is an important legal communication process between the patient and the physician. Methods In 2021, this cross-sectional study was performed in Alzahra Hospital. Eligible patients over the age of 18 years, who were candidates for elective gynecological surgeries under SA enrolled in the survey. A questionnaire containing demographic data and 20 specific questions divided into 4 areas (providing information, comprehensibility of the consent form, voluntary informed consent, and communication with the doctor), was completed via a direct interview. Results The data from 259 eligible patients were analyzed. In terms of providing information to the patient, comprehensibility of the consent form, and the voluntary obtaining consent were in poor condition. However, in terms of communication with the physician, 46.3% of the patients were in a good state and 20.1% were in an excellent state. A significant relationship was also observed between the level of education and the quality of obtaining IC (P=0.034). Conclusion It was concluded that the IC process was not acceptable in this academic center, and efforts should be made to improve the current conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: This study aims to identify the effective components on professional competencies of faculty members in a distance education platform.Today universities compete in multi-dimensional markets (national and international student, research, enterprise) they are required to maintain solvency and comply with benchmarks and legal frameworks, to produce high quality research work, keep student consumers happy, produce good graduates—the list of imperatives grows. Since the role of higher education is decisive in economic, social, technological and cultural development of the country and the specialized manpower required by different sectors are trained by higher education. Therefore, the strengthening and development of higher education is the basis for the development of other sectors. Among these, one of the main and important factors of the country education system are faculty members. So, their ability and competencies have a direct impact on the performance of higher education. New missions in the university system and understanding the multi-semantic concept of the university have always been the necessity of paying attention to the subject of faculty members by policy makers and higher education managers. Therefore, the reaction of universities to the issue of faculty members' competencies as one of the main assets of the university has always become an attractive and significant subject in academic circles, so that over time universities and higher education institutions have found that they need programs that essentially help them in managing, developing and improving this capital. This attention comes at a time when confrontation with the developing global economy, global communication through new technologies and systems, the growth of higher education costs, the emergence of new knowledge and research capabilities, the rise of global education and literacy, and the emergence of trans-competitiveness in the fields of higher education have made it inevitable to increase organizational efficiency for universities and higher education centers. Experts believe that faculty members' quality and competence level is one of the important factors in students' success. Therefore, lack of necessary skills and competencies by professors can affect the faculty members and students' performance. Given the importance of the subject over the past decade, the study of faculty members' competencies, especially at the graduate level, has been considered by many researchers in the field of education, teaching and professional development. The importance of this issue is that the students' fate depends on their professors and their level of competence in various fields. Competencies refer to a person's knowledge, skills, abilities, or personality traits that directly affect his or her job performance. The concept of competency has a long history in the field of management and is more applicable to leaders and managers. Competency is a combination of explicit and implicit knowledge, behavior, and skills that give individuals the potential and capacity to perform tasks effectively. The current situation of the country's universities, which with the increasing demand for higher education and increasing degree of degree, along with the increasing tendency of the private and semi-private sector to establish universities and higher education institutions, often of poor quality, can have a negative impact on university faculty performance. Criticisms such as the reduction of quality, the incompatibility of university output with the needs of the labor market, business and the sacrifice of education and research, have targeted these organizations with severe criticism that the lack of attention to it at the micro level, A number of undocumented and unqualified citizens want to occupy top positions at the macro level and will slow down the process of moving towards sustainable development. What are the qualifications of faculty members to affect the development of the distance education system and how vital and sensitive the contribution of each factor is an issue that will be studied in the present study. Currently, one of the most important challenges facing Iran's higher education is the little and brief development of faculty members of universities. The present study seeks to identify the components affecting the professional competencies of faculty members in the context of distance education in order to consider them in policy making and planning to improve the quality of human resource development. Methods: The research design is descriptive survey. The qualitative section was used to deduce the model. In the quantitative stage, the Delphi method based on experts’ judgement was used to indexing the model. The statistical population (N=190) in this research was the faculty members of Payam Noor University of Khorasan Razavi who were selected and navigated based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table of determining sample size (N=120). The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that was edited and modified in several stages. The validity of the questionnaire was measured through construct validity and its reliability was calculated through Chorenbach α (94%) Obtained. Based on literature and research history, the components were identified. The identified and effective components on professional competencies of faculty members including knowledge, skills, behavior, attitudes and sub-factors are relevant to each factor.In this paper, recent articles, theses and sources were studied and 120 items related to the professional competencies of faculty members, were extracted and given to the experts in the first stage. Out of this number, 20 items with standard deviations above one and below average were removed based on analysis.In the second stage, the items were examined for re-examination in the form of a questionnaire by 15 experts. In the second stage, 93 items, out of 110, were finally approved. The professional competency questionnaire of the faculty members has construct validity based on the experts’ view and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined to be 0.943. Results: To find the effective fundamental variables which affect e-learning, the Delphi method was used. The effectiveness of knowledge factor (0.314), skill factor (0.219), behavior factor (0.125) and attitude factor (0.255) were obtained. In this study, knowledge factor with specific value (6.66) and explained variance (12.40) had the highest share among factors affecting faculty members' competencies. Cultural knowledge with factor load (0.80), computer literacy with factor load (0.78), information literacy with factor load (0.75) and job knowledge with factor load (0.70) are the most effective variables of knowledge factor, respectively. According to the obtained results, it can be stated that the highest value is related to knowledge dimension and the lowest value is related to behavior dimension. Conclusion: The value of human resources capital in the development and use of main competencies and capabilities cannot be underestimated. For maintaining and following developments in human resources’ tasks and functions, experts in human resource must acquire and develop a new set of competencies to complete their changing roles and responsibilities. Developing learning culture, improving communication channels, developing team skills and creating an organizational climate combined with meaningful feeling, competence, independence, trust and participation can play an important role in promoting faculty members' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the important goals of development programs in any country is to reduce social harms, and achieving this goal requires recognizing the effective factors that cause it in society. Nowadays, researchers consider social capital as one of the underlying and effective factors in social health and reducing risk in society .Students in a society constitute a large segment of the active population of a country, which various factors such as internal stimuli and external stressors, can endanger their social and mental health and are exposed to various social harms. And put at risk . Many efforts have been made in countries around the world to identify environmental and individual factors that predispose to risk. Among these efforts, attention to the social dimension is possible. Social capital is the result of the "social capital" of health, which is the study of phenomena such as mutual trust, social interaction, social groups, a sense of collective identity, a sense of a shared vision of the future and teamwork with effective interpersonal and group interactions. It can provide risk prevention and many social harms such as violence, drug use, alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors. Studies have shown that youth and adolescents' access to social capital can reduce social and behavioral problems, so by providing the basis for social interaction, social skills and teamwork can reduce the rate of social harm and risk. They provided opportunities for academic advancement and health promotion. The purpose of this study was to present a model of social capital communication model and high-risk behaviors of social identity in students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. n terms of applied purpose, the present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method because no manipulation has been done on variables and factors and based on the research approach, it is small. The statistical population of the present study will be selected from all students studying medicine in Kermanshah (2000 people in total) in the academic year 1399-1398 using Morgan table and available sampling method of 322 people to compensate for the possibility of falling sample size. 350 people were considered who will