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Background and Objectives Evaluating the attitudes and beliefs of different classes of society is very important in attracting donors. This study aimed to evaluate the attitude of students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences regarding blood donation and investigate the obstacles in this field. Materials and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 students of different fields of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2023. A questionnaire containing demographic questions and main research questions (12 questions to evaluate the causes of blood donation-7 questions to evaluate the reasons for not donating again in donors - 20 questions to evaluate the factors preventing blood donation in non-donors-12 questions about the general attitude to blood donation in donors and non-donors) were used to collect data. Data analysis was done with SPSS21 software and descriptive statistics. Results The average age was 22.85 ± 0.26 years and only 11.5% had history of donating blood. The most important motivating factors include altruistic causes (100%), feeling of responsibility (96.9%), moral and personal commitment (87.5%), participation in social activities (75%) and helping patients (71.9%). The most important reasons preventing blood donation are fear of dizziness and weakness (77.2% and 64.1%, respectively), lack of proper information (67%), fear of hand burning and hematoma (42.4%) and fear of anemia (47.8%). Conclusions Despite the low donation rate, most students had a positive attitude towards blood donation. In order to encourage students to donate blood, the necessary information should be provided through holding appropriate educational programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Umbilical cord blood is a valuable source of stem cells used in transplants to treat various diseases including leukemia, lymphoma and genetic disorders. However, cord blood clotting during the collection process can reduce sample quality and quantity and impact its efficacy in cord blood banking. This article aims to predict pre-collection cord blood clotting in donors using advanced machine learning techniques. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, data was gathered using 928127 samples available in the fetal cord blood bank, and with using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, including decision tree, naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support vector machine, Random forest, Majority voting and Multilayer perceptron, prediction of cord blood clotting was performed on the Royan cord blood bank database and their performance was compared using evaluation metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score. Results In this study, the algorithm accuracy of Decision Tree was 0.80, Naive Bayes was 0.63, KNearest Neighbors was 0.83, Support Vector Machine was 0.65, Random Forest was 0.84, Majority Voting Classifier was 0.81, and Multilayer Perceptron was 0.74. Conclusions In this study, the performance of Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbors algorithms demonstrated the best accuracy showing that machine learning algorithms can predict prenatal cord blood clotting with high accuracy which can help prevent sampling of clotted specimens in order to reduce costs and storage problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Human lymphotropic virus type I mainly infects lymphocytes. For the detection of this virus, mainly nucleated cells are evaluated. Due to the short longevity of cells, sample collection is a challenge. The purpose of the study was to investigate the presence of HTLV-1 virus in genomic DNA released from cells in plasma and to determine its viral load in Western blotpositive blood donors Materials and Methods In this descriptive study, 30 HTLV-1 positive Western blot donors were evaluated. Using an extraction kit, genomic DNA was extracted from plasma and isolated PBMC using Ficol. A nested PCR test was used to confirm the presence of HTLV-1 virus. A real-time PCR quantitative test by Sybergreen method was used to determine the amount of virus load Results The average age of subjects was 42.9 ± 13.5 years; 93.3% of them were male and 6.6% female. LTR gene region was detected by nested PCR method in 80% of plasma and 100% of PBMC samples. The median viral loads in plasma and PBMC were 1.90 Copies/µL and 20 copies/106 PBMC, respectively. Conclusions To detect the HTLV-1 virus by molecular method, the HTLV-1 provirus DNA released from cells, in the plasma can be used when peripheral blood mononuclear cells are unavailable. It has also been observed that the virus load in the plasma of asymptomatic carriers is approximately 10 times lower than in PBMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Covid-19 was declared a public health emergency by World Health Organization in jan 2020. Public fear, quarantine, and shutdown created an unpredictable situation for healthcare services worldwide, which created a great challenge for blood transfusion services. Materials and Methods In a cross-sectional study, the data about the request, distribution, and waste of blood products were collected and compared in two time periods (March and February 2019 and March and February 2020) before and at the time or Covid-19 pandemic with test of proportion. The poisson regression test was used to compare the amount of waste, request, and distribution of blood products in two consecutive years. Results The request for red blood cells before the pandemic was 920,591 units, but it decreased by 18% to 754,052 units, and the distribution of red blood cells decreased by 17.3% at the time of pandemic, because of the cancellation of surgeries and general quarantine. The RBC wastage decreased from 25878 to 12837 units, a reduction of 50.3% (p = 0.03). However, the demand for leukoreduced red blood cells rose by 10.8%, yet wastage also increased by 8.8%. Waste in red blood cell bags for infants quadrupled during the pandemic. Plasma requests decreased by 4.9%, with a 7.2% decline in distribution, yet plasma waste increased by 6.8%. At pandemic time, Platelet requests decreased by 19%, distribution decreased by 15.6%, and waste decreased by 32.3%. Conclusions During the COVID-19 pandemic, the waste of RBCs and platelets was reduced. The distribution-to-demand ratio remained relatively stable throughout the pandemic time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives This study looked at the frequency of HLA alleles and their genetic diversity in specific Iranian ethnic groups. This is important for the successful transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. Materials and Methods In this descriptive study, HLA-DRB1 alleles were determined in low resolution level for donors using the PCR-SSP method. By using the HLA lab data and the stem cell donors' information in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, the ethnic and HLA information from the Gilak (n = 510, 24.70%), Lur (n = 465, 22.53%), Kurd (n = 719, 34.84%), and Arab (n = 370, 17.93%) ethnicities were collected and analyzed. The relationship between alleles and ethnicity was examined, and a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between the frequency of alleles in the studied ethnic groups was evaluated using the chi-square test. Results The low frequency allelic groups related to HLA-DRB1 were HLA-DRB1*09 (0.6%), HLADRB1*12 (0.8%), and HLA-DRB1*08 (1.6%). Allelic groups with higher frequency included HLA-DRB1*11 (22.7%), HLA-DRB1*03 (11.8%), HLA-DRB1*15 (11.7%), and HLADRB1*04 (11.1%). Among the allelic groups of HLA-DRB1, the frequency of 9 HLA-DRB1 allelic groups showed significant differences in the studied populations. Conclusions The frequency of several allelic groups showed significant differences among Iranian ethnicities. Identifying similarities and differences in the frequency of HLA alleles among Iranian ethnicities can help not only expand the pool of donors in registries but also assist in planning for providing of hematopoietic stem cell donors for patients from different Iranian ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Patient blood management reduces unnecessary transfusions to improve patients' health. Familiarity of physicians with this program is necessary to improve the outcomes of patients health. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of education on the level of knowledge of residents in medical centers in Yazd, 2022-2023. Materials and Methods The study was a before and after quasi-experimental intervention. 57 medical residents participated. A 20 question questionnaire measured the residents' knowledge level in patient blood management before and after the education. The validity of the questionnaire was measured by a survey of experienced physicians in the management of patient's blood. Reliability with Cronbach's alpha test was 0.8. The data were analyzed using t and Paired-t tests in SPSS 20 software. Results 35 participants (61.4%) were women and 22 (38.6%) were men. Their mean age was 30.58 ± 5.45 years.The average knowledge scores were 9.38 ± 3.77 and 14.01 ± 3.50 before and after education, respectively (p < 0.001). The lowest response rate before instructions pertained to evaluation of patients' anemia before surgery and knowledge of autologous blood usage. The knowledge score had no significant relationship with age, sex, blood prescription history, and medical practice duration. Conclusions Education effectively increased the knowledge of residents. It is suggested to include hold targeted educational programs with emphasis on the areas of anemia management and the use of autologous blood, publish educational guides, and include transfusion medicine and the patient's blood management program in medical education curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most sensitive periods of a person's life, which has a great impact on his future health, is the fetal period, while the risk of infection in children of mothers who are positive in terms of HBsAg serum level is very high. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis by examining Scientific Information Database (SID), Medline (PubMed), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar until February 2024. Results: In a review of 45 studies with a sample size of 77,641 pregnant women, based on meta-analysis, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women was reported to be 1.1% (95% CI: 0.9-1.4 %), meta-regression results showed that with increasing The sample size, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women decreased (P<0.05) and also with the increase in the years of conducting studies, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women decreased (P<0.05) and also with the increasing age of women. pregnant, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection increases in Iranian pregnant women (P=0.133). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women is not at a high level, but according to the meta-regression analysis, which shows the effect of age at the same time as the increase of this infection in women, it is necessary to continue preventive measures and reach The lower levels of attention of health policy makers in this area should be directed to carry out extensive information and screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to develop a learning-based model of organizational entrepreneurship, utilizing structural equation modeling, within the context of Iran’s health insurance organization. Methods: The study’s statistical population consisted of all managers and employees of the Iran Health Insurance Organization, estimated to be 500 individuals. Using the Cochran equation, 217 individuals were randomly selected as a statistical sample. Data was collected via a researchermade questionnaire consisting of 86 items. Thirty experts confirmed the questionnaire’s face and content validity, and its reliability exceeded 0.7 in a preliminary test with 30 subjects across all variables under investigation. Descriptive statistics methods were employed for data analysis using SPSS version 22 software, while inferential statistics were conducted using structural equation modeling in Smart PLS version 2 software. Results: The study’s findings showed that causal factors significantly influence the central phenomenon and that the background factors, the central phenomenon, and intervening factors all impact the strategies employed. Furthermore, these organizational strategies influence the consequences. Specifically, an increase of 1 unit in strategies results in an increase of 0.919 in consequences. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, it can be inferred that organizational learning enhances creativity and fosters the generation of knowledge and new ideas. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the impact of causal factors on the central phenomenon, the role of contextual factors, and the influence of intervening factors on strategies, which subsequently affect the consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders that can affect a person’s mood and change his/her perception of the self and environment. Melilotus officinalis L. plant contains effective substances and antioxidant compounds. Objective The present study aims to investigate the antidepressant effects of alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L. in male rats. Methods In this experimental research, 42 male rats were divided into six groups of 7 including control (normal saline), negative control (reserpine), positive control (reserpine+fluoxetine) and three reserpine groups treated by intraperitoneal injection of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L. Behavioral tests including forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to evaluate depression, and the antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde level were also measured. