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Background and Objective: It is necessary to study the emerging trends and areas of knowledge and to predict the direction of future research on the concept of health literacy in order to promote community health. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of mapping research knowledge in the field of health literacy and showing the structure of knowledge and their evolution over time. Materials and Methods: This scientometrics research was conducted using Co-word analysis technique includes the steps include: Data retrieval, Data analysis and Mapping and Visualization Papers from the MEDLINE database during (1970-2018) retrieved and analyzed. The bibliographic data analyzed using the visualization of similarities technique by text-mining and visualization techniques of VOS viewer. Results: A total of 7,429 documents, growth of scientific publications related to the field of health literacy has been increased rapidly over the past 10 years and continues to grow in recent years. The stronger studies were mainly conducted at research institutions of higher education in the Canada and United States. Four Core authors groups with a higher influence were identified. The keyword of “communication”, “depression”, “health education”, and “internet” had respectively the highest frequency. The results of cluster analysis identified and categorized them into three major clusters. Health literacy field had a close relationship with the lifestyle dimensions, health information technology, mental health literacy and chronic diseases. Conclusions: Given the interdisciplinary nature of health literacy the areas of education, health, Information Communication Technology (ICT) science, and mental health will help the cooperation of experts in these areas to enrich scientific research and make them more applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Decision making as a basis of management is like a nervous system of an organization and crisis is effective in decision making processes. This study aimed to analysing available researches about decision making in crisis in media organizations. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was implemented from March to June 2020.English language publications (2000-2019) were filtered in databases of Willey, Elsevier, ISI, Pubmed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar search engine by combination of following Keywords:"Decision making"AND"Media"AND"Crisis"in title, abstract and keywords. Results: After searching 6155 papers and removing repeated and unrelated ones, finally 14 papers were selected for deep analysis according to items identified. Results of this systematic review indicated that following factors are effective in descion making in crisis:"Attention to time of content production, Agile organizations, Decision-making models, Method of news coverage continuation,Effects of place on crisis management ","Creating the trust, Recording experiences before during and after the crisis, Shortage of human resources in crisis, Interactive nature of social medias,Attention to panoramic dimension of the crisis, Time of the crisis, using tools of social medias and attention to new media trends". Conclusion: In health crisis (Corona Pandemic) Convincing use of communicational message by media organizations with the goal of effecting in belief, attitude and health behaviors of society is necessary.Meanwhile designing a big and panoramic picture of all related dimentions of media and health and attention to “Media litracy” and “Health litracy” of media managers besides designing and implementing researches based on descion making methods development in crisis and also benefit of other countirs experiences will leads to effective descion making in health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recursive chronic disease with no definitive cure. This study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of interventions that aimed to empower patients to improve the consequences of IBD. Materials and Methods: In a systematic review, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, from 2000 to May 2021, using “self-care OR empower”, “self-efficacy OR self-management”, “self-control OR self-confidence OR self-determination”, “inflammatory bowel disease OR IBD OR Crohn disease OR ulcerative colitis” as keywords. Two reviewers separately performed the search, screening of the studies. Results: In total, 13 papers were finally included in the study. Most of the interventions aimed to increase patients’ awareness of the effects of the disease and how to prevent its recurrence, foster self-management, self-care, and stress management skills. The majority of interventions were made through consultation, lecture, textual educational material, telephone calls, and computer-based communication. The most prevalent positive effects of the interventions were reduced anxiety, fewer problems with the disease, fewer visits to the hospital, and increase the quality of life. Conclusion: the educational interventions based on empowerment can be effective in improving the adverse effects of IBD. These interventions can positively affect patients’ clinical and psychological health and can also increase the quality of life. The most prevalent strategies used were self-management skills and anxiety/ stress management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Due to the limited individual approach to behavior change, health promotion researchers use community-based initiatives to understand the factors affecting physical activity and promote the health of citizens. Urban open spaces can facilitate participation in physical activity and the health of citizens. The aim of this study is to identify the indicators, attributes, and dimensions of health promotion of citizens. Methods: This study was conducted in the first half of 2017 using the Cochran systematic review protocol. In order to search for studies related to public open areas and mobility and health of citizens, a search strategy was used in scientific directories and Web of Science databases to search for Latin articles and to use the SID for Persian studies. Through applying Meta synthesis, the extracted indices were classified in terms of the attributes and dimensions of the environment protecting the citizens' health. Results: The result of this research showed that 65 papers were eligible for analysis. After Meta synthesis studies, 62 indicators, 11 attributes and 4 main dimensions related to health protection and health promotion areas were identified. They include: physical, semantic, functional, and social individual. Conclusion: Urban open spaces can be a safe environment for citizens' health promotion activities. There should be aesthetics and green urban environments so that the citizens could safely and tranquilly carry out health promotion activities. These environments should be functionally and accessibly attractive and they should be a channel for citizens' socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: The social development is a key factor in the treatment of mentally retarded children. One of the proposed methods for the social development of these children is play therapy. This paper aimed at determining the impact of primary school games on the social development of mentally retarded children. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 8-11 years-old mentally retarded pupils in Tehran province. Two schools were selected from Exceptional schools of different districts of Tehran province through cluster sampling. Then, from the pupils of the two selected schools, 30 male students were randomly selected and assigned to an experimental group (n = 15, mean age: 10.7 ± 0.3) and control group (n=15, mean age: 10.5 ± 0.4). After informing the parents of the pupils and having them fill out the consent forms, experimental group carried out the school games. Vineland Social Maturity Scale was used to measure pupils' social development. Intervention was carried out among the experimental group in 12 sessions for one month. Then, a posttest was carried out on both experimental and control group. Data was analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS 19. Results: There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) between the pretest and posttest mean scores of the total score of their social development and social development components among the experimental group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: These findings emphasized the impact of school games on the social development of educable mentally retarded children. It is proposed that through creating appropriate environments for their physical activity and involving them in social activities, help these children give up their isolation and solitude. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Due to the increase of elderly population, the general health of elderly is one of the most important socioeconomic and health challenges in the 21st century. This paper aimed to study the relationship between social interest and general health of elderly non-resident and resident at geriatric centers. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation and its statistical population were all male and female elderly resident and nonresident at geriatric centers living in Ardabil city in 2014. 56 resident elderly were selected by random sampling and 53 non-resident were selected with purposive sampling method. Data were gathered using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Sulliman Scal of Social Interest (SSSI). Data were analyzed by Chi-Square, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and multiple regression analysis through SPSS16 (p<0.05). Results: There was a negative relationship between elderly social interest and their general health syndroms and elderly social interest explain 62-87% of general health in elderly resident and 78-86% of non-resident elderly's genaral health (p<0.001). The results also indicated that the residents' anxiety were lower than non-residents and the non-residents social dysfunction were higher than residents (p<0.05). Conclusion: The identification and reinforcement of elderly's social interest can be used by professionals, elderly and their family as an effective intervention in order to prevention and promotion of geriatrics general health. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Preparing educational programs related to prevention of prevalent diseases like cancer is considered a health necessity. The aim of this paper was to study the impact of feeding behavior associated with gastric cancer in women working in Isfahan in 2013. Methods: In this semi-experimental interventional study, 72 female workers were classified into two case and control groups, each 36 workers. Inclusion criteria of the study were: Iranian nationality, female workers, married, educated, having at least 20 years, and residents of Isfahan. Data was gathered using a questionnaire (s=0.810). Based on the results of pre-test, the nutrition educational package was designed to suit the training needs. The experimental group received the educational intervention (six45-minutes sessions in six weeks). Then immediately and three months after educational intervention both groups were asked to complete the questionnaire again. Data was analyzed using independent T test with alpha level of 0.05. The study was approved by the Tarbiat Modress University's Medical Ethics Committee. Results: The mean age of cases was 33.12 and control group 33.22, significant difference (p<0.001) in case and control groups in mean awareness (89.72 vs. 36.85), attitude (69.50 vs. 34.98) and practice (75.63 vs. 40.22) after the intervention. Conclusion: The effectiveness of nutrition educational package showed a developed accretion of knowledge, attitude and practice of employed women in feeding behavior associated with gastric cancer. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective:Social marketing has been utilized in recent years to influence health behaviors. This paper reviews available experiences in applying social marketing in health research and aims to explore the extent of its application, methods of application and the reported success rate of these studies in changing health behaviors. Hence, it provides guidelines for researchers who plan to utilize this framework in health promotion and education interventions in the future. Methods:This review study applies specific key words in search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science direct, SID, and also health research databases, related papers and reports available in English and Farsi were identified. Data was extracted from the content and were qualitatively analyzed. Results::Although the main focus of the papers was nutrition, but social marketing have been applied in researches related toheart health, helmet, safety belts and sun protection. In these studies, not only the behavior of consumption of a specific product has been studied, but knowledge, attitude, and health status have also been examined. The reported success rate in changing behavior varies from 10% in saturated oils consumption to 30% in the consumption of Soy sauce. Conclusion: It seems that health promotion interventions utilizing social marketing in changing health behaviors that require the consumption of a healthy product and are significantly influenced by attitudes and individual decisions can achieve significant success. Studies have reported different degrees of success, but it is not clear why the success rates are so different. More studies are needed to answer this question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is one of the causes of death worldwide. CVDs covers a wide array of disorders, including diseases of the cardiac muscle and of the vascular system supplying the heart, brain, and other vital organs. The aim of the paper was to study the effectiveness of cardiovascular specific psychotherapy on the patients' quality of life. Materials and methods: In this quasi-experimental study 30 patients with heart disease from Rasol-e-Akram hospital in the city of Rasht were selected by accessible sampling method, and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. Experiment and control groups completed the WHOQOL questionnaire before and after the intervention. The intervention was implemented in 25 sessions (each 150 minutes) for patients in the test group. Data was analyzed by MANCOVA test using SPSS19. Results: The mean scores of quality of life and its subscales, before and after the intervention, statistically had significant difference (p < 0.05). Therefore, it seems that cardiovascular specific psychotherapy was effective on the promotion of patients' quality of life. Conclusion: This kind of therapy is effective in improving life quality of cardiovascular patients. Therefore, it is recommended as an effective therapy to improve mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Inappropriate function of organizations is directly associated with the physical and psychological health of the society. One such organizations are medical universities which are responsible for educating students of nursing. This study focuses on the association of educational planning with the mental health of nursing students of Tehran Medical Science University with emphasis on the educational stressor factors and stress management methods. Materials and methods: In this descriptive-cross sectional two questionnaires were used: researcher-made questionnaire (a = 0.71) and Jalowiec Coping Styles Questionnaire. The correlation coefficient of test and retest after 3 weeks was used for Jalowiec questionnaire (r=0. 89). The random sampling method among nursing students of Tehran University Medical science was used and the size of the sample was 376. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical ones (t-test and ANOVA) through SPSS 21. Results: Out of 354 students, 32.1% were suspected to have psychological disorders. These disorders were 29.7% among females and 34.6% among males, respectively. There was a statistical correlation between mental health and previous physical illnesses (p<0/05). There was a significant correlation between stressful factors experienced and mental health. In addition, there was a significant correlation between mental health and educational stressful factors such as negative attitudes in the community about nursing and ambiguity about professional role of nurses at the time of education (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A number of nursing students were suspicious to have mental disorders. Therefore, in order to prevent physical and psychological destructive effects of stress on students, it is recommended to think about the educational stressful factors to diminish mental problems. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Physical activity (PA) is a multi-factorial behavior that is affected by intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental and social factors. The aim of this study was to investigate determinants of PA among patients with cardiovascular (CV) metabolic risk factors based on the educational factors of PRECEDE Model. Materials and methods: This mix method study (qualitative and quantitative) was conducted in two consecutive phases. In the qualitative phase, the experiences of 50 patients with CV metabolic risk factors and 12 healthcare providers who worked in the Diabetes Units of Health Centers of Alborz University of Medical Sciences (ABZUMS) were explained based on the educational factors of PRECEDE Model. In the quantitative phase, the questionnaire of determinants of PA was developed and its validity and reliability were evaluated and confirmed and it was completed by 450 patients and the strongest determinants of PA using the Structural equation modeling (SEM) through AMOS 18 were identified. Results: Using path analysis the findings showed, self-efficacy (β= 0.90) and perceived barriers (β= -0.63) determinants of predisposing category, skill (β= 0.38) determinant of enabling category, motivation comply (β= 0.47), social support (β= 0.23) and behavioral outcomes (β= 0.17) determinants of reinforcing category were higher predictive power and they were significant. Conclusion: The determinants mentioned should be targeted in designing an intervention program for promoting PA. Identifying the determinants of PA helps health planners to select the most appropriate methods and applications to address these determinants in order to increase the PA behavior. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: With the advancement of networks and the Internet industry, computer games have considerably progressed in the recent years and have been released in various types. Hence, the objective of this study was to compare social support in adolescents interested in different types of computer games. Materials and methods: This descriptive study followed a casual-comparative design. The statistical population of this study included all male adolescents and young adults referred to Internet gaming centers in Zahedan, Iran. In this study, multi-stage cluster sampling method was applied through which 8 gaming centers were randomly chosen and then among all people who referred to the considered gaming centers, 156 individuals were selected randomly as the regarded sample. To gather the data, the Mary Procidano and Kenneth Heller's Social Support Questionnaire (1983) was applied. To analyze the data, frequency, percentage, medium, mode and SD and one- way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe’s test was used through SPSS 23. Results: There was a difference among social support of people interested in different types of computer games. In this regard, those who were interested in online multiplayer games perceived higher levels of social support compared to those who were interested in single player games (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the findings demonstrated that subjects who chose Internet gaming centers and their houses as places to play compared to those who only selected their houses to play had higher levels of perceived social support. Conclusion: With the increasing development of computer games and diversification and expansion of its different styles, each type of computer games should be studied and investigated distinctly. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Diabetes is one of the chronic disease that has the most negative effects on the quality of life. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: In this quasi-experimental study a pre-test, posttest and a three month follow-up test was used. Among patients from the Diabetes Association in Alborz Province in Iran, 40 diabetic patients were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. The instruments for gathering data were demographic characteristics and a shortened form of quality of life questionnaire (DQOL). Besides using their diabetes drugs, during 8 weeks, and each week 2 hours, the experimental group participated in ACT sessions; but the control group only received diabetes drugs. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis, Tukey post hoc test and to compare post-test and medium follow up of two groups the dependent t-test was used through SPSS 20. Results: ACT in post-test and follow up increased as a psychological intervention of quality of life was used among patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: ACT can be used as an effective psychological intervention on the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Hypertension is a psycho-physiological problem. There are several biological and psychological factors that affect the incidence and severity of hypertension. The present study was aimed to investigate the mediating role of subjective-wellbeing in terms of perceived stress and hypertension. Materials and methods: In this descriptive-correlated study, the study population included over-45-adult patients with hypertension who referred to health centers in Tehran. Through convenience sampling 298 persons (121 male and 177 female) were selected as samples of the study. Perceived stress scale questionnaire and subjective well-being questionnaire were used to gather the data. To analyze the data Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. Results: There was a significant and negative correlation between subjective well-being and hypertension (p < 0.01, β = 0.353). The subjective well-being mediates the relationship between perceived stress and hypertension (p < 0.01, β = 0.203) and scores of perceived stress and subjective well-being explain the percentage of variance in blood pressure and changes in scores of perceived stress explain 45% of variance in subjective well-being. Conclusion: People with high blood pressure have high perceived stress and subjective well-being contributes to the control of hypertension. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is an important issue in the field of children's health promotion. The aim of this study was to identify the predictive factors of breastfeeding behaviors in order to improve the quality of breastfeeding among Iranian mothers. Materials and methods: A longitudinal study was conducted to collect the data from a large sample of 1445 six-months postpartum mothers referred to health centers in the city of Qazvin, Qazvin province, Iran in 2014. Demographic variables and the constructs of Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP) were measured by a questionnaire. Use of Pearson and Spearman correlation tests along with analysis of variance were conducted to investigate potential associations. Then both hierarchal multiple regression and logistic regression were applied to identify potential determinative factors through SPSS version 21.00. Results: The average age of the participants was 28.6 ± 5.5 and the majority of maternal were housewives (75.2%). Variables such as age, income, employment and primiparity were associated with EBF (p < 0.05). The constructs of TPB could significantly predict the EBF behavior, which accounts for 59% of the variance among the predicting factors. Self-identity and moral norms could increase the variance by an additional 15%. Younger mothers with lower education levels and insufficient income were at higher risk of EBF cessation. Conclusion: Interventions to promote knowledge, attitude and behavioral control towards EBF among the young mothers with low socioeconomic status should be considered. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Its incidence has increased in developing countries due to factors such as increase in life expectancy, urbanization and popularity of western culture. The aim of this study was to identify the social and cultural factors affecting breast cancer screening based on the PEN-3 model (perceptional, enabling and nurturers) among school teachers in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional one. Through random sampling 258 high school teachers were selected as samples. A questionnaire that consisted with 50 questions based on the PEN-3 model was used to gather the data. The validity of the questionnaire was measured with content validity and the reliability with Cronbach alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed through SPSS 21 using one-sample t-test, two-sample t-test and Chi-square test. Results: 48.1% of school teachers had a history of breast self-examination, 24.8% history of breast clinical examination by the physician and medical staff and 9.3% had at least one mammography. The most important affecting factors on screening were: belief to early detection of tumors (87.2%), ability to pay the screening cost (83.7%), negligence and forgetfulness (65.1%), being busy and lack of time (56.2%), fear (24.5%), and anxiety (21.3%). Conclusion: Due to fact that the affecting factors on breast cancer screening behavior are in the scope of the social and cultural range, a comprehensive plan for intervention and using a health education model, including the PEN-3 model, can be useful. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective:Standard precautions are a proper strategy for prevention of occupational diseases among nurses. The study was aimed to investigate the application of Standard precautions for prevention of transmission of hepatitis B and C and HIV in educational hospitals. Materials and methods:In this cross-sectional study 218 nurses, 174 female and 44 male, of two educational hospitals in Zahedan, Iran uses multi-stages sampling method were studied. A polychotomy standard questionnaire including demographic questions and health belief model constructs were used to gather the data. The participants responded to questions via self-report method. Through SPSS 16 and using descriptive (percentage, Mean) and analytical (paired T test, independent T test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression coefficient) statistics the data were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the precipitants was 31.73±6.28.Only 27.7% of nurses had a good level of knowledge and 23.9, 63.3 and 13.8% of them had good, average and weak level of practice, respectively. Also results of Liner regression showed that perceived barrier and self-efficacy predicted the 23.5% of predictive behaviors variances. Conclusion: Health Belief Model is a proper framework for designing and implementing the educational interventions in promoting the predictive behaviors of Hepatitis and AIDS in hospitals. Paper Type:Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Despite the many benefits of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle is still a public health problem among women. This study was conducted to identify factors associated with physical activity based on Stages of Change Model as one of the most effective models of behavior study among health volunteers in Rasht in 2014. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all of the active health volunteers in Rasht (N=176) completed the self-administered questionnaire consisting of 3 parts: demographic information, validated questionnaire of stages of change model constructs, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-long form). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Correlation and regression through SPSS 18. Results: Intensity of physical activity among health volunteers was respectively 10.2%, 61.4% and 28.4% in low, moderate and severe level. Among the structures of Stages of Change Model, self-efficacy (&beta = 0.2) and Cons (&beta = 0.17), had predictive power on the promotion of physical activity (p <0.05). 17% were in the pre-contemplation stage, 10.3% were in the contemplation stage, 17.6% in the preparation stage, 12.5% were in the action stage, and 42.6% were in the maintenance stage of regular physical activity. Conclusion: Since most of the health volunteers were in the middle-ages, and also the majority of them had moderate physical activity, appropriate for their age, therefore, due to the effective constructs (self-efficacy and Cons), it is necessary that these constructs to be strengthened in order to maintain the moderate level of physical activity in this group. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Mental health is one of the key variables in the field of Psychology and Educational Sciences that several factors have been studied in relation to it. The aim of this study is to predict students' mental health using the variables of self-esteem, life satisfaction was hope. Methods: This study was of the correlation among non-experimental studies. The population were included all students in shahrood University (9,000 student) and for the sample size used krejcie and Morgan table and 368 were selected. A booklet that participants were asked to respond to questions, including:1-demographic Questionnaire2-General Health Goldberg and Hiller Questionnaire 3- Snyder Hope questionnaire 4- Rosenberg self esteem questionnaire.5-Diner satisfaction with life Questionnaire. To analyze the data descriptive statistics (Charts, measure of central tendency and dispersion measures) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and stepwise regression analysis) were used. Results: The results show that between self-esteem, satisfaction with life, hope and mental health (r=0/76 0/70 and 0/76) There is a significant correlation. Students mental health can be predicted based on variables self-esteem and (&beta =0/42), satisfaction with life (&beta = 0/21) and hope (&beta =0/52). The proportion of self-esteem variable (0/42) was more. there was no difference Between self-esteem, hope and mental health, but between life satisfaction boys scores were more than girls. Conclusion: This study showed that, in general, students with good mental health, and results showed that with increasing self-esteem, hope and life satisfaction of students can improve their mental health. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objective: In order to have effective parenting, which, in turn, results in children being happy, healthy and productive, it is necessary to design an effective indigenous pattern based on the Iranian culture. The aim of this study was to explore indicators of successful parenting of adolescents among Iranian families. Methods: This applied study used qualitative grounded theory to gather its data. 13 cases of successful parents were selected using theoretical sampling. They were studied using in-depth interviews over a period of 6 months. After collecting the data, they were recorded and coded in terms of categories, and then they were classified. In analyzing the data, the original codes were identified and based on axial coding, categories of parental role were identified. Results: In the context of the role of parents, appreciation, encouraging, sincerity, positive communication, navigation, responsibility, fairness, monitoring, control and modeling role of parents were identified as parenting indicators. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be helpful for parents in the upbringing of healthy young adults. Family counselors and psychologists could also apply the results of this study for educating families for successful parenting. Paper Type: Research Article [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Many parents face challenges to respond to child sexual questions. These questions are generally non-projected, but appropriate and proportionate response to such questions is the most challenging for parenting issues. So, identifying sexual questions that are frequently asked by children, and on the other hand, through proper education to parents, response to curious questions of children can be tailored to age and gender correctly. Therefore, this study was designed to explore children's sexual questions. Methods: This research was a qualitative content analysis study. The samples were selected on the basis of objective and purposive sampling. Samples consisted of 20 parents living in the city of Ahvaz. Data were gathered through semi-structured and unstructured interviews. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively through content analysis simultaneously and using the software MAXQDA 10. Results: Children sexual curious questions suggested 3 main themes: 1) changes in sexual characteristics, 2) gender differences and relations between the sexes, & 3) pregnancy, child birth and pregnancy prevention- which consisted of 9 sub-classes. Conclusion: The reason and process of pregnancy, how baby is born and sex differences were the most questions that children had asked. In order to answer the sexual questions properly in regard to age and gender, it is recommended that an educational package be designed to answer children questions. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: It is necessary to identify factors influencing smoking in order to design effective interventions to reduce this behavior. This study aimed to determine the predictive factors of smoking among adults of Arak city based on Transtheoretical model (TTM). Methods: This analytical- cross sectional study was carried out on 328 smokers 30 years of age and older in the city of Arak in 2014. Samples were selected randomly from family file numbers of Arak. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and questions related to Transtheoretical structure Model (stages of change, processes of change, temptation, Pros and Cons of smoking) and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results: Most of the subjects (52.7%) were in the precontemplation stage of smoking cessation. Linear regression revealed that variables of change stages (R2 = -0.46, p< 0.001), temptation (R2 = -0.18, p< 0.001), hazards of smoking (R2 = -0.12, p< 0.001), early age of smoking (R2 = -0.14, p< 0.006), dramatic relief process of change (R2 = -0.12, p< 0.015) and the number of friends who smoke (R2 = -0.12,p< 0.048) were the predictor of daily smoking rates. The model was able to predict 37% of smoking rate variance Conclusion: Most subjects were in the precontemplation stage of quitting smoking and according to predictive factors of smoking it is necessary to plan an effective educational program for quitting smoking. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Work settings provide a unique opportunity for health promotion interventions. Considering the issue of obesity among employees, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the intervention based on new communication technologies and the social cognitive theory on weight control in the governmental employees of the city of Hamadan in 2014. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted among “telephone-assisted intervention”, “web-assisted intervention”, and “control” groups comprising 435 employees with excess weight or obesity. The educational intervention was performed for 6 months under the title of “lifestyle program.” Then, the participants were evaluated in terms of weight and changes in the constructs of the social-cognitive theory 6 and 9 months after the intervention. A researcher-made questionnaire based on the Dishman and Dewar questionnaires was used to evaluate the constructs of social-cognitive theory. The data were collected and analyzed using one-way ANOVA, two-way analysis of variance, and linear Regression test through SPSS 20. Results: The lifestyle intervention resulted in a weight loss of 1.92 and 1.08 kg among the telephone-assisted and web-assisted intervention groups, respectively. The intervention in the mobile telephone-assisted group increased the mean scores of the participants in the constructs of self-efficacy, environment, outcome expectations, and outcome expectancies. In the web-assisted intervention group, the mean scores of the constructs of self-efficacy and outcome expectancies increased. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed the effectiveness of the intervention based on new communication technologies and the social-cognitive theory (SCT). We recommend conducting studies to evaluate other health challenges based on the Social-Cognitive Theory in work settings. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Due to the necessity of oral health in the preschool children and incorrect beliefs of mothers and more perceived barriers to perform it, this research was performed to study the effect of education intervention in changing mothers' attitudes, perceived self-efficacy and perceived barriers regarding oral health of preschool children. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 120 female preschool children from district 7 of Tehran city were selected by one stage cluster sampling from each school and then their mothers were included in the study. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed and validated by researchers for assessing mothers' self-efficacy, perceived barriers and attitudes regarding oral health among preschool children. Two test (intervention) and control groups completed the questionnaire before educational intervention. Based on the pre-test results the educational intervention was designed and implemented in 4 sessions (each 45 minutes) for mothers in test group. Both groups were followed up one month after the intervention and then completed questionnaires. Data was analyzed by independent sample t-tests and student's t test for paired sample through SPSS16. Results: Significant differences were observed in the mean score of attitude (p=0.001), perceived self-efficacy (p=0.011) and perceived barriers (p<0.0001) in the intervention group as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Educational intervention may reduce perceived barriers to oral health among mothers having pre-school children regarding oral health and increase their perceived self-efficacy and positive attitude. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Pregnancy anxiety in a common problem during pregnancy period that is associated with negative consequences. The current study was conducted in order to determine the role of health beliefs and health promoting behaviors in predicting pregnancy anxiety among pregnant women. Methods: This research was a descriptive- analytical and correlational study. Pregnant women referred to health centers of the Ardabil city for medical cares from the first to ninth month of pregnancy in the second half of 2014 were the population of this study. One hundred and ten women were randomly selected via clustering sampling method from this population they were asked to fill in the questionnaires- demographic data, Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised (PRAQ-R), health belief model questionnaire and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). The data were analyzed by tests of Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. Results: Pregnancy anxiety had negative relationship with perceived susceptibility (r = -0.41 p < 0.001), severity of perceived consequences (r= -0.56 p < 0.001), benefits of medical treatment (r= -0.35 p< 0.001), total score of health promoting lifestyle (r= -0.67 p < 0.001), its components, namely health responsibility (r= -0.54 p < 0.001), physical activity (r= -0.42 p < 0.001), nutrition (r= -0.42 p < 0.001), spiritual growth (r= -0.55 p < 0.001), interpersonal relationships (r= -0.57 p < 0.001), and stress management (r= -0.64 p < 0.001). Regression analyses also revealed that 44% of variance of pregnancy anxiety of women was explained by health beliefs and 50% of it was explained by health promoting lifestyle. Conclusion: Positive beliefs about health and health promoting lifestyle play role in reducing pregnancy anxiety. The results of this research propose the necessary of training health beliefs and health promoting life style during pregnancy period for improving psychological health and coping with pregnancy anxiety. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Skin and eye protection against UV sun rays (sunscreen, clothing, hats, and glasses) is one of the most important preventive behaviors of skin cancer in adulthood period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational intervention based on animation method on promoting protective behaviors in male students in Zahedan. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 200 sixth grade male students that were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a multi-section questionnaire. The Validity of the questionnaire based on expert's viewpoint (80...) and its reliability by Cronbakh Alpha test (0.83) was assessed and confirmed. After primary data collecting, educational intervention included lecture along movie clip exhibition in the intervention group was performed and two months later data in both groups were collected again and analyzed in SPSS16 using independent, pair t-test and chi-square test. Results: After educational intervention and using visual media such as cartoon animation the promoting protective behaviors using protection tools (sunscreen, clothing, hats, and glasses) were meaningfully increased (p<0.001), and finding showed that using sunscreen the increase from 35... to 70. 