eventually be removed after completing the questionnaires by the volunteers of the distorted questionnaire and the relevant data of 322 people were analyzed. To measure high-risk behaviors, the High-Risk Behaviors Scale (YRBSS) was used. The adaptation of the High Disease Behavior Questionnaire of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was designed and developed in 2010 (15). The reliability of the high-risk behaviors questionnaire by Brenner et al. (2002, quoted by Mohammadi, Refahi and Samani, 2013) was evaluated through a test-retest and the results of the items ranged from 14.5 to 91.1 kappa. (1998) has three structural, communication and cognitive dimensions that examine the seven subscales of networks, trust, cooperation, mutual understanding, relationships, values, and commitment, and are arranged in 28 items based on a five-scale scale. Likert (I strongly agree = 5, I agree = 4, I have no opinion = 3, I disagree = 2 and I strongly disagree = 1). The reliability coefficient of this questionnaire in Sardari, Silavio Silavi (2016) research was 0.89 (16) and the Ethical Identity Questionnaire is a self-report scale that was developed and validated by Ako Bino and Reid (2002) and has two subscales of internalization from questions 1 to 5. (The degree to which moral identity is centralized in the individual's self-concept) and symbolism from questions 6 to 10 (the degree to which each subject shows moral identity in their appearance) (17). The answer to this questionnaire is in the range of 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly agree) in each of the questions. The scoring of two items 4 and 7 is done in reverse. First, the person is asked to pay attention to the moral traits written at the top of the questionnaire, and then 10 questions about these traits are asked of the subjects to determine the extent to which these traits are important to the person. Cronbach reported these two dimensions as 0.77 and 0.76, respectively. Results: In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics indicators (frequency, mean, standard deviation, graphs) and inferential statistics were used. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the research instrument, Cronbach's alpha statistical methods and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, skewness and elongation indices, and path analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to perform these tests. The results of the present study showed that moral identity and social capital have a significant effect on high-risk behaviors of students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Conclusion: Laying the groundwork for improving and increasing the social capital of young people both at the family level and at the community level by increasing the sense of social trust, social solidarity, social awareness, providing the necessary social support and youth participation in social and cultural affairs. It seems that according to the theories and backgrounds and the results of the present study, the existence of a significant amount of social capital facilitates social actions and paves the way for achieving certain goals and Subsequently, it can act as a shield against social problems and harms, such as the occurrence of risky behaviors of young people. Universities and institutions of higher education should design and implement special training courses or classes in the form of extracurricular activities in order to educate and familiarize students with the field of social identity and social capital and high-risk behaviors with its constituent components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the most important skills in preschool is social skills. In other words, social skills are concerned with empathy, self-efficacy, responsibility and social interaction, psychological adjustment, effective communication with others, and individual abilities. It is very important to learn social skills in childhood. By strengthening social skills in this period, we can see the strengthening of educational status, communication and language and verbal skills of children. Gersham et al. (2011) consider the dimensions of social skills including empathy, cooperation and interaction, assertiveness and self-control and psychological adjustment, effective communication with others, and individual abilities. Lynch and Simpson (2010) also identified important elements of social skills including empathy, participation in group activities, helping each other, communicating with others, and problem solving. One of the effective factors on strengthening children's social skills is play. Maria Montessori (1909) considers play to be a great school in which the child is educated and his physical, mental and social strength develops and he is prepared to live in any way. Below the game, there are 3 educational games. Educational game includes a set of organized educational activities in the form of individual and group games that pursue a specific educational goal. During games, children gain access to new mental concepts and acquire more and better skills. With the help of the game, they get acquainted with different colors, different shapes and different directions and gain valuable experiences. During the game, the learning materials are learned without pressure and with desire. The purpose of the present research was to determine the impact of educational games on the development of social skills on the preschool children in the city of Tehran. Regarding the necessity of the present issue, it can be said that research on the effect of play therapy on children with behavioral disorders shows a positive effect and improvement of children's skills problems and is used in almost all diagnostic classes. Research conducted in Iran on the effect of play therapy on maladapted children shows positive results. But special research in preschool is relatively small and has created a research gap. Therefore, conducting the present study on preschool children seems to be able to add to the existing set of knowledge. According to the above, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of therapeutic games on mental adjustment, effective communication with others and individual abilities of preschool children in Tehran. Methods: The present study was an applied research in terms of purpose and a semi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all preschool children of the district 6 of the city of Tehran in the school year of 2018-2019, among which 30 students were selected through purposive and random sampling (n=30). The students were divided into 2 groups of 15, i.e. a control group and an experimental group (n=15 in each). The data were collected through the Social Skills Questionnaire by Akers (1992). The participants in the experimental group received a package of educational games for 10 sessions and 25 minutes per session. The control group received no games. The data were analyzed through the analysis of multi-variable covariance using SPSS24 software. Results: The results of the covariance analysis test indicated that in these two groups, i.e. control and experimental, there were significant relationship among the variables of the effective communication (P<0.001, F=134.2), cooperation (P<0.001, F=69.8), individual abilities (P<0.001, F=159.4). Besides, the control variable (pre-test) had a significant impact on all four variables. Conclusion: it can be concluded that the educational games can have a positive impact on developing social skills of the preschool children. Therefore, in the education program of this age group this issue must be taking into consideration by the planning authorities in the macrolevel and by the teachers in the micro level. As shown, educational games have a significant effect on mental adjustment, effective communication with others and individual abilities of preschool children; However, in terms of the generalizability of the results, the present study has limitations such as limited educational sessions and differences in the family, economic and social problems of the subjects, lack of control over some intervening variables, lack of confidence in the use of all instructional methods. Therefore, it is suggested that other studies be conducted in the provinces of the country to get a clearer picture of the use of educational games in psychological adjustment, effective communication with others and individual abilities. The present study focused on the preschool level and the effect of using educational games on learning different subjects and the skills and social development of primary school students should be studied in other elementary grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the areas that has undergone change in Iran is childbearing. Statistical data show a decrease in the fertility rate in the last few decades; To the extent that in recent years the number of children of a mother is less than the required index in replacing generations (1/2 children) (1). This downward change in fertility rate indicates a change in the fertility of Iranian families and their desire for one child. On the other hand, having one child is the result of any factor or factors, creating a fundamental change not only in the demographic structure and socialization of the family, but also in various aspects of school performance and all aspects of the individual's personality in the future. There are many treatments for psychological disorders today. Each of these therapies may be stronger and more specialized than the other. Third wave therapies focus more on families and proper communication, because human beings are social beings and the type of communication style they have with others has a great impact on their mental health and that of their families (3). Among the important therapies for the component of marital satisfaction in families, especially mothers, is the Boeing therapy and the new ACT therapy, which largely complements cognitive-behavioral therapy. These treatments can increase family cohesion and raise children properly. Among these therapeutic interventions is Bowen's treatment, whose approach is family therapy. Bowen's family therapy approach deals with the family as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that must be analyzed from a different context or historical perspective to better understand it. Bowen believes that the whole family system is an emotional unit that cannot be separated from each other or successfully (5). In other words, the foundation of this theory is based on the concept of separation. Bowen family therapists believe that all the problems in family functioning, including marital dissatisfaction in the couple, which has a negative effect on the children and causes emotional divorce, arise from inappropriate family systems. Accordingly, the main goal of Bowen's therapies is to reduce chronic anxiety by being aware of the family's emotional system, focusing on changing oneself rather than trying to change others (6). On the other hand, ACT therapy is rooted in a philosophical