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20 using one-way analysis of variance. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results The 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract significantly reduced the duration of immobility in the FST compared to the negative control. In the TST, the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed a significant increase compared to the negative control. The doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of the brain compared to the negative control. The doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the antioxidant capacity of the brain compared to the negative control. Conclusion The alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L has antidepressant effects similar to fluoxetine probably due to its antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Herb shops are important for preparing medicinal plants. Improper packaging can lead to contamination of these plants by various types of microorganisms, fungi and yeasts. Objective This study aims to investigate the prevalence of microbial and fungal contamination in four plants from the Lamiaceae family in herb shops in Rasht, Iran. Methods In this study, 15 samples from mint, rosemary, and wild mint plants, and 16 samples from lemon balm were collected. The samples were diluted and incubated for one hour, then transferred onto Tryptic soy agar culture medium for bacterial enumeration. The sabouraud dextrose agar culture medium was used to count total mold and yeast, while McConkey Broth culture medium was used for specific identification of Escherichia coli. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 16. For comparing the bacterial and fungal contamination levels in the plant samples with the Pharmacopeial quality standard values, the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. Results Out of 61 plant samples, 59 (73.7%) were contaminated with bacteria, and 60 samples (86.6%) were contaminated with fungi. The number of samples contaminated with Escherichia coli was 27 (44.2%). The mean counts of bacteria and fungi in the plant samples were 3.39×105 and 6.3×105, respectively. Conclusion The microbial contamination in most of the plant samples examined in this study is significantly higher than the permissible limit. It is necessary for health authorities to implement stricter policies for monitoring the quality of natural products in herb shops of Rasht, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Nasal septal abscess, which is the collection of purulent materials between the cartilaginous or bony septum and the mucoperichondrium or mucoperiosteum, often occurs after septal hematoma caused by trauma. Other common factors include surgery, foreign bodies, and sinusitis. In addition to the risk of nasal deformity, septal abscess can cause life-threatening complications such as osteomyelitis, orbital or intracerebral abscess. Objective This study aims to investigate the frequency of nasal septal abscess and its related factors in patients in north of Iran. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study on the patients referred to a hospital in north of Iran in 2022. Their demographic and disease-related information were recorded and the risk factors were finally identified. Results In this study, 37 patients had septal abscess. The most common risk factor identified was a history of septoplasty or septorhinoplasty (35.1%), followed by diabetes mellitus (21.6%). Surprisingly, one of the factors in these patients was cauterization for epistaxis treatment (n=6). All patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical drainage. In five patients, abscess resulted in saddle nose deformity. Positive culture results were reported in five samples. Conclusion Early identification of nasal septal abscess and its risk factors can help control the disease and prevent its serious complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It is necessary to provide safe care for patients with acute and life-threatening conditions by nurses working in the emergency departments (EDs). These nurses need higher levels of independent performance. Therefore, the competency to provide safe care and having professional nursing autonomy in novice nurses working in the EDs are very important. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care in newly graduated nurses working in the EDs. Methods In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population consists of all newly graduated nurses working in EDs of hospitals in Guilan, Iran. They all were included in the study using a census sampling method. The tools for collecting information were a demographic form, the assessment of safe nursing care questionnaire, and the professional nursing autonomy scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Spearman or Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis) were used to analyze the collected data. Results There was a significant relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care; for every one unit increase in professional autonomy, the chance of providing safe nursing care increases by 0.133 (P=0.009). Conclusion The significant relationship of professional nursing autonomy with safe nursing care among the EDS nurses shows that if nurses have a greater control over their performance, decision-making ability, and autonomy to act based on patient safety, they can provide better quality care to patients. Therefore, empowering nurses by providing conditions to perform based on professional autonomy, can ultimately lead to better results for the patients and cause overall safety in the EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of conditions that cause dysfunction in the jaw joint, masticatory muscle pain and mouth opening limitations, and affects patients’ ability to eat, practice oral health, and perform other activities of daily living. The etiology of TMDs is not well-known. These disorders have a higher prevalence in women and younger people. Although the benefits of lowlevel laser therapy (LLLT) in treating TMD have been reported, the results vary from study to study. Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of LLLT in the treatment of TMDs Methods In this narrative review study, a search was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases for randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, and systematic reviews published from 1976 to 2023 using the keywords (Mesh terms) temporomandibular disorder, low-level laser therapy, LLLT, and myofascial pain. Results Of 271 found articles, only 8 were included in the study, of which 6 confirmed that the LLLT was effective in the treatment of TMDs. One article concluded that superluminous devices are more effective than LLLT and one article concluded that LLLT is not effective in treating TMDs. Conclusion The LLLT is effective in the treatment of TMDs and its related disorders, such as masticatory muscle disorder, temporal joint pain, and difficulty in jaw opening. The nuber of studies are limited and definite conclusions cannot be drawn. Therefore, further studies are needed in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Chelation therapy is essential for beta-thalassemia major. This study aims to determine the complications clinical and laboratory symptoms of monotherapy and combined treatment of iron chelators in beta-thalassemia major patients in Yasuj. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional-descriptive-analytical study, 103 patients with beta-thalassemia major in Yasuj city were evaluated during 2021-2022. After collecting the demographic, clinical and laboratory information of the patients, the results were reported as mean ± standard deviation and percentage. The degree of statistical differences between ratios was calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The average age of our patients was reported to be 24.74 ± 8.34 years. 54.4% (n = 56) of the study patients were men and 45.6% (n = 47) were women. The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in mean ferritin among different study groups (p = 0.028). Patients treated with deferoxamine showed the highest mean serum ferritin (5925.5 ± 3397ng%) and patients who took deferoxamine together with deferiprone or deferasirox had a lower mean ferritin compared to deferoxamine alone (3348 ± 2560, 4269 ± 3322 ng%), respectively. Also, the present study showed that after taking iron removers, 47.6% of patients (n = 49) had no clinical complications and 52.4% (n = 54) had at least one complication. Conclusions Our results showed that Deferoxamine can have a great effect in reducing iron deposition and serum ferritin levels in combination with oral drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Developing a vision without understanding the organizational culture is a failed attempt. The purpose of this research is to understand organizational culture for understanding expectations in order to prioritize issues and compare work groups by managers for greater productivity Materials and Methods This study was carried out in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization between 2020 and 2022. The statistical population for this research was the employees of the central headquarters and the general administrations of blood centers, and 384 of them were included in the study using stratified random sampling. To collect the required data, a 60-question organizational culture questionnaire based on Denison's model was used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (independent t, analysis of variance, Tukey and Pearson's coefficient) according to demographic variables, SPSS22 and Excel 2013 software were used. Results The findings show that Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization has a medium/strong organizational culture with a score of 179.31 and the highest impact after mission with a score of 46.60. Also, the indicators of "customer orientation and development of capabilities" need to be improved. Conclusions According to the findings, most employees have understood the vision, strategic intentions and mission of the organization, but their capabilities are not well seen. According to the score of customer orientation, the skills and abilities of the employees should be developed by using retraining courses, while motivating the personnel, respecting the clients, and the provinces should take advantage of the experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Uncontrolled post-operative bleeding can lead to several problems and tissue repair disorder indentistry. This study has been conducted to compare the effect of Chitohem and natural silk on the onset of clot formations. Materials and Methods This laboratory study was carried out with a dependent parallel design. Three drops of blood were taken from each of 32 participants in the study. Fifty milligram Chitohem and natural silk powder were poured on two blood drops, respectively. The clot formation time was measured for all three groups simultaneously. Duration between pouring powder and starting of clot formation was recorded. Data analysis was performed using paired t-test and repeated measure ANOVA methods using SPSS 17 software. Results Participants composed of 20 (62.5%) women and 12 (37.5%) men. The average age of the participants was 43.33 ± 4.08 years. The average time periods of the onset of blood clot formation in Chitohem group, natural silk and control group were 90.97 ± 29.99, 141.97 ± 49.10, and 195.44 ± 58.70 second, respectively. Paired t-test showed the mean time of clot formation was significantly different among groups (p = 0.0001). Conclusions Based on the obtained results, it seems that although effect of “organic natural silk” on coagulation time was less than “Chitohem”, but silk has an acceptable hemostatic effect. The simultaneous use of natural silk and Chitohem can have a synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Regular blood donors may experience iron deficiency due to repeated blood donation. Genetic differences might have an impact on iron deficiency in regular blood donors. Some of these genes include those involved in activities related to iron absorption and transfer in blood. In this study, the association of the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism in TMPRSS6 gene with iron levels in male regular blood donors was investigated. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 130 male regular blood donors participated. CBC tests, serum iron, ferritin, and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) were performed on their blood samples. The genotypes of the target polymorphisms were determined using the allele-specific PCR method. All collected data were analyzed using R software for statistical analysis. Results The average age of the regular male blood donors was 45 years with a standard deviation of 10.5. Among the 130 regular blood donors, 28 individuals (21.54%) were homozygous for the T/T allele, 29 individuals (22.31%) were homozygous for the C/C allele, and 73 individuals were heterozygous for the C/T allele. No significant association was observed between the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism and iron assessment indicators. Conclusions Single nucleotide polymorphism of TMPRSS6 gene (rs855791 v736A) was not associated with iron level and related quantities in regular blood donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Various mutations can occur in the HBV genome during chronic HBV infection due to errorprone viral replication and stress on the host immune system. This study aimed to determine the mutations in the BCP and preC regions of the hepatitis B virus genome in asymptomatic carriers and its role in the persistence of hepatitis B infection. Materials and Methods In this descriptive study conducted by easy non-probability sampling method in 2017, 40 asymptomatic blood donors positive in terms of HBsAg and confirmatory tests and negative in terms of anti-HCV and anti-HIV tests were included in the study. Anti-HBc, HBe Ag and antiHBe (Total) tests and ALT and AST tests were performed. Nested-PCR reaction was performed on the extracted DNA and the sequences were determined. Data analysis was done using online software https://hbv.geno2pheno.org. Results Out of the 40 examined samples (94.8%), 38 were men and 2 (5.2%) women with an average age of 38.6 ± 8.6. Mutations in (G1764A) and BCP (A1762T) were observed in 10 (50%) and 8 (40%) cases, respectively, and G54T17 mutation was observed in 3 (15%) samples out of 20 HBV positive and HBeAg negative samples. The mutation in the preC region and the nucleotide position A1896 G was found in 12 cases (60%). Conclusions The highest frequency of mutations was observed in G1764A and BCP which can be considered as one of the effective factors in not clearing and removing the virus by the host's immune system and causing chronic hepatitis B infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Empathy is one of the most effective indicators of nursing performance, therefore understanding the concept of empathy in the ICU seems necessary to provide better care in this challenging environment. However, empathy faces barriers in this area. This study was conducted using the content analysis approach with the aim of explaining the factors that inhibit among in intensive care nurses. Materials & Methods: In this qualitative study, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with an average duration of 30- 45 minutes with ICU nurses selected by purposive sampling during the period 2021-2022. The interviewees' statements were analysed after being recorded and converted into text using MAXQDATA 11 software and conventional content analysis methods. Results: The coding process was carried out after removing duplicate codes and merging similar codes as a continuous comparative analysis. Eleven subcategories and three main themes were identified, including "organisational barriers", "individual barriers" and "barriers related to environmental and cultural factors". Finally, the general theme (the main theme) was obtained under the title 'Barriers to empathy in nurses'. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that intensive care nurses face significant barriers to empathy. Given that knowledge of the barriers to empathy and their removal will contribute greatly to improving patient care, it is necessary to identify and remove the existing barriers known to managers and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging cosmetic surgeries. The nature of surgery itself and hemodynamic instability in patients causes bleeding during surgery, which affects the quality of the surgical field of view, complications during and after surgery, and the outcome of surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the effect of tranexamic acid drug on hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty surgery. Materials & Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 51 patients aged 18 to 44 years with anesthesia class І, II who were candidates for septorhinoplasty surgery. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of tranexamic acid and control. Hemodynamic parameters at times; before induction, after induction, 1 minute after induction, 5 minutes after induction, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes during the operation, entry into recovery and exit from recovery were measured. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistical tests. Results: The average trend of systolic and diastolic blood pressure from the time before induction to outside of recovery in the control and tranramic acid groups showed a significant difference (P<0.001). In the times before and after induction, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, a significant difference in the average heart rate between the two groups was observed (P<0.05). In the control group and the tranamic acid group, the mean trend of O2SAT from the time before induction to the time outside of recovery showed a significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the use of a dose of 250 mg of tranexamic acid had a decreasing trend in the average hemodynamic changes over time, and during these times, the decreasing changes in heart rate were significant. Therefore, it seems that tranexamic acid can be used in septorhinoplasty surgery to maintain hemodynamic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Female-headed households, due to continuous and chronic exposure to various pressures, often face psychological challenges. Resilience is a crucial variable influencing the mental health of women in such circumstances. This study aims to assess the impact of implementing the Peplau Interpersonal Theory on the resilience of female-headed household members. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. The target population consisted of female-headed households covered by the Welfare Office of Khorramabad. Using convenience sampling, 60 female household heads were selected from those covered by the Welfare Office, and they were randomly assigned into two groups: control and intervention. The intervention for the experimental group included face-to-face and individual training sessions based on the Peplau theory. Data were collected using demographic information questionnaires and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale before and one month after the intervention. The gathered data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests with SPSS software version 22. Results: Both intervention and control groups did not have statistically significant differences in terms of demographic variables and the level of resilience before the intervention (P>0.05). Comparison of the average resilience score showed a significant increase in the participants of the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that education based on Peplau interpersonal theory increases the level of resilience in female-headed households. Therefore, counselors and welfare professionals, as well as other executive bodies, should pay special attention to improving the resilience of female-headed household members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. Since microarray is a new method in cancer diagnosis, in the current study, the microarray library of MCF-7 breast cancer cells after irradiation was examined to predict the gene expression pattern and metabolic pathways related to it. Materials and Methods: Microarray data extracted from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) related to MCF-7 cells were analyzed by GEO2R and R software. Then the genes that had increased and decreased expression were extracted and gene ontology analysis was performed using DAVID and Enrichr databases. Results: In this study, after 48 hours of irradiation, 234 genes with Log2FC>1 increased expression and 146 genes with Log2FC<-1 decreased expression (Adjusted p value <0.05). KEGG analysis on genes with increased expression showed that these genes are related to type 1 diabetes (P=2.43E-04). The genes extracted in this pathway included HLA-DRB5, HLA-DRB4, CPE, TNF, HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DM (Adjusted p value <0.05). Also, the findings show that the genes involved in type 1 diabetes in the islets of Langerhans include CPE, MHC-II, and TNF-α. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the increase in irradiation time in breast cancer cells probably leads to the activation of pathways related to type 1 diabetes through CPE, MHC-II and TNF-α genes in the islets of Langerhans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inflammation can cause damage to the central nervous system, leading to neuropathological diseases such as stroke, pain, schizophrenia, and Alzheimers. AIM2 is a member of the PYHIN hematopoietic nuclear protein family that binds to cytosolic DNA and activates caspase-1, one of the inflammatory-mediated caspases that activates proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of a swimming training course on the expression of caspase-1 and AIM2 proteins in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Methods: The statistical population of this study included 16 male Wistar rats (6 weeks) divided into two groups: a group without training and an endurance training group. Eight rats were placed in each group. The group without training did not engage in any sports activities, while the training group participated in a swimming training session. After a 4-day familiarization period, the rats swam for 30 minutes from the fifth day. Independent T-test was used to evaluate the interventions, and all statistical calculations were done using SPSS statistical software. Results: The results of this research showed that exercise caused a significant decrease in the level of caspase-1 and AIM2 proteins in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that endurance swimming training can effectively reduce caspase-1 and AIM2 proteins. Therefore, it is possible that exercise, by reducing inflammatory factors, can be a potential treatment for diseases caused by inflammation, such as sclerosis, diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Head lice (Pediculus capitis) infestation is considered an important hygienic problem in developing countries. The aim of study was to compare 1% permethrin shampoo and 4% dimethicone lotion effects for treatment of infected head lice students in primary girl schools in Gotvand County, Khuzestan province. Methods: The studied population was first- to sixth-grade students in elementary schools. Positive cases with head lice after identification (304 persons) were randomly divided into two treatment groups. Permethrin shampoo and dimethicone lotion were allocated for the first and the second groups, respectively. The drug therapeutic effects were studied after 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test using SPSS software. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.UMSHA.REC.1399.778). Results: In total, 304 students participated in the study. The age of students ranged between 7 and 12 years which 47.7% of them were between 7 and 8 years. Also 60.9 and 39.1% of them were in urban and rural schools, respectively. The drug effectiveness were 46.1, 69.5 and 100, and 77.6, 85.3 and 100% for permethrin and dimethicone in the first, second and third intervals after treatment, respectively. There was a significant difference between the effect of drugs in the first interval (P = 0.00) after treatment but there was not a significant difference between the second (P = 0.084) and the third (P = 0.43) intervals after treatment. Conclusions: It is recommended the use of dimethicone lotion and permethrin shampoo as the first and second option, respectively in eliminating the head lice infestation in primary girl schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Athletes use diverse strategies, including caffeine supplementation, to reduce fatigue and improve their performance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the post-activation potentiation method and caffeine supplementation on peripheral fatigue after Wikstrom's fatigue protocol in young male volleyball players. Methods: In this study, forty male volleyball players with an average age of 27.33 ± 1.78 years and an average weight of 76.5 ± 7.45 kg participated. They were divided into four experimental groups: a group that used only the PAP method (n=10), a group that consumed only caffeine (n=10), a group that both performed PAP and consumed caffeine (n=10), and a control group (n=10). For the groups receiving caffeine, a caffeine supplement was administered at a dose of 6 mg per kilogram of body weight, 15 minutes before starting the protocol. PAP exercises were performed at an intensity of 70% of the one-repetition maximum. Blood samples were taken one hour before and one hour after completing the Wikstrom six-station protocol. All subjects participated in this study voluntarily and they had no illness or injury at the start of the research. Results: The results of the present study showed that the implementation of PAP along with caffeine showed a significant increase in the variables of time to exhaustion and the number of rounds (p<0.05), while the rate of ammonia showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). In contrast, uric acid showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusions: The results of the present study, showed that the use of caffeine reduces peripheral fatigue. Also, since the use of PAP did not have an adverse effect on the participant's performance, athletes can use this method concurrently with caffeine to improve their performance in endurance activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of problem solving training on life orientation, positive and negative emotions, and learned helplessness in incompatible couples in Qaemshahr city. Methods: The method of the present research was an experiment and a quasi-experimental research design with a control group. The statistical population included all couples who referred to counseling centers in Qaemshahr city in 2023. 