9... after intervention had the greatest changes. Conclusion: Educational intervention using visual media such as cartoon animation is useful in increasing knowledge and promoting behaviors against to the sun rays harmful effects. It is also necessary to strengthen behavior change of educational process with public health policies. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Adjustment is the most important sign of mental health. Determination of factors which affect adjustment is important. This study aimed to determine the relationship between personal and social adjustment with locus of control and gender in intelligent high school students in Kermanshah. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study 106 high school students of Kermanshah were selected randomly. Data collection tools were Ratter's locus of control scale, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) including 12 concepts of social and personal adjustment, and a demographic questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using correlation, ANOVA through SPSS16. Results: There was no significant difference between personal adjustment and gender. But social adjustment in girls' intelligent was more than boys' intelligent (p<0.03). There was an interaction between gender and locus of control with personal adjustment (p<0.03). The interaction between the effect of gender and locus of control in social adjustment was not significant. Neurotic symptoms, rejection tendency, dependence feeling (among personal adjustment components) and family relation, school relation (among social adjustment components social frames) had negative significant relative to locus of control. Conclusion: Locus of control is a related factor on social adjustment in the intelligent high school students and gender is a related factor in their social adjustment. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Assessment of physical activity patterns and its influencing factors among adolescents for change in physical activity patterns is valuable. Considering the importance of physical activity among youth, the aim of this study was to assess the physical activity in girl school students in the Tarom in Iran and its relevant factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study physical activity were assessed among 230 girl senior high school students in Tarom. The students were selected via classified multi-stage random sampling. Physical activity was evaluated by the standard, valid and reliable International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and pedometer to evaluate physical activity levels. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were also measured. Subjects wore a pedometer throughout the day for one consecutive week, and average steps per day (physical activity volume) were measured. Data were analyzed through SPSS18 using Chi-squared test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results: Regarding the level of physical activity (Pedometer results), 32... of students were active and 68... inactive. The results of IPAQ showed that out of active individuals, 68... performed light, 28... moderate and 2... sever physical activity. There was only significant relationship between physical activity and father's jobs. In the case of level of mother and father's education, mother's jobs and household income had no significant effect on the frequency of adequate physical activity. Conclusion: The results indicated that the level of physical activity was not sufficient among girl students. Therefore, it is necessary to have an education plan to educate girl students regarding life style modification. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Health promotion and providing health for the whole population is an important factor of progress in societies. Students of medical sciences have a significant role in the health promotion as health promoter and professional health care providers. Therefore, the health-promoting behaviors among these students have noticeable importance. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study,400 students were assessed by HPLP II questionnaire through two-stage stratified sampling. This questionnaire has six dimensions:responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, Stress Management, and interpersonal relationships. Descriptive statistics and T-test was used for data analysis through SPSS11.5. Results: The mean age of students was 21.36±1.6. The total mean score of health-promoting behavior was 113.08±25 (total score 208). The highest score was gained by spiritual growth (20.81±6.2), and the lowest score was by responsibility domain (19.26±6.8). Interpersonal relations between two sexes was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Due to the state of the health-promoting behaviors among students of medical sciences (intermediate levels),educational planning in health promoting behaviors is recommended for students. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Human in this period in the adaptability to the environment and his/her job is forced to undergo constraints and pressures. If we have extreme job stress, it can create physical, mental, behavioral complications for the individual, and in turn jeopardize his/her health. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of physical activity training on worker burnout. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was carried out among 200 employees of Electricity Office, City Hall, the Governor and the Department of Education of Agh Ghala county, north of Iran. The employees were selected by random sampling. A three-part questionnaire (Demography, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)) was used for collecting data. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 and descriptive statistics and independent t test, paired t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and ANOVA test; significant level was considered 0.05 in all analyses. Results: 57.5% of the employees were men and 91... were married. Average age was 38.52±7.86 years. Results showed that the mean of physical activity had increased after the intervention and with the increase in physical activity the mean of lack of job accomplishment decreased, which in turn shows increase in employees' job satisfaction. And with the decrease in the mean of depersonalization, employees' relationship with coworkers and those receiving services improved. Conclusion: Physical activity is one of the ways of reducing depersonalization and lack of accomplishment among employees. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: One of the ways to achieve healthy communities is training adolescents in healthy behaviors. This study was conducted to assess the impact of peer education approach to health promoting behaviors in Bastak junior high school students. Methods: The study population was junior high school students in Bastak county, Hormozgan. In this semi-experimental study 201 students were placed in the intervention group and 157 students in the control group. The data were collected through The Adolescent Health Promotion Scale. The questionnaire measures health promoting behaviors in six areas, including nutrition, social protection, health personal responsibility, valuation of health, exercise and stress management. Intervention was performed through peer education. Data were collected before and two months after the intervention and analyzed by using SPSS19 and independent and paired t-test. Results: Health promoting behaviours scores showed a significant increase in the intervention group except health valuation area compared with pre-training (p<0.001) while the control group showed a significant decrease in average behavioral in all domains (p<0.05). After the intervention, students' health promoting behaviors in all six areas including nutrition, social protection, health personal responsibility, valuing health, exercise and stress management in the intervention group were statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that peer education approach can be effective in changing the behavior of young adults towards healthy behaviors. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder. Besides its physical effect on the body, it could also cause depression and anxiety which could affect spouse and the rest of the family. The aim of this study was to design and test the effectiveness of a couple-oriented emotionalcognitive- behavioral intervention model and compare it with a patient-oriented cognitive-behavioral intervention model on improving the quality of the relationship between couples in women suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The research design was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, a posttest and 3 months of follow-up. The research samples consisted of 90 women with rheumatoid arthritis participated in this study through judgmental sampling. They were assigned to three groups including couple-oriented group, patient-oriented group and control group. The data was gathered through Golombok -Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS) that was filled by participations at the pre-test, post-test and follow-up after 3 months. The inflammatory marker CRP levels were also measured through blood tests before and after interventions. The experimental groups participated in couple-oriented intervention (7 sessions with couples) and patient-oriented (7 sessions only with patients) and the control group remained on the waiting list. Data was analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Post hoc test through SPSS16. Results: Despite the effectiveness of both types of intervention, the coupleoriented intervention had more effect size (d = 0.20) compared with patientoriented intervention (d=0.06) on the quality of the marital relationship even in three-month follow-up. Despite the reduction of inflammatory marker CRP levels in posttest, still there was no significant difference (F (2,87) = 0.33; p<0.71) in the levels of the inflammatory marker in pre and posttests of the 3 groups. Conclusion: The couple-oriented emotional cognitive-behavioral-intervention can be used as an effective intervention to improve marital state in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Women's health is very important. Prevalence of Urine and genital Tract infection among women is high. This study was aimed to determine factors associated with urine and genital Tract infection preventive behaviors among women referred to Gorgan health centers based on health belief model. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 420 women referred to Gorgan health centers were selected by two stage sampling method. Data was collected by using a self-report, reliable and valid questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS18 with descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) and analytical statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t test and one way ANOVA). Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.80±9.16. The mean score of knowledge was 71.93±16.68; perceived susceptibility 92.45±8.51, perceived severity 76.07±13.80, perceived benefits 95.30±6.37, perceived barriers 69.84±17.87 and the mean score of behavior were 86.71±9.14. There was a significant positive correlation between behavior with knowledge and perceived benefits. Physicians, midwives and husbands were the most important guides to action. Conclusion: The status of Knowledge, perceived suscep tibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and behavior were in a desirable level, but perceived barriers were at high level. According to the positive correlation between behavior with knowledge and perceived benefits, it is recommended that educational intervention be implemented by physicians and midwives with emphasis on promoting knowledge and perceived benefits of women in regard to preventive behaviors. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Researches related to perfectionism have tried to investigate the negative relationship between this variable and its' dimensions with the various fields of physical and psychological hygiene and health. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of perfectionism and its' dimensionsin predicting disordered eating behaviors among students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 477 students of AllamehTabataba'i University who was selected by multiple cluster sampling. Participants responded to the questionnaires of demographic characteristics, perfectionism of Besharat (1382), disordered eating behaviors of Garneret al. (1982). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. Results: There were significant positive correlations between perfectionism and its' dimensions (self-centered, other -centered, and community-centere d) with disordered eating behaviors (p<0.01). In other words,when perfectionism increases, the degree of disordered eating behaviors among students also increases. Stepwise regression analysis also indicated that in the interaction between the dimensions of perfectionism, the community-centered perfectionism and other-centered perfectionism significantly predicted, respectively, 11% and 9% of the variance of disordered eating behaviors among student (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest the importance of perfectionism and its' dimensions in predicting disordered eating behaviors.These factors can explain the high degree of variability of these behaviors. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Psychological capital is a new construct in positive psychology that balances between positive and negative aspects of organizations, by which reinforces strengths and adjusts weaknesses. The goal of this study was to investigate the mediating role of quality of work life between psychological capital and life satisfaction. Methods: In this descriptive correlational study 244 employees of Water and Sewage Company of Isfahan, selected by simple random sampling, participated. The data were analyzed through bivariate correlation and mediation analysis in Macro program in Preacher and Hayes (2008). Results: Psychological capital, self-efficacy, hope and optimism (p<0.01) and resiliency (p<0.05) had significant correlation with quality of work life. Also psychological capital, hope (p<0.01), self-efficacy, resiliency and optimism (p<0.05) had significant correlation with life satisfaction. Mediation analysis results showed that quality of work life mediate the relation between psychological capital and its dimensions and life satisfaction. Conclusion: Therefore, developing psychological capital can positively influence the quality of work life and subsequently life satisfaction. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Depression during pregnancy and after childbirth endangers mental health of the mother and physical health of the baby. Cognitive skills training can reduce the depression and anxiety of these periods. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the impact of cognitive skills training intervention program on women during pregnancy and postpartum referred to health centers in Khorramabad. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 120 pregnant women referred to the Health Centers. The participants were selected applying simple selection method. Data was gathered using Beck questionnaire before and two months after the educational intervention. Case group received the intervention program through lecturing. Data was analyzed applying SPSS16 and statistical tests (chi-square, t-test and regression) were applied. Results: Participants mean age was 27.29±5.76. The age range was between 18 and 39. After intervention, depression mean score changed from 38.13±7.45 to 29.95±5.12; the reduction in the case group statistically was significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: Training cognitive skills have a positive impact on reducing depression among pregnant women during and after pregnancy. Therefore, it is recommended that this intervention, after being valified by a few other researches, be combined in pre and postnatal care in health centers. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective:Violence against women are commonly seenthroughout the world. Studies showed that violence is related to self-efficacy. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention to increase self-efficacy and awareness for the prevention of domestic violence against women in the Gorgan city, Iran. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was designed with pre-and post-test on 91 married women under the aegis ofthe Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF) in Gorgan in winter and spring of 2012-2013. Tools for gathering data includeddemographic information, General self-Efficacy questionnaire and a questionnaire about awareness of violence. Based on the results of the pretest, the educational contentwas prepared. Post-test was conducted 40 days later, after 3 educational sessions. Using SPSS16and analytical test such as the paired t-test data were analyzed. Results: The mean age of subjects were 37.37±12.13 years. The scores means of self-efficacy (p<0.001) and awareness (p<0.001) before and after the intervention were statistically had significant difference. Therefore, it seems thateducational program was effective in the promotion of the variables means. Conclusion: To decrease thedomestic violence against women, increasing women's self-efficacy and awareness through educational classes and proper planning is recommended. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The AIDS epidemic is considerably widespread across the world, turning out to be an exigent problem. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on the prevention of AIDS among health volunteers in Sirjan County. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study in which 120 health volunteers attending health centers in Sirjan city, were selected to participate in this study; 60 in the intervention group and 60 in the control group. The intervention was conducted over three sessions for 60 minutes. Data were collected by a valid and reliable 40-item questionnaire before intervention and three months after the intervention. Data was analyzed by chi-square, Fisher's exact, paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: The average scores of both groups according to awareness level, attitude toward behavior, functioning, behavioral intention, mental norms and perceived behavioral control had no meaningful differences before the intervention. But after educational intervention, the average scores of all variables increased meaningfully in the intervention group (p<0.001). But, there was no increase or significant difference in the control group. Conclusion: TPB was effective in educating health volunteers. Therefore, it is suggested that TPB can be used in training AIDs-prevention behaviors. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Despite all its advantages, many people still engage less physical activity in their leisure time. In this context, a theory-based intervention to promote physical activity in women referred to Izeh health centers was designed. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, a random sample of 120 women was selected and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. A valid and reliable questionnaire including data on stages of change, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and processes of change were used to collect the data. Data were gathered at baseline. educational intervention including lecture and group discussion was implemented for the experimental group. After3 -month follow-up, data were collected again and analyzed via SPSS16 using t test and Chi-square at the level of 0.05 significance. Results: Although before the intervention, there was no significant association between experimental group and control, after the intervention, stage transition was significant between the two groups (p<0.05). The mean scores of the variables increased: self-efficacy (from 19.38±4.03 to 23.60±2.79), benefits (from 11.95±5.18 to 19.95±6.03), processes of change (from 33±7.57 to 47.23±5.01). This difference was not significant for barriers between two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Implementing interventional programs based on Trans-theoretical Model could improve physical activity behavior. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Stress, anxiety and depression, as mental health factors, creates several problems for students - the country's future generation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on the reduction of Anxiety, Stress and Depression symptoms among university students. Methods: In this semi-experimental research a pre-post test and a control group was used. For this purpose, 186 male students using multistage cluster were selected and stress, anxiety and depression questionnaire were performed on all of them. After filling out the questionnaire, from students with a score of 28 or more, 40 ones were randomly selected and were divided into two groups- under training and control. The experimental group received emotion regulation training and the control group did not receive the training. Training was performed in the experimental group for eight sessions (two sessions a week and each half an hour) on all subjects. Before the training and after that, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was completed. The descriptive statistics and MANCOVA were used to analyze the data. Results: Analysis of covariance showed that the anxiety, stress and depression scores of student in the emotion regulation training group compared to the control group at posttest hadreduced (P<0.001). Conclusion: Therefore emotion regulation training significantly reduces the symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression. These results have important implications in the field of mental health of students. Paper Type: Research Aricle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: In all societies, with the increase of age bone mass also decreases. Osteoporosis is a common disease among middle-age and older persons, especially women. Therefore, the necessity of implementing strategic plans to prevent osteoporosis is significantly important. This study was designed to determine the prediction of osteoporosis preventive behaviors through the use of the Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 402 women in Mashhad in 2014. A multi-stage cluster sampling was used. In order to gather collection a questionnaire consistent with the structures of HBM and IPAQ and FFQ was used. Data were analyzed using the SPSS16 and descriptive analysis (frequency, percentage, mean ± SD) and analysis (correlation coefficient, regression and Linear regression). The significance level was 0.5. Results: The mean age of the participants were 36.5 ± 8.1 years. Average monthly calcium intake was 14703.1 ± 8377.5 mg; 63.7% of the people with lower physical activity were among inactive groups. Construct barriers perceived (p = 0.008) had a significant impact on the feeding behavior of calcium intake. Self- efficacy (p> 0.001) had a significant impact on physical activity behavior. Conclusion: The results showed that the HBM to predict well for osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women. Its use in training programs will be effective. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Pregnancy could be one of the best personal and family event of a woman, but unwanted pregnancy is a health concern affecting maternal, infant and society health. The aim of this study was to deeply explore the mental aspects of unwanted pregnancy. Methods: A qualitative research in 2013 was done in Behbahan and Ahvaz. Data collection was performed through unstructured interviews with 30 participants (24 with direct experienced and 6 with indirect experienced) to reach data saturation. Participants' responses were recorded and transcripted word by word on paper. Data analysis was done with the constant comparison analysis. Rigorance of data was confirmed by participants and also external check. Results: Three main categories were shown as reasons for unwanted pregnancies: feeling of shame due to mental abnormalities related to pregnancy, being alone and lack of social support and fear of unwanted effects of pregnancy. In all, 12 subcategories were found. Conclusion: According to women's experience, feeling of unwanted pregnancy had a psychological reasons. Considering unintended pregnancy as a high risk pregnancy and establishing educational programs for this problem is seemed to be necessary to decrease negative outcomes of unwanted pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]