theory called functional contextualism and is based on a research program on language and cognition called the theory of the framework of mental relationships (7). Despite the many studies on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on anxiety, depression, heart disease, marital conflict, marital satisfaction and many more; However, no research has been conducted on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on cognitive emotion regulation; Research has also been conducted on other variables in the field of Boeing family therapy; But so far little research has been done on marital satisfaction. Therefore, considering the significant effects of cognitive emotion regulation on many aspects of a person's development and interpersonal relationships, the need for such research and the application of its results is clearly understood. In order to compare the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on differentiation, the following hypotheses are proposed. Methods: This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method and using a pretest-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The independent variables of the study were Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment method and the dependent variable was marital satisfaction. The dependent variable scale was collected in two stages: pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study was all single mothers of preschool children in Kermanshah in the spring of 1399. The sampling method was simple by using random sampling and assignment. Forty-five mothers of preschool children were randomly selected and due to the prevalence of coronary heart disease in online sessions, intervention sessions were held for them through online sessions. The subjects' marital satisfaction scale was measured using the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for every 45 people (pre-test). Then, by simple random sampling, individuals were assigned to three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental group members separately participated in eight 1.5-hour weekly sessions of the Boeing Family Therapy and ACT, conducted by a trained therapist, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Meetings were held at Setareh Preschool Center on a weekly basis for two months. Participants in the sessions expressed their willingness to cooperate to receive intervention and participate in the research. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: The Benferoni post hoc test is performed to compare between the control group, ACT and Bowen. As can be seen in Table 5, there is no significant difference in marital satisfaction scores between the ACT and Bowen groups, and therefore Bowen-based therapy and ACT-based therapy have the same effect on marital satisfaction. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on cognitive emotion regulation of single mothers in preschool centers in Kermanshah. Stable and meaningful. Also, Bonferroni post hoc test showed that due to the differences in the comparison of these two interventional methods, the effectiveness of Buenie family therapy and ACT treatment on marital satisfaction is the same. The findings of the present study on the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy interventions on marital satisfaction are not unexpected and are consistent with the results of a large number of previous studies. The results showed that there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores in the Boeing family therapy method and the ACT method on marital satisfaction. Couples in Buenos Aires believe that the phenomenon of marriage requires a high degree of adaptability. None of the couples feel safe and caring if there is no normal and acceptable level of adaptation in the marriage. In addition, marital intimacy requires a strong sense of self-awareness and self-differentiation. Couples with low levels of differentiation and high fusion are not able to understand their desires in the relationship, therefore, this process has a negative effect on their life satisfaction, when these couples with factors the change of role that reduces satisfaction, they face, they feel failure. Couples who are able to accredit themselves instead of seeking approval have a better working spirit in marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Intimacy is one of the most basic elements in a couple's relationship. Intimacy is a dynamic concept in human relationships, especially in marital relationships, which means openness and non-inhibition in relationships and the closeness of two or more people in various emotional, logical and functional dimensions. Couples who experience a higher degree of intimacy, apart from socioeconomic status, report significantly fewer adjustment problems in their marital relationship (1). Given the importance of intimacy, identifying effective intervention and educational approaches to increase couple intimacy to improve couple relationships will be very useful. One of these approaches is motivational interviewing, which is a combination of principles and techniques derived from a very wide range of models of psychotherapy and behavior change (4). In addition, given that many marital problems have emotional roots, the recent approach to meta-diagnostic treatment to resolve couples' problems has come into focus; Because this treatment emphasizes emotions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, emotional experience and response to emotion is the main basis in the meta-diagnostic approach (12). But it is not clear which intervention is more effective. On the other hand, it is not clear whether these interventions affect intimacy or not, and which intervention is more effective is also in a state of ambiguity. Methods: In order to conduct applied and quasi-experimental research with pre-test and posttest design, from couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord in 1399-1400 (1250 couples), by purposive sampling method and provided entry conditions For the study (with at least a third grade of middle school, age range 25 to 45 years, no disabling physical or mental illness) 60 couples were selected and randomly divided into three groups of motivational interview, meta-diagnostic treatment and witness. Before, immediately after and 45-day follow-up, the subjects completed the Wonden Brook and Bertman (1995) intimacy questionnaire, and the experimental groups each received 8 sessions of 90-minute intervention. Finally, from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Kalmogorov-Smirnov tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 25 at a significance level of 0.05 for statistical analysis of data used. Results: The results showed that the meta-diagnostic therapy group and motivational interviewing could lead to a change in the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. In order to be effective, the meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview therapy group was able to increase the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, interest and love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. On the other hand, it was found that there were no significant changes between the pre-test scores. The results showed that the mean scores of the couple's intimacy variable, regardless of the effect of grouping, changed significantly during the post-test and follow-up stages, which is a significant difference compared to the pre-test (p = 0.001). On the other hand, it was found that the variable of grouping (post-diagnostic treatment group therapy) regardless of stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) had a significant effect on the intimacy variable of couples. This means that meta-diagnostic treatment was a significant effect compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Finally, the results indicate that meta-diagnostic treatment with the interaction of stages also had a significant effect on the test stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) of the couple intimacy variable (p = 0.001). The results of post hoc test (Table 3) show that the difference between the mean scores of pretest and post-test is significant by following the variable of couple intimacy. However, there is no significant difference between the mean of the post-test and the follow-up of this variable. This means that the mean scores of couples intimacy in the follow-up phase did not change significantly compared to the post-test, but due to the lack of follow-up scores compared to the post-test and a significant change in follow-up scores compared to the pre-test shows that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment on intimacy over time Preserved. On the other hand, it was found that the difference between the mean scores of intimate couples in the experimental group of meta-diagnostic therapy and the experimental group of motivational interviews was not significant and this finding means that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviews on the intimacy of couples was not significant. However, the difference between the experimental groups (meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview) with the control group was significant. In a summary, it can be stated as follows: Transdiagnostic treatment intervention and motivational interview have a significant effect on the level of intimacy of couples; However, the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviewing on the level of intimacy of couples are not significantly different (Table 4). Conclusion: In explaining the effectiveness of motivational interview on couples intimacy, it should be noted that the therapist's goal in motivational interview is to create a safe environment to express problems and then, strengthen the desire to change to improve relationships in the client, which leads to increased intrinsic motivation. . Since intimacy is a feature that is not a fixed feature and changes when the couple is faced with stressful situations. Therefore, motivational interviewing, by increasing the couple's inner motivation to maintain intimacy in difficult life situations, causes the couple to communicate with each other emotionally (increase interest), then plan with interest to improve their relationship (reduce boredom) and from this Satisfy and enjoy your action (increase intimacy) (9). In explaining this finding, it may be pointed out that couples are more likely to not be able to use positive emotions effectively in times of conflict, and on the contrary, they have a lot of negative emotions, which causes other problems such as negative perception. Concerns about their relationship with their spouse and improper marital functioning become a reason for their intimacy to be disrupted. However, emotional awareness training in meta-diagnostic therapy makes them aware of the existence of negative emotions and their negative impact on themselves, or try to recover emotions in different situations to keep the emotion healthy, and thus, the rate of marital problems is reduced and in The result is marital intimacy (14). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Some people who have taken on responsibilities in societies are not responsive to the needs and well-being of others and only consider personal gain and loss. According to this, when a person is responsive to the needs and well-being of others, a value can be called responsibility (1). Therefore, cultivating the value of responsibility in societies can be seen in the life and evolution of human beings.When a person can determine and regulate his thoughts, feelings and behavior and is responsible for his choices and their personal and social consequences, we can name the structure of responsibility (1, 2). As it turns out, the key element of accountability is accountability for choices and the consequences of choices, meaning that one is aware that one's choices belong to oneself (1).In order to create responsibility, it is necessary to pay special attention to educational situations and conditions and certain cognitive and social processes that affect its creation. In the following, various researches are pointed out to determine the characteristics and effective situations in the field of responsibility.As we have seen, it can be inferred that the kind of attitude and relationship that parents have with their children can be effective in their responsibility. Family communication in the family environment is considered in the form of family communication patterns. Family communication patterns; It includes two dimensions, dialogue orientation and compliance orientation (11, 12).A review of the research literature has shown that teaching emotion regulation skills may be part of programs to create and increase responsibility. Emotional knowledge helps regulate emotion. With this in mind, individuals need to develop competencies related to this level in order to apply its knowledge in practice. The ability to regulate emotion helps maintain mood and strategies to improve mood (17). On the other hand, emotion regulation plays an important role in the continuity and health of social relationships (18). Methods: The statistical population of the present study included high school students in Shiraz who were studying in 2010-2011. The sample size includes 352 (163 boys and 189 girls). Participants were selected using a multi-stage random cluster method.In order to collect information about the research variables, three tools of Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire of Koerner & Fitzpatrick(2002) (12), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Gross and John (2003) (23) and Accountability Questionnaire of Soroush (1390) (24) were used. Results: As it turned out, dialogue through cognitive reassessment has a significant effect on responsibility (β = 0.16, p = 0.02). In addition, it was found that compliance with cognitive reassessment has a significant effect on responsibility (β = 0.05, p = 0.006). Also, The direct and indirect path of dialogue (mediated by cognitive reassessment) to responsibility and the indirect path of conformity (mediated by cognitive reassessment) to responsibility became significant. Also, it has been found that the coefficient of determining responsibility (R2 = 0.46) is higher than cognitive reassessment (R2 = 0.13) and repression (R2 = 0.07). Eventually, the indicators before modifying the model showed that the model did not have a good fit at first. After making corrections and removing the proposed non-significant paths from the model, the model fits. Conclusion: In the direction of dialogue, the person in his family is able to express his opinions, listen to the arguments of family members and make appropriate arguments himself, using various skills to pursue these topics such as problem solving, effective communication, Gain control of emotions and manage them; Because the individual influences important family decisions and gains the necessary independence. Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) also believe that when a person is engaged in dialogue in his family environment, they are able to get acquainted with different opinions according to the arguments that are raised in the family environment in the field of various issues. Also, when there is a warm and friendly atmosphere in the family; One is able to use adaptive strategies to regulate one's emotions and is able to learn a variety of cognitive skills (12). Therefore, one can learn the strategy of cognitive reassessment following this communication style in the family and use it in other situations and situations. When a person uses this strategy in different situations and situations, he believes that his thoughts, emotions and behaviors are under his control and he can look at events from different aspects and perceive them. (23). This confirms that external situations do not affect a person, but it is his thoughts that create behavioral and emotional consequences, in other words, his choices and choices that cause different consequences. . This improves a person's responsibility to others and to himself. Because its main pillar, ie free choice, has taken place (3). Compliance orientation can also pave the way for cognitive reassessment and ultimately increase accountability. It should be noted that according to the results, the calculated indirect effect is very low. However, this effect was calculated to be significant. In the explanation, we need to pay attention to the features of compliance; In the direction of conformity, the person experiences high similarity of attitudes, values and beliefs; It tries to avoid conflicts and debates and to experience mutual dependence with the family. In this orientation, family cohesion is very high and the family has a hierarchy and emphasis is placed on relationships within the family and family interests are of paramount importance (12). All of this emphasizes the need to match one's views with others and emphasizes the interests and values of the family, and therefore, is able to provide a basis for understanding phenomena and events from different perspectives, and one can Use a cognitive reassessment strategy. Finally, the present study found that both dialogue orientation and conformity can increase personal and social responsibility through cognitive reassessment or correct emotion regulation strategies. This means that cognitive reassessment grows in the family components of dialogue and conformity, and this increases responsibility. In high-dialogue families, the arguments that take place lead to the use of positive and adaptive strategies, and also, in harmonious families, because individuals have to control their emotions in order to be consistent. And accept the opinions of others leads to the use of cognitive reassessment strategy because the person in that environment tries to view the phenomenon from a different perspective, and this is possible through cognitive reassessment. This is how responsibility increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the complex and disturbing issues of current societies that have attracted the attention of many sociologists is the issue of youth violence which is becoming more and more widespread. Violence is one of the social harms that have many harmful physical, psychological, and social effects. Violence not only affects the victim but also indirectly harms others in the community. The increase in the rate of violence and the victimization of violent crimes has increased in recent years, so that it has a major impact on the mortality of young people and adolescents in each country. Today, a large number of young people and adolescents carry firearms to save their lives, which indicates the relative insecurity of society. According to statistics recorded by legal centers, conflict and social violence have been on the rise in the country in recent years, and even this violence has peaked in men during the warmer seasons. Violence is a behavior that is observed in all countries and its victims are added every day and cause anxiety and insecurity of people, especially weaker and more vulnerable groups. The prevalence and increase of all kinds of violence in the society, in addition to the victims, also affect and endanger the social security and mental health of the people. Social media has been so influential in the online and offline lives of Internet users in recent years that forms of social communication have also been influenced by these new media. Introduction The topic of virtual social networks has been the main concern of Internet users in the world and in Iran since 2005 and for this reason, they are called the most powerful online media in the world. The multiplicity, variety of content, and numerous software and Internet capabilities are the features that have made the users of these networks very popular. The power to establish a network system between friends and like-minded users regularly is a feature of these networks. Today, it is mainly used to name websites where people can access other members' information, get to know their interests, share text, audio, and video products, and form interest-based groups. They find common ground with some other members of the base. The growing number of social media visitors reflects the many attractions of virtual communities to attract Internet users. One of the factors influencing violence among young people is the use of social networks. Violence is one of the social harms that have many harmful physical, psychological, and social effects, and the role of cyberspace on it is not known; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the role of virtual social networks in reducing violence among adolescents and young people. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a mixed approach. The statistical population of the study was the qualitative section of the experts of the university complex of the province and in the quantitative section, the students of the Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, and Allameh Tabatabai University. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample and selected by available random sampling method. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was assessed as content validity by referring to the opinions of 5 experts and professors of technology. Data analysis was performed using LISREL and SPSS20 software. Results: The results showed that the components of social networks including cultural, social values, communication, and ideological dimensions can be avoided by managing cyberspace policy along with increasing media literacy through integration, identity, civic character development, and student youth adaptation. Provided of violence. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that social networks are effective in reducing violence among adolescents and young students; therefore, attention and planning for social networks is important in reducing crime and violence. In today's world, human life is interconnected with social networks, interconnected and interconnected communication networks have affected all areas, meanings and concepts, and everything in general. Network communication as the "basis of human communication activity" is transforming all human communication. It makes the world indigenous and the canvas global. The term social media is a subset of social media. Social media is a big concept that has emerged with the advent of new communication networks such as the Internet and mobile phones. Social networks are based on the interests of individuals and groups due to the location of the Internet. In fact, social networks are built on public participation. These social networking sites are increasingly drawing people into the online world by providing motivation and purpose to work in media that was previously unattractive. The main focus of these new media technologies is the simultaneous use of online and digital facilities concerning the audience. In this new relationship, the audience's behavior towards the media also changes and changes from a passive audience to an active audience. This two-way relationship creates a new structure in the new generation of media. In the new generation of media, in addition to the linear presentation, programs also have the property of being selected by the audience. Social networking sites have become a global phenomenon, with communities like Facebook having hundreds of millions of users. By creating friendly environments, these websites have brought the possibility of communication and harmony in social life for their users, but in addition to the advantages that social networks have, they have also created negative consequences and many challenges in people's lives. In other words, today, especially in our society, these networks are becoming a threat; these cases require an expert view to identify these threats and take steps to reduce or eliminate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Mental health is one of the factors that can be effective in the dynamism and development of a society and have a great impact. Physical education and exercise are considered as effective tools to respond to psychological needs that people can use it in their spare time to satisfy their needs and express their inner desires (2). People's participation in sports leads to improved physical condition, mental health and optimal entertainment (4, 5). Identifying the motivating factors for participating in sports is very important. One of the reasons for participating in sports activities goes back to the word self-concept. In fact, it is every person's feeling about himself that will play an important role in a person's mental health. This feeling is called self-concept (6). Self-concept means the perception or perception that everyone has of themselves. How people perceive themselves is largely shaped by their past experiences (successes and failures) and what others think about them. The reason for the importance of self-concept is that, firstly, everyone's perception of themselves affects their behavior and actions (7). In fact, people with clear, well-defined, harmonious, and almost stable self-concept have better mental health. Also, Self-efficacy is one of the variables that point to the close relationship between exercise and personality traits (9). Self-efficacy refers to a person's perceived ability to adapt to a particular situation. Bandura defines self-efficacy as a person's belief in his or her ability to perform various tasks and their circumstances. Self-efficacy is one of the most important and effective concepts in Bandura cognitive-social theory affecting mental health and is one of the topics considered by psychologists that a person's behavior is influenced by the environment and internal characteristics. In this regard, training self-efficacy is also called the beliefs or judgments of the individual about his abilities to perform regular physical activity (10). In today's advanced societies, where material well-being has increased, psychological problems are one of the human intellectual concerns. To the extent that it has led relevant organizations and institutions to conduct extensive studies in this regard (12,13). In a study of adolescent girls, Dishman et al. Examined the mediating role of physical self-concept and self-esteem in the relationship between participation in exercise and physical activity with depressive symptoms (14). Lindell et al. (2020) expressed the positive relationship between self-concept of registration and physical activity even during the coronation period, which was positive (6). Onetti (2019) also examined the relationship between self-concept and sport among first- and second-year high school students, which has even had a positive relationship between themselves and their subscales (17). Also, Bustos et al. (2019) conducted their research among athletes and their sense of satisfaction and positive self-concept increased with increasing body mass (11). Attention to psychological characteristics, especially self-concept and mental health is one of the important and practical issues (20), especially among human resources and its staff, employees who have a guiding role in the core of the student community. Physical activity and training self-efficacy provide a feeling of satisfaction, happiness, vitality and physical and mental health (21) and employees in this regard need a spirit rich in positive energy and vitality and health. However, the communication model of self-concept and sports self-efficacy on health the mentality of the staff and directors of physical education in medical universities is unknown Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the communication model of self-concept and Exercise self-efficacy on mental health of physical education staff in Iranian universities of medical sciences of Tehran. Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlational, applied and present. 365 employees and managers of physical education of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. For data collection, field study and questionnaire were used. Measurement tools included Marsh et al.'s Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire, General Mental Health, and Bandura (1997) Sports Self-Efficacy Scale. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that self-concept has an indirect effect on mental health through self-efficacy and self-efficacy has a direct effect on mental health. Conclusion: The results showed that self-concept has an indirect effect on mental health through self-efficacy and self-efficacy has a direct effect on mental health. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (6, 11, 17). At present, the staff of medical sciences and physical education directors of physical education universities, in addition to being exposed to the stressors of the social, economic, cultural, and family environment, like all individuals, as a member of the large organization of the University of Medical Sciences, with stress. They face many jobs. Strengthening the feeling of love, security and self-esteem, a positive self-concept is effective in both their prosperity and the guidance of students. If people have high mental health and quality of life, it means they have the ability to cope with their job needs, so it is important. Their role is essential. High-income self-employed people enter competitive situations with seriousness and confidence. A person's degree of athletic self-efficacy determines whether a person avoids or approaches great tasks. The higher the athletic self-efficacy, the lower the emotional arousal. Sports self-efficacy has affected mental health and various types of human performance in various fields and human beings with high self-efficacy are successful in life and various experiences with it (10). In many studies, increasing sports self-efficacy leads to reduced anxiety, stress, effects Negative, negative reactions and stresses that lead to positive states. People with higher athletic self-efficacy are not necessarily more successful but healthier because they tend to exercise and engage in regular activities and healthy behaviors (9, 27). They are able to control weight, nutritious diets as well as stress management and that physical self-concept can be indirectly considered as one of the factors affecting mental health by affecting sports self-efficacy. According to the results of the present study, the effect of self-concept on sports self-efficacy and sports self-efficacy on the mental health of all managers, physical education staff of medical universities and therefore according to research, one of the factors that can improve physical self-concept and self-efficacy is physical activity. The World Health Organization (WHO) has made the current stressful situation very special, as the increase in mental illness and the decline in mental health are significant (28) and staff and managers need special attention and even maintenance. Considering that the present study has been conducted among the samples of employees and managers of physical education of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, it cannot be generalized to all employees and managers of physical education of medical universities in the country. In this respect, it is associated with limitations. According to the above, it is suggested that the subject of this study be implemented in the staff and directors of physical education of medical universities in other cities and provinces. According to the results, it is suggested that managers and officials use the necessary planning to use the features arising from self-concept and sports self-efficacy in order to improve the mental health of sports managers and employees and to promote physical activities (sports) and select athletic staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social developments in the past few decades globally, the family system has faced many changes, challenges and gradually reducing the satisfaction of family members, causing psychosocial disruption and increasing cases such as tendency divorced. The aim of this study was to study the role of communication skills, conflict resolution, and problem solving in predicting divorce tendency among married women and men. Methods: The statistical population of the study included all couples in Kashan, 383 of whom were studied using cluster sampling method and data were analyzed using SPSS software. The instruments used were Qaderzadeh et al.'s Divorce Tendency Scales (2012), Rahim Conflict Resolution Scale (1983) and Communication Skills and Problem Solving Scale by Yarmohammadi Vasel et al. (2010). Results: Findings showed that there is an inverse and significant relationship between problem solving skills, coping with stress, communication skills, assertiveness, self-awareness, empathy, conflict resolution, sexual skills and affection with a tendency to divorce (r= -0.187). Multiple regression analysis by stepwise method also showed that among the factors, only two factors, communication skills and love and emotional interaction, and decision making have a significant role in predicting the divorce tendency (p<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that having communication skills of love and emotional interaction and decision-making skill may play a role in reducing the divorce tendency by reducing conflict between spouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Effective communication is a key skill for all health care professionals, which has long been an important area for researchers in the field of health. Providing these communications is critical to providing high quality health care. The aim of this study was to present a model of factors affecting the promotion of communication effectiveness in the medical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2018-2019. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive study. The statistical population included all medical students studying general doctorate at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 269 people in the academic year of 2018-2019 and 6,150 patients and clients. 155 medical students and 381 patients and clients were selected as the sample using the available sampling method and answered the researcher-made questionnaire of improving the effectiveness of communication. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that among the dimensions affecting the promotion of communication effectiveness, the outcomes had the highest factor coefficient or had the most impact on the model (0.622) and also the average degree of influence of the underlying components on the model had the least effect on the model (0.294). Conclusion: Factors affecting the effectiveness of communication included strategies, intervening conditions, causal conditions, contextual conditions and consequences. Having effective communication has positive effects for medical students, so there should be a lot of emphasis on teaching communication skills to medical students in medical students' training courses. Key words: Effectiveness, Student, Communication, Rafsanjan Funding: None declared. Conflict of Interest: None declared How to cite this article: Hassani H, Bagheri M, Ghorchian N Gh, Jafari P. Presenting a Model of Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Communication in Students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in the Academic Year of 2018-2019: A Descriptive Study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2021; 19 (10): 1089-1104. [Farsi] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Resident-nurse communication involves the interaction between them to achieve a common therapeutic goal, namely to improve patient status. Proper communication has been identified as the most important attribute for people working in primary health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of nurses and residents towards professional communication. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical study in 2019. Sampling was made of available participants, including 200 nurses and residents of an educational hospital. Data were collected using two valid and reliable questionnaires included two professional communication questionnaires from the perspective of nurse and physician. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA) and SPSS16 software. Results: From the nurses' viewpoint, the level of professional communication about timely informing residents about patient care issues, with a mean of 4.62 and from the residents' viewpoint, the effect of good professional communication with nurses on the improvement of patient status, with a mean of 4.72 more there were other items. 70% of nurses and 83% of residents admitted that their professional relationship was good. There was a significant difference between the viewpoints of nurses with different employment status (p = 0.046) and the viewpoints of different educational departments in the field of professional communication. (P =0.001) Conclusion: Overall, professional communication from the viewpoint of residents and nurses is at a good level. However, measures such as interprofessional education and communication skills for the treatment team need to be considered in order to increase the effectiveness of health care delivery and improve the efficiency of the health care system, as well as to familiarize people with the impact of learning professional communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to reflect on the (in)visibility dynamics registered in the experiences of LGBTIQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transvestite, transgender, transsexual, intersex, queer and other gender and/or sexual minorities) migrant subjects and how they can influence their socio-communicative interactions and the exercise of citizenship. Thus, a literature review is developed with the purpose of contextualizing the particularities of what can be called the queer diaspora and its interface with the binomial communication- citizenship. In articulation with the theoretical reflections developed, it is proposed to systematize and analyze partial data of an empirical incursion related to LGBTIQ+ immigration in the city of São Paulo. From these two aspects (theoretical and analytical), it is verified the constitution of spaces and dynamics of (in)visibility -- institutional and non-institutional -- about the migration of LGBTIQ+ subjects, making possible to think about their existence and the articulations with the guarantee of rights and greater citizen participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The extent of development of a country is determined by research indicators such as the number of published articles. Many factors can cause a lack of research. Objective: The present study aimed at identifying obstacles to the implementation of the research from the viewpoint of faculty members of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Materials and Methods: In this combined research, the quantitative data were collected by the faculty members of the research pathology questionnaire. The appropriate statistical indices were used to describe the data. In the qualitative section, sampling was purposeful and continued until data saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data analysis was carried out using a seven-step content analysis approach. The accuracy and accuracy of the data were also determined by Lincoln & Guba's proposed criteria. Results: In the quantitative part, the most important inhibitor factors include management factors (low communication between university and foreign universities), empowerment factors (lack of familiarity with relevant statistical techniques), administrative rules (length of paper publishing stages), and personal factors (teaching too much), social factors (inadequate intellectual incentives) and economic factors (inadequate research budget and lack of research facilities). In the qualitative section, the four main categories (individual challenges, dysfunctional infrastructure, Limited Research Partner, and discouragement of the research result) and fifteen sub-floors were extracted. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in order to improve the quantitative and qualitative research among faculty members, it is suggested that the respective authorities consider such issues as strengthening the research motivation of faculty members taking advantage of research facilities and special privileges, and also equivalence of research tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objects: Autism spectrum disorder is one of the disorders of growth, and so far, different methods have been developed to reduce its symptoms. In this research, the method of intensive interaction has been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of intensive interaction intervention on social interactions and communication of children with autism spectrum disorder. Subjects and Methods: The design of this study was bases on a nonrandomized, semi-experimental with control group and on pre- and post-test. The population of this study included 22 children with autism spectrum disorder who were selected by available sampling among the centers of autism in Ahvaz, Iran. These children were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The Gilliam Autism Scale (GARS) was used to measure the variables of the research. To analyze the results, descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviations of scores were used and the covariance analysis was used to control the interventional variables in the pretest. Results: The mean and SD of communication for the experimental and control groups in the pre-test stage respectively were (24.36±9.17) and (21±8. 98), These values were in the post-test for the control and experimental group (23.72 ± 10.13) and (21±9.48) respectively. The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that the intensive interaction method was effective on social interaction dimension (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings, the method of interactive interaction is effective on the social interaction dimension, but it is not effective on the communication. communication mainly involves the use of language and is more specific than interaction in general. Therefore, the effectiveness of this method was confirmed on social interaction but was not confirmed by social communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Following the deployment of the Health Transformation Plan (HTP) in most of the public hospitals, various changes occurred in the relationships between insurance organizations and hospitals. The purpose of this study was to find the obstacles and challenges facing the two types of organizations and suggest solutions. Materials and Methods: This was an exploratory study. The research population was a total of 74 participants from Tehran public, private and military hospitals (managers, senior nursing officers, financial officers, and chiefs of accounting) and basic and complementary insuring organizations (insurance agents in hospitals, insurance officers from insuring organizations, and insurance managers). Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The most important challenges were as follows: acting on one’s own preferences, deductions, delays in the payments of hospital expenditures, an insufficient number of insurance agents in some hospitals, insufficient accountability of hospital personnel in expenditure management, lack of sufficient interaction between the two organizations, and lack of contracts between complementary insurance companies and public hospitals and between private hospitals and basic insurance organizations. Conclusion: Given the importance and sensitivity of the relations between the health service providers and receivers and considering further the complexity and challenges that appeared after HTP and hospital accreditations, a knowledge of the challenges identified in this research can help policy-makers and managers to find suitable, effective strategies for enhancing relations and communication between insurance companies and hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internal marketing is one of the applied instruments for managers to plan human force. This study aimed to investigate the effect of internal marketing on organizational commitment in a remedial center. Materials and Methods: This study has an applied purpose and its nature is causalsurvey. Statistical population consisted of 450 working employees in Ghods hospital in Arak city. Out of these, 207 samples were selected by available random cluster sampling. Data were gathered by standard questionnaires and the reliability of them validated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by linear regression by using SPSS 19 software. Results: The findings of this study showed that internal marketing had an effect on organizational commitment and the value of it was 0.2. Also, reward affected on organizational commitment which was equal to 0.13. The effect of communication on organizational commitment was positive and the value of it was 0.16. Development had an effect on organizational commitment which was equal to 0.16. In addition, safe workplace had an effect on organizational commitment and the value of it was 0.12. Also, the effect of job recruitment and appointment was positive which was equal to 0.11. Conclusion: According to the results, it is essential to pay attention to necessary requirements and conditions for providing an appropriate bed to expand internal marketing and employees' participation to develop organizational commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, the role of word of mouth (WOM) in making decision particularly in service sector became important. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of word of mouth on pregnant woman decision-making behavior to join the Royan Cord Blood Bank. Materials and Methods: The research is operational and has a causal nature. The population of study was 790 pregnant women enrolled in Royan Cord Blood Bank in Arak city that 294 subjects were selected by available non-random sampling method. To collect data, questionnaire instrument was used. Data were analyzed according to Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) by LISREL (version 8.54) software. Results: The results of the study revealed that the effect of communication medium on personal information source and word of mouth was significant and positive. In addition, opinion leaders had a significant and positive influence on personal information source and word of mouth and also, the significant and negative effect of opinion leaders on perceived risk was seen. Personal information source had a significant and positive effect on decision-making. However, social structure didn't have any effect on word of mouth. Likewise, word of mouth didn't influence decision-making. Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, it seems that paying attention to the prerequisites and conditions making a suitable bed for creating effective word of mouth and expanding it to making decision for joining the Royan Cord Blood Bank is very necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to construct, measure the validity and factor structure a questionnaire for assessment of Research needs of Mashhad city high schools teachers. In this study a descriptive design of type of test development was used. The researcher obtained the data for the study from a sample of the 235 Male and female teachers in secondary schools in Mashhad city. Through using self-determination theory, a 45-item questionnaire were developed and Teachers responded to the questionnaire. The Collected data was analyzed by the exploratory factor analysis, the method of principal components and varimax rotation, internal equivalence validity and Cronbach's alpha and also, descriptive measures of mean, standard deviation scores were used. Also t scores and percent ranks for each one of independence subscale, relevance and competency were reported. Analysis of Principal Component showed that, questionnaire of Research needs was formed of three factors i.e.: autonomy, competence and communication and in total, these factors Can explain, 44/01% of the variance in instrument. Also the covariance between all factors were positive and significant which shows the internal equivalence validity. The Cronbach's alpha each of the subscales of competence, communication, and autonomy in the research sample respectively were estimated: 0/93, 0/89 and 0 /77. Findings from ANOVA in assessing condition of needs in research samples show that the teachers in dimension of competency have the highest need for research with score of 1.97 and in dimension of relation have the lowest amount of need with score of 0.70 points. This indicates that, Cronbach's alpha of total instrument and each of it subscales are in the average values and in acceptable level. Also, the examination of the situation of needs in the research sample showed that, Teachers have stated a most feeling of need to research in competence dimension and a lowest feeling of need to research in communication dimension. According to the findings of the study, we can say that, questionnaire of research needs is a valid and reliable instrument in field of Identify of research needs and the use of this instrument can help to career development of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Adolescent-mothers communication about reproductive health is one of the strategies that could decrease youth risky behaviors. This study aimed to find out the desire for communication, its level and content between adolescents and their mothers on reproductive health. Materials and methods: In a descriptive study, 655 high school girls in Mazandaran, Iran were selected via stratified sampling (2015-16). The level of communication between adolescents and their mothers or any problem on this, the desire to talk to mothers and their active interaction about reproductive health was examined by adapted standard questionnaires. Results: The mean score for adolescent's knowledge on reproductive health was 5.76±1.45 out of 10. The mean scores for level of communication between adolescents and their mothers, any problems in the communication and the desire to talk to mothers were 34.12± 6.10, 31.83± 4.31, and 7.58± 4.17, respectively. The main topics of talks were puberty (83.7%) and sexual relationship (15.5%). The maximum duration of talks was 5-10 minutes (33%) in the preceding six months (35.4%). About one third of the girls were satisfied with the talks to their mothers (34.5%) and felt comfortable in having a discussion with them about reproductive health (31.3%). Conclusion: Most adolescents did not communicate with mothers about reproductive health and their knowledge on it was weak. The adolescent-mothers communication and solving any barrier on this should be addressed. Nevertheless, implementation of programs on reproductive health sensitize both adolescents and mothers on the importance of having communication about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to construct, measure the validity and factor structure a questionnaire for assessment of Research needs of Mashhad city high schools teachers. In this study a descriptive design of type of test development was used. The researcher obtained the data for the study from a sample of the 235 Male and female teachers in secondary schools in Mashhad city. Through using self-determination theory, a 45-item questionnaire were developed and Teachers responded to the questionnaire. The Collected data was analyzed by the exploratory factor analysis, the method of principal components and varimax rotation, internal equivalence validity and Cronbach's alpha and also, descriptive measures of mean, standard deviation scores were used. Also t scores and percent ranks for each one of independence subscale, relevance and competency were reported. Analysis of Principal Component showed that, questionnaire of Research needs was formed of three factors i.e.: autonomy, competence and communication and in total, these factors Can explain, 44/01% of the variance in instrument. Also the covariance between all factors were positive and significant which shows the internal equivalence validity. The Cronbach's alpha each of the subscales of competence, communication, and autonomy in the research sample respectively were estimated: 0/93, 0/89 and 0 /77. Findings from ANOVA in assessing condition of needs in research samples show that the teachers in dimension of competency have the highest need for research with score of 1.97 and in dimension of relation have the lowest amount of need with score of 0.70 points. This indicates that, Cronbach's alpha of total instrument and each of it subscales are in the average values and in acceptable level. Also, the examination of the situation of needs in the research sample showed that, Teachers have stated a most feeling of need to research in competence dimension and a lowest feeling of need to research in communication dimension. According to the findings of the study, we can say that, questionnaire of research needs is a valid and reliable instrument in field of Identify of research needs and the use of this instrument can help to career development of teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim : Phenomenon of moral distress in critical care environments , have different effects on the quality of care and good communication between members of caring team , especially Physician and nurses could to be effective in prevention of moral distress in nurses through creating desirable ethical atmosphere. This study aimed to determine the relationship between moral distresses with the Physician - nurses relationship in ICUs of the South Khorasan province . Materials and Method s : 215 nurses were recruited to the study by convenience method . Corly moral distress questionnaire and Shortell questionnaire of communication assessment between physician and nurses in ICUs were used for data collection . Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and using descriptive and inferential statistics . Ethical Considerations: Participants verbal consent was obtained and anonymously and confidentiality of the completing questionnaires was assured to them. Findings : The mean scores of m oral distress severity, moral distress frequency and Physician - nurses relationship were 3±0 / 59, 3 / 66±0 / 5 and 3 / 2±1 / 1, respectively. There was significant direct correlation between mean score of communication between physician and nurses with moral distress frequency (r= - 0 / 34, P<0/05) . But there was not any correlation between Physician - nurses relationship moral distress severity. Conclusion : regarding undeniable role of good communication between physician and nurses in reducing the frequency of moral distress, it is necessary to determine the effective factors on this relationship and also provide strategies to promote desirable ethical atmosphere, in order to diminish of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Motivation in working as a set of internal and external forces is recognized as an important and necessary issue in nursing and other provider the services to patients to provide a tactful and high quality work. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between motivation in work and spirituality among nursing staff in the hospitals in Isfahan using spirituality-based motivation model. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed in 2014 on 230 nurses, midwives, and health workers who were selected using randomly simple sampling in the state hospitals in Isfahan city. Data were collected through a questionnaire made by researcher consisted of 62 spirituality-based motivation questions in areas of extra- personal, intrapersonal, interpersonal, motivation and meta-motivation and spirituality. Results: In this study, 230 nurses, midwives, and health workers consisted of 57.8% (133) men and 42.2% (97) women were studied. Extra-personal communication with beta 0.86 had the greatest effect on spirituality in working, followed by intrapersonal communication with beta 0.70, and interpersonal and inter-individual communication with beta 0.59. In addition, spirituality variable was significantly effective on motivation and meta-motivation in working with beta 0.677. No significant relationship was observed between the factors of spirituality-based motivation model and education and age of individuals under study (P>0.05). Conclusion: Regarding to the effectiveness of extra-personal and intrapersonal communication compared with interpersonal and inter-individual communication on spirituality and motivation in working, it is suggested to promote this relation by hospital administrators. Thus, it increases the motivation in the working with spiritual approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Nurse managers are responsible for creating and maintaining a professional work environment and their leadership styles are of great importance in reinforcing effective environment for promoting clinical competence. This study aimed at exploring the management challenges that head nurses face in managing hospital wards. Materials and methods: In this qualitative research the participants were 22 head nurses, a nurse, a physician, and one nursing services manager. Data was collected through unstructured interviews and purposive sampling which continued until data saturation. Conventional content analysis was applied to analyze the data. Results: During data analysis, three main themes resulted including "negligent protection of self and the patient" and compulsory compromise of head-nurse and negligence in patient protection as the subcategories; "ineffective communicative capability" and inappropriate intrapersonal communication and intra-professional communication as the subcategories; and finally "insufficient support of major supporters" and expecting support from the organization and expecting support from the society as the subcategories. These were resulted from inefficient management skills of head-nurses in managing hospital wards. Conclusion: This study indicated that the communication and management abilities were not practically effective, probably due to lack of applied management knowledge and also inappropriate structure and performance of the organization which causes unsatisfactory managerial behaviors. Therefore, promoting the managerial competencies of head-nurses is an inevitable necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Doctor-patient communication style is one of the most important effective variables in treatment process. Patient satisfaction in one of the most important styles in this communication. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the activity-passivity and mutual-participation communication styles with regard to patients satisfaction. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using survey and observational method. Data were collected from 40 doctors and 200 patients in two hospitals and twenty private clinics in Isfahan, between December and January 2012. The subjects were selected using available sampling method. The instruments used for gathering data were Doctor-Patient Nonverbal Communication Instrument (D-PNCI) and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18). Principle component analysis (PCA) method and T-test for independent groups were used for data analysis. Results: Significant differences were found between activity-passivity and mutual-participation communication styles of doctor-patient communication, with regard to general satisfaction in general (P<0.05), and with regard to components of technical quality (P<0.05), interpersonal manner (P<0.01), communication (P<0.01), and time spent with doctor (P<0.05). Hierarchical regression analysis showed that doctor-patient relationship style explained for 52.6% of the variance of patients satisfaction. Conclusion: Doctor-patient communicational style was found to be an effective factor of patients satisfaction. Mutual-participation relationship style resulted in higher patient satisfaction, compared with activity-passivity communication style. So paying attention to creating and strengthening mutual-participation communication model to increase patients satisfaction seems to be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Studies have found that deaf individuals have higher rates of psychiatric disorders, such as behavioral problems, than those who can hear. The aim of this review was to provide a summary of the literature on behavioral problems, with specific reference to deaf individuals. The objectives of the review were to establish the prevalence of behavioral problems in deaf populations; describe the risk factor for behavioral problems in deaf populations; and describe approaches to intervention and behavioral problems prevention that have been used in deaf populations. Recent Findings: A review of articles published between 1991 and 2013 showed that the prevalence of behavioral problems in deaf people is higher than that of hearing people. Risk factors for behavioral problems in deaf populations include language impairments, communication problems, the role of parents, and the community’s beliefs and attitudes regarding the issue. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of behavioral problems in deaf people, the effectiveness of prevention strategies should be examined. Consequently, it would be advantageous to increase the availability of specialist mental health services, promote deaf awareness including their abilities, promote awareness and skills development among teachers, staff, and specialists and implement behavior change programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Effective communication is an essential feature of nursing care. Identifying factors that prevent effective communication between nurse and patient makes the orientation of necessary measures for eliminating or modifying barriers to health planners and administrators possible. Moreover, developing and maintenance of effective communication between nurses and patients has always been of high interest and the success in creating this relationship is of high importance in health services and improving treatment of patients. Therefore, considering the importance of this relationship, the present study was done with the aim of determining the factors influencing communication between nurses and patients in one of Shahid Beheshti University hospitals. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 94 nurses participated. The data collection, interview and tools all were researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of questionnaire was examined through content validity and its reliability was obtained using test-retest. The obtained data using SPSS16 software and descriptive statistics and chi-square test with a significance level of less than 0.05 were analyzed. Results: The results showed that 69.1% of nurses consider communication with the patient to be very effective in providing appropriate clinical services. Furthermore, the conversational language and cultural differences and gender differences have been proposed as the most important factors in effective communication between nurses and patients. Conclusion: Considering the patients' need for health services and satisfying their emotional needs, having a good relationship between nurses and patients is pivotal and, thus, health manager should focus their attempt to remove or adjust the most important barriers mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of roads has been one of the necessities of human life. Wherever there have been human communities, roads have been made for communication. Road issue is one of the joint topics between history and geography. The present article attempts to investigate communication potentials in the geographical area Kurdistan province, called Kurdistan Ardalan in the past, and also take a short look at status of roads and communications in the area. Then, it tries to see how the process of developing roads has been from Saljuqs on, and what the effective factors related to the issue were; besides, what the effect of roads is on the establishment of villages in the area. Along with answering these questions, the article is to consider the importance of the great highway of Kurdistan in external communications. Then, drawing attention to Kurdistan and its historical, geographic and natural potentials, we have investigated its transportation lines. Generally, looking at the geographical location of the villages and blocks, it can be concluded that transportation lines of Kurdistan in most cases are exactly the same lines that were available in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of high risk of physical inactivity in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and its adverse consequences, evaluating their physical activity (PA) using accelerometry and investigating its relation with age and severity of the disorder are integral. Materials & Methods: Fifty-two boys and 16 girls aged 7-14 years -from autism schools in Tehran- participated in current cross sectional study. Level of daily PA was evaluated for seven consecutive days using accelerometers. Autism severity was also assessed in communication, sociability, sensory and cognitive awareness, and health and physical behavior using Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). Results: Ninety one percent of participants encountered low level of PA. Girls were remarkably less active than boys and were more inactive. Level of PA significantly reduced as they aged. Level of PA was adversely and significantly correlated with autism severity in the area of sensory and cognitive awareness. Moreover, level of vigorous PA was adversely and significantly correlated with total autism severity. Finally, age, sex, and sensory and cognitive awareness were partially predictors of PA. Conclusion: Children with HFA are physically inactive and considerably engage in more sedentary activities as they age. Age and gender can be considered as physical activity determinants among this people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]