30 couples were selected as a sample using available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Then, the subjects of the experimental group received problem solving training during 8 sessions of 60 minutes. In order to collect data from life orientation questionnaires (Shier and Carver, 1994), positive and negative affect (Watson et al., 1988) and learned helplessness (Quinless and Nilsson, 1988) in two stages before and after training in both groups (experiment and control) were used. Results: The findings from the analysis of covariance test showed that problem solving training improved optimism in life orientation, increased positive emotion, and reduced learned helplessness in the tested group (p=0.05). Conclusions: According to the findings of the present research, in the field of therapy and counseling of incompatible couples, training in problem solving for the compatibility of couples and solving their conflicts; It looks very efficient and promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Nurses on the frontline of fight against COVID-19 faced with many stressors. The unpredictability of the situation and the seriousness of the risk can lead to intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in them. Nurses with IU perceive uncertainties about COVID-19 as distressing and stressful, and experience severe anxiety and worry. Anxiety in such situations leads to cognitive avoidance, rumination or other maladaptive coping strategies. The present study aims to determine the IU status during the COVID-19 pandemic in nurses working in teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 240 nurses working in the coronavirus wards of teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, whowere selected by a census sampling method and based on the inclusion criteria. A demographic form and Freeston et al.’s intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS) were completed by them. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 16, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean score of IU was 62.58±20.36. The stress dimension of IUS showed the highest score (2.49±0.78) while the dimension of inability to take action showed the lowest score (2.15±0.80). The COVID-19 infection was significantly associated with IU (P=0.048). Conclusion The nurses working in the coronavirus wards of selected teaching hospitals had IU during the COVID-19 pandemic such that they had more IU regarding stress, but the amount of IU was not so high that can make them unable to perform their duties. Providing education to nurses on how to break the cycle of anxiety and IU, changing their beliefs about IU, reducing their negative orientation to problems, controlling and monitoring their performance, and facilitating the provision of care can help optimize nursing care and achieve quality patient care during health-related crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Some studies have reported a high risk of metabolic syndrome among women and night shift workers. This study aims to determine the status of metabolic syndrome laboratory indicators and thyroid function tests in nurses working in Rajaei Cardiovascular, Medical, & Research Center (RCMRC) in Tehran, Iran, in 2020-2021. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on the health records of nurses working in RCMRC. The sampling was done using a census method. Records with incomplete information were excluded. A form containing demographic characteristics, thyroid function indicators, and metabolic syndrome laboratory indicators was used to collect data from the health records. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26. Results Out of 401 reviewed records, 339 cases (84.5%) were for female nurses. The mean age of nurses was 37.47±8.68 years, and their mean work experience was 13.17±8.07 years. According to the criteria of the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the prevalence of abnormalities in metabolic syndrome laboratory tests was 5.21%, while according to the National Cholesterol Education Program III criteria, it was 2.99%. The prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism was 0.2%; subclinical hypothyroidism, 12.0%; and subclinical hyperthyroidism, 1.5%. Conclusion The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and thyroid disorders among nurses working in RCMRC is not considerable. Further large-scale studies (cohort or longitudinal) are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic was its impact on marital relations. In health workers, including midwives, who have longer and more contact with mothers who may be infected with COVID-19, the fear of transmitting the virus to their partners is more. This fear can affect their personal lives, including sexual relationships and sexual health. This study aims to determine the relationship of the fear of COVID-19 with sexual function and sexual satisfaction in midwives working in teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 midwives working in teaching affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. They were selected using a census method from May 13 to August 6, 2022. Data collection tools included a demographic/ COVID-19-related form, Ahurso’s fear of COVID-19 scale, female sexual function index (FSFI) and sexual satisfaction index. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 24. Results The mean age of participants was 32.21±6.27 years. Most of them had a bachelor’s degree. Sexual satisfaction had no significant relationship with any demographic factors (P>0.05). There was a negative and significant correlation (weak) between fear of COVID-19 and sexual satisfaction (r=-0.214, P=0.019). Also, there was a negative and significant correlation (moderate) between the fear of COVID-19 and sexual function (r=-0.450, P<0.001). Conclusion It seems that the fear of COVID-19 is related to sexual function and sexual satisfaction of Iranian married midwives. Therefore, during similar pandemics in the future, midwives need support such as receiving more personal protective equipment and stress management and resilience training workshops . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Providing quality nursing care has always been the main concern of nurses. Clinical competence and moral courage are effective factors in providing quality nursing care. The present study aims to determine the relationship between clinical competency and moral courage in Iranian nurses. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2022 on 123 nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, who were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data collection tools were Sekarka et al.’s moral courage questionnaire, Liu et al.’s competency inventory for registered nurses, and a demographic form. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation test in SPSS software, version 16. Results The mean scores of clinical competency and moral courage scores were 151.18±22.32 and 59.56±7.47, respectively, indicating a moderate clinical competency and high moral courage. There was a significant and positive (weak) relationship between moral courage and clinical competency (r=0.272, P=0.001). Conclusion Due to the moderate clinical competency of nurses, educational workshops are recommended to improve their clinical competence. Moreover, since there is a weak relationship between clinical competency and moral courage of nurses, factors other than clinical competence may be related to moral courage, which requires further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Patients with leukemia face mental distress that can affect their hope. One of the effective components in measuring psychological well-being is illness perception, which refers to the cognitive evaluation and understanding of a medical condition. This study aims to determine the relationship between illness perception and hope in patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study conducted on 200 patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Data collection tools were a demographic form, Broadbent et al.’s brief illness perception questionnaire (BIPQ) and Snyder’s adult hope scale (AHS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance. Results The mean total score of BIPQ was 37.45±9.10 and the mean total score of AHS was 32.39±1.88. There was negative and significant correlation between illness perception and hope (r=-0.489, P<0.001). Conclusion A more positive perception of leukemia can improve the hope of patients. It is recommended to implement interventions to create a positive illness perception in these patients to increase their hope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The spread of COVID-19 pandemic caused anxiety in the medical staff, especially nurses, which contributed to many physical and mental problems in them. The relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety is still unknown. This study aims to measure the relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety in nurses, and find the related factors. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2021 on 120 male and female nurses working in one of the hospitals affiliated to Arak University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done using a stratified and random sampling method for three months. The cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) and the corona disease anxiety scale (CDAS) were employed to collect data. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 23, using independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation test. Results The mean total score of CDAS was 21.09±3.96, ranged from 12 to 32. The mean total score of CFI was 52.78±9.97, ranged from 30 to 81. Based on Pearson’s correlation test results, there was no significant relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety (P>0.05). The mean scores of CFI and CDAS were not significantly different based on age, number of children, work experience, physical activity level, and educational level; however, nurses with permanent employment (P=0.007) and female nurses (P=0.03) had higher cognitive flexibility, and married nurses had lower anxiety (P=0.021). Conclusion There is no significant relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety in nurses. The personality traits such as cognitive flexibility is not enough to reduce the high level of anxiety caused the pandemics such as COVID-19 and it requires multiple measures and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the reasons for leaving the job among nurses can be the lack of career adaptability, which refers to ability to cope with changes in working conditions. This study aims to determine the relationship between career adaptability and the intention to stay in job among nurses working in critical care units of teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2022-2023 in critical care units of seven hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Participants were 220 nurses working in these units with at least 6 months of work experience, who selected by a stratified sampling method from different working shifts. Data collection was done online using a demographic form, the career adapt-abilities scale (with four dimensions of concern, control, curiosity, confidence), and an intention to stay in job questionnaire (with three dimensions of adaptation, sacrifice, communication). Descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, frequency, percentage) were used to describe the data, while Pearson’s correlation test and regression analysis were used to assess the relationships between the study variables. Results The mean total score of career adaptability was 2.98±0.98 and the mean total score of intention to stay was 3.02±1. Among the dimensions of career adaptability, the highest average was related to concern (3.05±1.14) and the lowest score was related to curiosity (2.92±1.09). Among the dimensions of intention to stay, the highest score was related to sacrifice (3.06±1.09) and the lowest score was related to adaptability (2.98±1.1). A positive and significant relationship was found between career adaptability and the intention to stay in job (r=0.43, P<0.05). Conclusion Career adaptability, especially its curiosity dimension, has a significant relationship the intention to stay in job among nurses working in critical care units. By addressing different dimensions of career adaptability in nurses, hospital managers can be able to safeguard nurse retention in hospitals and mitigate nurse turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parasitic infections in children are one of the most important health and health problems worldwide, especially in developing countries. Diarrheal diseases such as those caused by Entamoeba histolytica are among the causes of death in children, so the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Iranian children. Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis by examining the Scientific Information Database (SID), Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Google Scholar until March 2023. Results: In a review of 12 studies with a sample size of 10,982 Iranian children, the prevalence of Entamoeba Histolytica in Iranian children was reported to be 1% (95% CI 0.6-1.7%). The meta-regression results showed that in examining the factors influencing the heterogeneity of studies and examining the effect of sample size on this heterogeneity, it was reported that with increasing sample size, the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Iranian children decreased (P<0.05) and also with the increase in the year of conducting studies, the prevalence decreases in Iranian children (P=0.289). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Iranian children is not at a very high level, but to continue preventive measures and reach lower levels, it still requires the attention of health policymakers in this area to carry out extensive information and screening to prevent the effects of this parasitic disease on children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Celiac National Institute has recently devised a diagnostic algorithm for celiac, which has been adopted from the most recent guidelines and articles worldwide. All Iranian provinces are requested to set all diagnoses based on the newest national protocol devised by the National Institute of Celiac Disease; however, some incompatibilities are observed. Therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate these incompatibilities. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, we enrolled 250 cases of celiac disease referred to the province registry system and revised the diagnosis based on the national protocol for celiac disease diagnosis. All data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26. Results: Among the 250 patients diagnosed with celiac disease, 88 (35.2%) had incompatibility. The mean age of the patients was 37.19 years. 28 people (31.8 %) were men. Results indicated that in 40.9% of incompatibility cases, only pathology tests were performed, and in 52.3% of incompatibility cases, only serological tests were performed. In 6.8% of cases, both tests were performed, but the diagnosis was indefinite. Pathological results indicated that 0.5% of patients were in Marsh 1, 19% in Marsh 2, 35.7% in 3a, 23.8% in 3b, and 19% in Marsh 3c phases. Conclusion: There are cases of diagnostic incompatibilities between the most recent national protocol for celiac disease and physicians' practice. Therefore, it is vital that practitioners are trained with the national protocol for celiac disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Azoospermia (lack of sperm in ejaculation) is one of the most severe types of infertility in men, due to various defects in the sperm production process or the testicular system . Azoospermia disease is caused by either obstructive mechanism (Obstructive azoospermia-OA) due to blockages in the natural sperm production system, or non-obstructive mechanism (NOA- Non obstructive azoospermia) due to defects in testicular sperm production, with over 60% of infertile men being afflicted with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Treatment with busulfan may have adverse effects on various organs such as reproductive organs. Based on the understanding of hormonal control of sperm production, several drugs such as gonadotropins, androgens, estrogen receptor blockers, and aromatase inhibitors are used as experimental treatments for idiopathic male infertility. Letrozole, as an aromatase inhibitor, has been widely used in the treatment of female infertility, because the chemical structure of letrozole includes a triazole group that selectively interacts with the heme group of the enzyme P450arom, thereby reversibly inhibiting its biological activity Limited studies have evaluated the therapeutic potential of Letrozole in male infertility. In addition, excessive consumption of chemical drugs causes changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (TOS) and the stability of oxidative status (TAC) in the ROS pathway, leading to an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants, resulting in oxidative stress. This phenomenon has led researchers towards the use of herbal medicines, which naturally have fewer side effects. Crocin has been identified as the main active biological component in saffron. Crocins are a type of water-soluble carotenoids that are either mono- or diglycosyl polyene esters, where D-gentiobiose and/or D-glucose appear as carbohydrate residues. A carotenoid with a 20-carbon dicarboxylic structure. Saffron contains various carotenoid chemicals that include small amounts of crocin, alpha and beta carotene, and lycopene. Six different forms of glycosylated esters from the crocin family have been found in saffron. Trans-crocins 3 and 4 are the most common analogs of crocins, which include crocins 1-4, and are essentially the glycosides of trans-crocin in saffron. Crocin can act as an antioxidant and improve the quality of sperm through increasing the expression of antioxidant genes. Therefore, phytoestrogens such as crocin bind to testicular estrogen receptors and stimulate spermatogenesis by strategies like increasing epithelial layers and the diameter of seminiferous tubules and lumen. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of letrozole and crocin on the changes of antioxidant enzymes and testosterone hormone synthesis in the induction of spermatogenesis in azoospermia model mice with busulfan using ELISA technique. Methods: In this clinical trial, crocin and letrozole drugs were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. 30 male Wistar mice weighing 180-220 grams and aged approximately 8-10 weeks were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and transferred to the laboratory. They were kept under new conditions (at a temperature of 22-24 degrees Celsius, relative humidity of 55-60%, with a 12- hour light-dark cycle). To halt spermatogenesis and induce azoospermia, a dose of 10 mg/kg of busulfan was injected intraperitoneally for 10 days. Finally, the rats were divided into 5 groups of 6: the control group was injected with normal saline and citrate buffer inside the hemocoel; the treatment group received a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL for 10 days; the treatment group was administered with a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL, along with 5 mg letrozole with Black Soldier Fly (BSF) as the solvent; the treatment group received 15 mg crocin extract with normal saline, along with a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat a volume of 1.0 mL; and the treatment group was given a single dose of 10 mg busulfan intra protanealat at a volume of 1.0 mL, along with 5 mg letrozole with BSF as the solvent, and 15 mg crocin extract with normal saline and underwent histopathological, histochemical immunological, and hormonal analyses. The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare the means in the study groups (P <0.05), and statistically significant differences were considered. Graphs were also plotted using Graph Prism software. Results: The results demonstrated that the simultaneous treatment of letrozole and crocin increased spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids; Sertoli and Leydig cells were also enhanced. Additionally, letrozole and crocin treatment led to the preservation of the thickness of the basement membrane and the germinal epithelium of testicular tissue; the inner and outer diameters of the tubules were increased. While in the azoospermia group treated with letrozole or crocin, this level of population destruction was somewhat reduced; however, the use of letrozole or crocin in the study groups did not show a significant difference in the inner and outer diameter of the tubules. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) enzyme activity and testosterone hormone levels in the group treated with letrozole + crosine compared to the azoospermia group; however, a significant decrease was found in the letrozole or crosine treatment group compared to the control group, while the Total Oxidant Status (TOS) enzyme activity in the letrozol+crosine treatment group showed a significant decrease compared to the azoospermia group(P<0.05). Conclusion: Some of the improvements in sperm parameters can be attributed to the antioxidant properties of crocin. It seems that sperm lose a large volume of their cytoplasm due to lack of antioxidants during spermatogenesis and become more sensitive to increases in ROS. These results indicate that crocin can act as an antioxidant and enhance sperm quality by increasing the expression of antioxidant genes. Therefore, the use of a plant-derived antioxidant like crocin appears necessary without any side effects and with essential strengthening effects. Crocin can likely act as an antioxidant and potentially improve sperm quality due to its antioxidant activity. Additionally, it has been found that letrozole improves spermatogenesis without causing any observable pathological changes in testicular tissue. According to the studies of Ribeiro et al, Uzun et al, and Shoshany and colleagues, letrozole reversibly inhibits the aromatase enzyme and prevents the conversion of androgen precursors to estradiol in adipose tissue. Moreover, crocin can neutralize the negative effects of oxidative stress and increase cell ability to overcome oxidative stress conditions by preventing glutathione reduction and increasing antioxidant capacity. One of the limitations of the research can be attributed to the lack of studies and sample restrictions, as well as the death of mice during the experimental process. Further investigations and focusing on the precise dosage of crocin, along with attention to the relevant mechanisms of action, seem essential. Overall, crocin has antioxidant and defensive effects, improves the quality of some sperms, and increases morphology, viability, motility, and natural count. In fact, testosterone regulates the secretion of LH hormone from the anterior pituitary gland through a negative feedback mechanism. Busulfan induced apoptosis in germinal epithelial cells and co-administration of letrozole and crocin reduced busulfan-induced apoptosis leading to infertility; therefore, a rational relationship between apoptosis of spermatogonia in response to busulfan exposure can be obtained. It can be suggested that crocin, one of the key components of saffron, acts as a potent antioxidant that can prevent the toxic effects of busulfan and DNA damage that may occur due to oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: A number of clinical studies have shown that probiotics affect mental health and brain function by acting through the intestinal and brain axes. Therefore, intestinal microbiota can be an important target for the effect of probiotics on anxiety behavior that has been considered in this study. Evidence gathered in recent years has shown that gastrointestinal disorders are associated with mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. Some influential traits such as intestinal microbiota composition, hormones, and epigenetic traits are influenced by host age, environment, genetic traits, and sex. Both males and females have similar patterns in terms of nutritional demand and intestinal microbiome content. This means that there is instability and changes in the gut microbiota over the course of a lifetime that may be related to a specific age and disease of a sex. In addition, a comparison of the number of intestinal microbiota at different stages of development (meaning from birth to old age) has been shown. Brain development during pregnancy is affected by the mother's experience and exposure to stress. Maternal prenatal stress alters brain development and increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Multiple levels of pregnancy stress mechanisms (brain, placenta, and maternal physiology) and their association with cellular stress mechanisms can have dangerous consequences for the child during puberty. The factors of heat shock and oxidative stress are closely related and converge with inflammation, hormones and cell growth, which are considered as the basis of pregnancy stress risk. Growing evidence suggests that cellular stress mechanisms are involved in neuropsychiatric disorders related to gestational stress, including emotional disorders, schizophrenia, and psychiatric disorders as the child matures. Heat shock and oxidative stress factors are also associated with mechanisms involved in other types of pregnancy stress, including exposure to external factors such as environmental toxins and internal disorders such as preeclampsia. An integrated understanding of growth neurobiology with these cellular and physiological mechanisms is essential to reduce risks and promote healthy brain growth (1). Sterile microorganism-free mice differed from normal mice in their response to central nerve chemistry stress and the reduction in anxiety response (2). Such information suggests that the specific regulation of gastric microbiota may be a useful strategy for stress-related disorders and for modulating the co-morbidities of intestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease (3). Stress-related disorders can also alter the intestinal barrier and cause intestinal leakage, which can lead to a microbiota-induced pro-inflammatory reaction by transferring some bacterial products from the intestine (4). For example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by intestinal bacteria can increase immune responses in depressed people (5). Epidemiological studies have shown that some groups of antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, are associated with depression and anxiety (6). Probiotics are specific microorganisms, which are used in certain numbers and improve a person's health. Studies have shown that these products can increase the existing immunity and reduce the risk of various diseases. These products reduce blood cholesterol and have anti-tumor activity (7). In this study, the effect of probiotic use by female mice during pregnancy and lactation on anxiety behavior in the acute stress model of next-generation adult female BALB / C mice was examined to determine whether probiotic use could reduce oxidative stress from acute stress or not. Methods: The present study was performed experimentally, interventional, and as a case-control study. For this purpose, 20 adult mice were prepared. The prepared mice consisted of 5 males and 15 females that were kept in 5 cages by placing 1: F, 3: M in each cage and numbering on each cage. The rats were compromised for two weeks, during which time the animals were given free food. The animals mated to get the next generation. The next stage of pregnancy is the mouse, which lasted for three weeks. In both treatment groups, the mother was given probiotics from the beginning of pregnancy to the end of lactation. In the Pro-dam treatment group, offspring whose mothers were treated with probiotics were exposed to foot shock, but in the Pro-Dam-off treatment group, in addition to mothers, their offspring were treated with probiotics after weaning and in were exposed to foot shock stress. From female offspring, 36 female mice were randomly selected. (6 mice in each group) Therefore, the offspring were randomly divided into 6 groups: Intact, Control, Sham-Dam-off, Sham dam Pro-Dam-off, and Pro-Dam for the next experiments. Electric foot shocks of 0.6 mA were applied for 1 second with an interval of 30 seconds for 1 hour. Two hours after the end of the above protocol, the mice were anesthetized and sacrificed and blood and serum were prepared from their hearts. Is the use of the spectroscopy technique. For this purpose, a ready-made kit purchased from Navand salamat Company (46 pieces) was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad software. One way ANOVA test was used for comparison between groups, in case of normal distribution of data Consumption of probiotics during pregnancy and lactation may alter the microbial flora of the mother's gut and increase the population of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, which also affects the antioxidant system of children and increases their total serum antioxidant levels. Results: Comparison of total serum antioxidant levels in control and Intact groups. Stress due to electric shock to the foot has reduced this capacity in the control group compared to the Intact group. Comparing the level of total serum antioxidants between the group of mothers who took probiotics and the control group shows a significant increase. Also compared to the sham-dam group, probiotic consumption was able to raise this total serum antioxidant to a higher level. The pro-dam-off group also significantly increased this parameter compared to the control group and not with its solvent. Conclusion: Because probiotics during pregnancy and lactation alter the microbial flora of the mother's gut and increase the population of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, this effect may also affect the baby's antioxidant system and increase total antioxidant levels and has also increased the level of total serum antioxidants in offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, cancer is considered one of the most important health problems around the world and its prevalence is growing in industrialized countries. If the prevalence of cancer increases in this way, according to the United Nations estimate, 1 out of 5 people will definitely get one of the forms of cancer. Cancer is the second cause of death in the world after cardiovascular diseases (1). Cancer has gained great importance among chronic childhood diseases; Because the rate of prevalence is high and it has a great impact on the life of the child and the family. Also, the damage to cancer patients is summarized in two dimensions: the physical dimension and the psychological dimension, which researchers have less focused on the psychological dimension of this disease, while this dimension leads to the deterioration of the weak body of the patients. The emotional and psychological effects that a child's cancer leaves in the family are sometimes more debilitating than the physical nature of the disease (2). This group of children is highly exposed to emotional disorders (3). One of the stressful aspects of cancer for affected children is that they lose their body image and attractiveness, or a deformity in their body image may have adverse effects on their lives (4). Teaching spiritual intelligence and therapy based on acceptance-commitment have beneficial effects on the education and social life of children with cancer and this point has been confirmed in various researches, but with the investigations carried out to determine the effectiveness of these skills on the body image of children with cancer Cancer has not been researched; Therefore, ignoring the effect of teaching these skills on the research variables can be a gap in the research literature.Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of acceptancecommitment therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group and a one-month follow-up, and its statistical population consisted of children with cancer who were hospitalized in the pediatric department of Tehran medical centers in 1402. who were in the age range of 9- 13 years. Among these people, 30 people were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups (20 people in two experimental groups, 10 people in the control group). To collect data, the body image questionnaire of Littleton, Aksam and Puri (2005) was used. The method of collecting information was that he first went to the children's department of the medical centers in Tehran and after making the necessary arrangements with the department, which according to the staff report and weekly admission statistics, approximately 150 children were admitted to the families of the children. And among about 65 people who were willing to cooperate, about 30 children aged 9-13 with cancer (which included the criteria for entering the research) who were hospitalized were selected by available sampling method and randomly selected in We made two experimental groups and a control group, in which 10 people were assigned to each group. And the implementation method is that after selecting the subjects and replacing them in two experimental groups and a control group and performing the pretest, experimental group 1, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session to 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (commitment and acceptance-based therapy group training) and experimental group 2, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session for 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (spiritual intelligence group training) were placed. To analyze the data, within-group analysis of variance with repeated measurements and block multivariate analysis of variance were performed. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants in the treatment based on acceptance and commitment were 10.90 and 1.19, respectively, in the spiritual intelligence training group, 10.40 and 0.84, and in the control group, 10.80 and 1.22. The mean and standard deviation of the history of disorders in the participants in acceptance and commitment-based therapy were 13.80 and 5.01, respectively, and in the spiritual intelligence training group, 16.10 and 4.99, and in the control group, 16.80 and 5.22. The results of the present study showed that acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training have an effect on the body image of children with cancer, and there is no difference between the effectiveness of acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer. Conclusion: Considering the positive effect of treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence training, it is suggested to use these two treatments to reduce the problems of children with cancer. According to the results of the research, it seems that in acceptance-commitment-based therapy, a person with a negative body image becomes psychologically aware of the values identified during the treatment, including his physical condition, and through reducing rumination, increasing acceptance, reducing cognitive and emotional dysfunction can affect the improvement of your body image. Also, in the training of spiritual intelligence, in addition to flexibility, this type of treatment increases self-awareness and a deeper look at life; As a result, people consider goals beyond the material world for themselves, which reduces personal dissatisfaction and concern about body image. This important thing can help children with cancer to reduce dissatisfaction with their body image by increasing their spiritual intelligence and instead of focusing on physical dimensions and body image, they can pay attention to other transcendental aspects of their existence. Therefore, treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence is effective in reducing psychological symptoms caused by cancer in affected children. It is suggested that counseling centers, psychotherapy and hospitals use affordable and available group treatments such as third wave treatments in order to improve the psychological functions of cancer patients as much as possible. Therefore, the acceptance-commitment approach and spiritual intelligence can be used as a suitable intervention in order to improve the ability of patients to adapt to the cancer crisis and reduce the psychological complications caused by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Tokophobia is a pathological fear of childbirth that may impact the physical and mental well-being of both the mother and the infant (1). This condition can occur in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and even in men, and may be either primary or secondary, resulting from traumatic childbirth experiences or onset during adolescence (2). Women with tokophobia may face psychological issues, postpartum depression, and challenges in accepting specialized care for newborns during pregnancy (3). They may experience feelings of isolation, guilt, and shame, and encounter difficulties in preparing for childbirth (4). Therefore, women with a fear of childbirth have various needs that require serious attention from maternal care services (5). Psychotherapy groups have been recognized as an effective method for treating this fear (6). Interventions such as psychosexual education and cognitive-behavioral therapy can help reduce the number of women requesting cesarean sections due to non-medical fear of childbirth (7). Additionally, receiving individualized care during pregnancy and postpartum is crucial for women with tokophobia (8). Schema therapy is a comprehensive approach that combines cognitive theory and developmental concepts. This approach focuses on early childhood experiences and the cognitive schemas derived from them, examining their impact throughout an individual's life (9). Schema therapy aims to identify and address maladaptive patterns in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects (10). Further research is needed to more precisely determine the effectiveness of schema therapy in treating tokophobia (1, 11). Therefore, the present study aimed to answer the question of whether the effectiveness of general schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia is the same in reducing the symptoms of fear of childbirth in primiparous women in Isfahan? Methods: This study was a semi-experimental research with a control group, including pretest, post-test, and follow-up, conducted in the population of primiparous women with tokophobia in Isfahan in the year 2023. Following Kok's recommendation (2002) for sample size determination in experimental research (12), 45 subjects were purposefully selected and, after matching based on the criteria for entering the study, including obtaining a minimum score (30 and above) on the Tokophobia Questionnaire (13), no history of fetal abortion and curettage, and absence of more than three sessions of absence from treatment sessions, were randomly assigned to three 15-person groups: general schema therapy, schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia, and the control group. In this research, the control group, general schema therapy group, and specifically tailored schema therapy group were replaced by the standard general schema therapy. The general schema therapy group participated in 12 group training sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, according to the protocol developed by Young et al. (2003) (14). The specifically tailored schema therapy group for women with tokophobia also underwent 12 one-hour sessions of schema therapy developed based on the needs of pregnant women with tokophobia. It is worth mentioning that the specifically tailored schema therapy package for women with tokophobia was developed based on the process of development and initial trial reliability and relied on credible sources. The agreement reached by the judges regarding the structure of treatment, duration of treatment, length of each session, content adequacy, and practicality of this treatment was 82.0. Also, in a pilot study on a group of eight, the executive and operational reliability and practicality of the specifically tailored schema therapy package for women with tokophobia were examined and confirmed. To observe ethical principles, the research was approved by the Research Committee of the University with the ethics code IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1401.028, and the clinical trial code IRCT20211229053565N1 was obtained. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the SPSS-28 statistical software. The Stoll et al. (2016) 10-item questionnaire was used to measure tokophobia (15). Higher scores on this questionnaire indicate higher fear of childbirth, and lower scores indicate lower fear of childbirth. The reliability of this tool was estimated using the Cronbach's alpha method, and it was 79.6 for the entire questionnaire and 86.0 for the fear of pain and complications subscale, and 82.6 for the fear of physical changes subscale (16). Results: Examination of demographic data showed no significant differences in age and duration of marriage in the research groups. The assumption of normality in the ShapiroWilk test for tokophobia scores was not significant (p>0.05), and the distribution of the present variables was normal. The calculated F value in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages was not significant. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that general schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia had a significant effect on reducing tokophobia severity in primiparous women with tokophobia. Therefore, for the comparison of research groups, the Bonferroni test for pairwise comparison of groups also showed a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy groups for women with tokophobia (p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that both schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia have a significant impact on reducing the severity of tokophobia symptoms in primiparous women in Isfahan. These results indicate that the use of these two therapeutic approaches can help improve the condition of women with tokophobia and have a positive effect on reducing the fear of childbirth. Additionally, the results show a significant difference between the treatment groups and the control group, suggesting that therapeutic intervention can be more effective in reducing tokophobia severity in primiparous women compared to no intervention. However, no significant difference was observed between the general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy groups. This may indicate that both therapeutic approaches have acted similarly in reducing the severity of tokophobia in women with this disorder, and no significant noticeable difference was observed between these two methods. Overall, the results indicate that both general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy can be effective in reducing the severity of tokophobia in primiparous women. In this regard, it can be stated that schema therapy, by reducing ineffective coping mechanisms, allows patients to effectively manage their phobias related to childbirth and pregnancy. These results can serve as a guide for designing and implementing therapeutic programs to improve the condition of individuals with tokophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Trust means having confidence in the intentions and actions of others and is considered a key factor in the new mutual relations between leaders and employees. Trust in the organization plays an important role in achieving its goals. Under the conditions of complexity and uncertainty, it will be possible to maintain effective cooperation only when the communication is clear and this happens when there is mutual trust and confidence. Trust in itself will bring loyalty, and a loyal workforce is willing to work beyond the prescribed duties in their job description. Management is one of the most important human endeavors in human social life. Human societies consist of a set of organizations with different goals, each of which performs a task. When the society reaches the desired goals, when all the organizations achieve the organizational goals by carrying out tasks and plans. In all organizations, the most important pillar that is effective in achieving the goals is management. Undoubtedly, at the dawn of the new century, when organizations, especially educational institutions, face the environment of global competition, the need for radical changes is always felt; The global competitive force has forced today's organizations to adopt new working methods after decades of continuing their fixed work methods and procedures, so that the organizations do not have work stability and a kind of stability. Also, in the last two decades, new approaches in the field of leadership have emerged in organizations, which researchers call neo-charismatic theories of leadership and also inspirational approaches in the field of leadership. These types of leaders are people who create motivation and energy in their followers and inspire them through their speech, thoughts, and behaviors. The main emphasis of inspirational leadership is on creating a vision, communicating and transferring it to the followers, and empowering them by the leader in order to realize and implement this vision. At the level of higher education, it is clear that for survival and sustainability, it must explore the future and future opportunities and determine its place in the future by designing a coherent program that takes place through vision. Certainly, this is done through inspiration, which by creating these visions encourages its followers to achieve them. At the national level, it is also obvious that every country that intends to build a guaranteed future with prosperity and progress for its nation needs leaders who, with high insight, create a vision to improve organizational trust, and both government officials and Empower citizens to achieve this vision. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question that does inspirational leadership have an effect on improving the organizational trust of the academic staff of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In terms of the purpose, this research was a descriptive-survey type of application, and the statistical population included all academic members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, which was equal to 484 people. Based on the Krejci-Morgan table, 214 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method according to gender. In order to collect data, standard questionnaires of inspirational leadership that Bass and Avalio, and organizational trust by Payne (2003) were used. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equations of data were used using SPSS21 and PLS software. Results: The results showed that; Inspirational leadership has a significant and positive effect on the organizational trust of the faculty members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The influence of inspirational leadership in promoting the organizational trust of the academic staff has been validated. Conclusion: In general, it seems that the development of an inspirational leadership model can be considered a suitable solution to increase and improve the level of organizational trust in educational organizations. In general, the research on social sciences and humanities has a special complexity and imposes many limitations on researchers in conducting research. These limitations include time, human, social and economic limitations that cause problems in conducting research. This research, like other research and studies, has faced limitations. Among these limitations, we can mention the following: The variables of the research have a qualitative state, which is considered a limitation. The intelligence, interest, scientific, and specialized ability of the subjects also had an effect on their answering process. The economic, social, and cultural characteristics have had an effect on the response process of the research subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Paying attention to the factors affecting successful education has been the focus of education experts and the higher education system for years, and academic stress is one of the important factors that affect students' learning (1). Academic stress, if it intensifies or continues, causes problems for people in the field of mental health and wellbeing (5). In the same direction, the study of Bahraini et al. (2016) has shown that the level of wellbeing experienced is one of the basic components in proper performance (7). Lambo and Snodgrass (2017) believes that in general, the feeling of well-being includes perceptions of a correct emotional understanding of the current situation and adaptive psychological feedback and even spiritual references (8) that this appropriate level of well-being leads to the creation of adaptation in psychological responses. It becomes emotional and behavioral (9). People with a high sense of well-being experience positive emotions and have a positive evaluation of the incidents and events around them (11), according to this, mental well-being includes the cognitive values of people from their lives, and mental well-being makes it possible to close people and their conditions. Valued their expectations, values and previous experiences (12). Perceived academic stress is one of the fruitful and successful factors in the academic life of learners (16). In addition, the level of stress experience depends on cognitive and behavioral factors, and the level of neuropsychological performance will play a significant role in the organization and cognitive-behavioral responses (17). Neurocognitive performance is a set of superior abilities of organization and integration, which are related at the neuro-anatomical level with different pathways of neural interaction such as the prefrontal cortex (18) and include predicting and creating goals, planning, self-regulation and Goal monitoring, effective implementation and feedback of plans, working memory, etc. are critical for independent, purposeful activity and successful adaptation (19). In the context of the role of neurocognitive function in cognitive factors such as adolescent well-being, Nunn et al. (2016) concluded that better neurocognitive function facilitates the use of new assessments for adolescents and adolescents who rely on new assessments. provide more cognitive resources to help their sustained attention, which leads to better regulation of situations in their daily lives. Also, Kong and Lim (2021) found that there is a two-way and significant relationship between academic stress, generosity, difficulty of neuropsychological functioning and media addiction (17). In past researches, there has been no study on perceived academic stress based on cognitive dimensions, including neuropsychological function and sense of well-being. Therefore, in order to solve the existing gap among the studies, the question of this research is whether there is relationship between neuropsychological function and sense of well-being with perceived academic stress in high school students? Methods: The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the research was made up of all 650 female secondary school students of the 10th grade in 13 public schools of Babol city in the academic year of 1401-1400. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, with the possibility of incomplete questionnaires, the number of 250 female students was divided into two clusters. They were selected step by step. In order to collect data, questionnaires of perceived academic stress by Zazhakova et al. (2005), neurocognitive function of Nejati (2013) and feelings of psychological well-being by Keyes and Magyarmo (2003) were used. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis were used with SPSS version 26 software. Results: Based on the results, there is a negative relationship between neuropsychological function and feeling of well-being with perceived academic stress (P<0.05). Also, the regression analysis showed that neuropsychological function (-0.256) and sense of wellbeing (-0.187) in students can significantly predict perceived academic stress. Conclusion: According to the results of the analysis, neuropsychological function and sense of well-being can predict perceived academic stress in students. These results are in line with the findings of Amiri Largani et al. (1400) (14), Abbas Mofard et al. (1400) (26), Ferire et al. (2019) (1), Cumming et al. (2019) (22) is It can be explained in this way that students who have poor neuropsychological performance in the areas of concentration, attention and planning to do academic assignments, they see their personal goals and desires in danger during their activities, and these conditions bring constant anxiety and stress to them. and they consider failure to achieve desired results as losing the results of personal activities and also moving away from achieving their goals, which can cause emotional reactions and stress in them (27). But the students who have proper neuropsychological function along with getting incentives, are less stressed than the students who have less internal motivations. Because by anticipating unfavorable results, they only lose external incentives and approval from others (28). Also, in explaining the results related to the role of feeling of well-being on reducing perceived academic stress, it can be explained that feeling of well-being is an embodied phenomenon and the result of psychological, environmental causes and the ability of the executive control system to prevent the interference of thoughts unrelated to the current task. On the other hand, the feeling of well-being occurs when the student's attention is diverted from focusing on the current task to thoughts related to it, as a result of doing the task, he encounters side errors, which causes him to experience less perceived academic stress (31). ). People who have more mental alertness, are more aware of their thought process and have more autonomy in their choices or decisions, and also have less doubts about things. Determining the relationship between neuropsychological performance and the feeling of well-being with students' academic stress can be a guide for educational planners and officials to improve the strategies presented to reduce behavioral, cognitive and emotional motivational problems in educational centers and institutions. especially in the field of academic stress. The statistical community of the research raises limitations in the field of generalization of findings, interpretations and etiological documents of the studied variables that should be considered. The sample under investigation was secondary school female students, and caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings to other populations. It is suggested that school teachers and counselors use educational methods to improve cognitive status, such as cognitive and metacognitive strategies, as well as developing educational programs such as meditation, using self-regulation mechanisms and active memory before exams and stressful academic conditions during academic year, in addition to reducing the perceived academic stress, they can lead to an increase in mindfulness in students. The findings of the present study showed that neuropsychological function and sense of well-being play an important role in the level of perceived academic stress in secondary school students. Therefore, targeting these components in psychological training and treatment can be effective in reducing students' academic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is important because it can cause stigma and psychological, family, and social problems in affected people. Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of schema therapy on adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive-emotion regulation in people with HIV. Methods This is an interventional study with a pretest-posttest design. Thirty people with HIV were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. Garnefski et al.’s cognitive-emotion regulation questionnaire - short form (CERQ-SF) was used to collect data. The intervention group received 10 two-hour sessions of group treatment based on Young’s schema therapy model. The data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26 using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The results ANCOVA showed that group schema therapy affected the use of adaptive strategies (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective) and maladaptive strategies (self-blame and catastrophizing), (P<0.001). However, it had no significant effect on other-blame (P=0.033) and rumination (P=0.102). Conclusion Schema therapy can increase the use of adaptive strategies and reduce the use of maladaptive strategies (self-blame and catastrophizing) of cognitive-emotion regulation in people with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Research theses can have a significant impact on the development of applied sciences, especially when their results are published. Objective This study aims to determine publication rate of papers extracted from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) during 2008-2018. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of GUMS from 2008 to 2018. Then, they were searched in international and national databases according to the title, keywords, and names of supervisors, advisors, and students. Results Of 774 theses, 449 (58 %) papers had been extracted and published in journals indexed by ISI/ PubMed (41.2%), Scopus (11.8%), BIOSIS, Chemical Abstract, and Embase (0.44%) and others (46.56%). Most of them (98.66%) were original research. Moreover, in 383(85.3%) of the theses, there was no statistician or data advisor. The median time from defending theses to the publication of a paper from them was two years. Conclusion The publication of papers extracted from the theses of GUMS has increased, and more than 50% of them have been published in journals indexed by ISI, PubMed, and Scopus. However, the factors associated with the publication of papers need to be surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital anomalies in the head and neck region, which are affected by environmental and genetic factors. These anomalies can cause serious problems such as physical deformity, nutritional problems, respiratory problems, and problems in social interactions for affected people. Objective The current study aims to investigate the prevalence of lip and palate clefts and the related factors in infants born from 2014 to 2019 in Karaj, Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the data of 91,563 babes born from 2014 to 2019 in Kamali, Imam Ali, Maryam, and Ghaem hospitals in Karaj, Iran. The data were collected and analyzed in SPSS software, version 24. Results Of 91,563 cases, 46 were identified with various types of clefts. The overall prevalence was 0.5 per 1000 live births; 26.08 had cleft lip, 52.17% had cleft palate, and 21.73% had cleft lip and palate (P=0.024). Also, 56.52% of babies were male (P=0.37), 76.08% had mothers aged 20-30 years with a mean age of 24.4 years, 58.69% had first-time pregnancy mothers, 13.03% had parents with cousin marriage (P<0.001), and 37% had mothers with blood type A (P=0.11). Conclusion The prevalence of lip and palate clefts in babies born in Karaj is lower than the global prevalence and the prevalence in other cities of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Constant control of electrical panels is effective in ensuring the safety of users. This study was conducted during the years 2022-2023 to evaluate their structure in blood transfusion centers by ETBA method. Materials and Methods In this descriptive-analytical study with the ETBA method, the performance and quality of the grounding system, capacitor bank, connections, the location of the panels, the arrangement structure of the components, and their cleanliness and safety in the centers of Kermanshah, Hamadan, Ilam, Sanandaj, Arak, Karaj, Semnan, Bandar Abbas, Sari and Yazd were investigated. The obtained information was analyzed statistically with SPSS 25 software. Results The results showed 74.3% electrical panels with unprincipled volume and distribution of connections, 72.4% due to the selection of inappropriate location and distance from tools and devices, deployment in users' traffic area without provision of fence and safety devices, 70.5% not equipped with warning devices, 43.3% non-standard arrangement, 51.4% insufficient cleaning, 66.3% not having an active earth connection, and 60.3% not having a capacitor bank did not have reliable electrical safety. Conclusions Based on these results, the regular and continuous establishment and implementation of the medical equipment maintenance management system can be a fundamental and effective factor in identifying risks and the pertinent degree of risks and damages in the process of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Despite the success of CAR-T cells in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, the use of allogeneic sources of T lymphocytes to produce these cells is associated with risk of GvHD. Cytokine induced killer (CIK) cells are a population with a lower risk of GvHD. Therefore, CAR-CIK cells can be evaluated as a potential alternative for CAR-T cells. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, after isolation and culture of mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of two healthy donors, T and CIK cells are transduced with CD19 gene containing lentiviral vector. On the 16th day of culture, to compare the cytotoxicity of CAR-T and CAR-CIK cells, these cells were co-cultured with CD19+ K562 target cells, and the death rate among the target cells was measured using a lactate dehydrogenase release assay kit. Student T-test, Anova and post-hoc Tukey were used for statistical analysis using Graph Pad prism software 8. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In both CAR-CIK and CAR-T cell, CAR receptor caused a significant increase in cytotoxicity. So that no significant difference was observed between the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells (67.8% ± 1.7) and CAR-CIK (65.1% ± 1.8). Conclusions CAR-CIK cells show a suitable in vitro cytotoxicity, so they can be considered as a potential alternative for CAR-T cells. However, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to compare other effective dimensions in the function of these two cell types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood transfusion is a major challenge in treating trauma patients. This study investigated blood transfusion rates and related factors in trauma patients. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 849 trauma patients admitted to a trauma center in Shiraz, Iran during 2019-2021. Blood components usage and its relation to demographics, clinical status, lab values, and ABC score were assessed. The frequency of massive blood transfusion and the average number of blood units and blood components consumed in these patients were surveyed. Data were analyzed by T-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression with SPSS-23. Results The mean age was 38.6 ± 19.40 years and 80.9% were male. The mean blood units, platelets, and plasma used were 5.74 ± 4.57, 1.21 ± 4.87, 2.73 ± 4.32, respectively. 62.01% received massive transfusion with mean blood, platelets, and plasma units used being 8.17 ± 5.21, 3.92 ± 4.88 and 1.85 ± 6.01, respectively. Blood use correlated with systolic/diastolic pressures, blood sugar, lymphocyte count, pH, bicarbonate, base deficit, and hematocrit. 13.3% had positive ABC score and received more blood products (p < 0.001). Conclusions Blood transfusion in trauma patients depends on various clinical and lab factors. Identifying high-risk patients requiring urgent blood transfusion and rapid preparation of blood products is vital for optimizing trauma patient management and outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Nowadays, it is necessary to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and HCV viruses all around the world due to the importance of preventing infections transmitted through transfusion of blood products. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of these two viruses that cause viral hepatitis among blood donors in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Materials and Methods This retrospective study is conducted on blood donors in Sistan and Baluchestan province in order to evaluate the prevalence rate and trend of Hepatitis B and C during the years 2011- 2022. The data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square (χ2), and SPSS 22. Results The prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C infections among blood donors were 0.329% and 0.05%, in Sistan and Baluchestan province respectively. During the years 2011 to 2022, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection decreased from 818 cases per hundred thousand people in 2011 to 109 cases in 2022. Similarly, the prevalence of hepatitis C decreased from 102 cases in 2011 to 27 cases in 2022 Conclusions The results of the present study indicated a decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections over a decade, which can show the effective trend of health indicators and prevention programs of HBV and HCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of family therapy based on family consolidation on marital conflicts and sexual satisfaction of couples applying for divorce. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all couples applying for divorce who referred to counseling centers in Kerman city in 2023. 30 couples were selected as available and were replaced in two experimental (15 couples) and control (15 couples) groups randomly and by lottery method. Family therapy intervention based on family consolidation was conducted in 8 sessions twice a week for 90 minutes and after 3 months of follow-up. In order to collect data, Barati and Sanai's Marital Conflict Questionnaire and Larson's Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics tests (mean and standard deviation) and analysis of variance with repeated measurements were used with SPSS version 24 software. Results: The results showed that family therapy based on family consolidation had an effect on reducing marital conflicts (P < 0.001, F = 37.24) and increasing sexual satisfaction (P < 0.001, F = 126.34) of couples applying for divorce (P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the results of this research, it is recommended to use family therapy based on family consolidation in reducing marital conflicts and increasing sexual satisfaction of couples applying for divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The dentist's level of knowledge and abilities is one of the determining factors in the correct selection and application of dental cements. This study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of general dentists and specialists about the application of different dental cements. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was cross-sectional one which conducted on 150 specialist and general dentists in governmental and private centers in Kurdistan province (2019) who performed fixed prosthetic treatments, was done through census and available sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. To analyze data, T-test and ANOVA tests were used in SPSS-22 software. A significance level was considered less than 0.05. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted after the approval of the protocol in the research ethics committee and receiving the ethical code number IR.MUK.REC.1398.302 and according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: The overall average score of dentists' knowledge was 6.5, which was close to and higher than the average scores and had a significant relationship with the grade and place of employment (P<0.05). The overall average score of attitude was 3.4, which was almost equal to the average scores. There was a significant relationship between grade and gender with attitude score (P<0.05). The overall average score of the dentists' practice was 5, which was higher than the average scores, and the practice score had a significant relationship with gender, place of employment, and grade (P<0.05). Conclusions: The average score of knowledge, attitude, and practice of dentists was average, and in general, the scores of specialists were higher than general dentists. Women had a higher attitude and practice score. People working in the private sector had a higher knowledge score. To increase the knowledge, attitude, and practice of general dentists, there is a need to hold training courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]