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This paper presents a proposal for incorporating educational robotics into primary and secondary education to support the Ministry of National Education's general guidelines for technology education in Colombia from various national and international approaches. The research is carried out with a mixed-method and divided into the documentary, descriptive, analytical, and projective phases. The paper contains three sections: a conceptual review of educational robotics; its importance, based on scientific literature and applied programs internationally and nationally; and finally, the treatment of robotics from different knowledge approaches, perspectives, and dimensions. We noted a growing tendency to introduce robotics education in private and public schools, focused on the "use of free time." Therefore, we propose designing a spiral curricular model with four complexity levels relevant to the principles of meaningful and inclusive learning, per the current needs for and cutting-edge knowledge of science and technology education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the imaginaries regarding the return of Colombian refugees residing in Ecuador by describing their migratory trajectories and the conditions under which these people -who left the country due to causes related to the armed conflict-would consider returning after the implementation of the peace deal. Empirical evidence was mainly collected through eleven focus groups in the city of Quito. The conclusion is that the end of the war is just the starting point for the return since refugees demand comprehensive and effective social support from the Colombian State in order to go back to the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current literature on social and political accountability hardly explains why governments are (or are not) interested in including non-state actors in decision-making and policy implementation. This paper argues that accountability is the product of the interplay of ideas and institutions to mediate contradictory interests in the definition of normative, strategic and operational policy aims and means. Process-tracing is utilized to identify the causal mechanism linking the adoption of international law instruments to actual enforcement of accountability in a policy area. The case study is about the indigenous right to prior consultation on oil and gas policies in Colombia and Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variation in three populations of pigs in Cordoba, Colombia was evaluated by 20 microsatellite. All loci studied were polymorphic, with an observed heterozygosis ranging from 0.2 to 84.2% (mean 68.6%) and expected heterozygosis ranged from 5.6 to 83.8% (mean 70.2%). The polymorphic information content (PIC) value for all markers analyzed ranged from 0.17 (least informative) and 0.83 (the most informative). The level of genetic differentiation FST between pairs of populations varied in the range from 0.07 to 0.11, being statistically significant in all analyzed pairs. In conclusion, the levels of expected heterozygosis found in the present paper show that the domestic pig in Cordoba, exhibits a high degree of genetic variability. Similarly, the genetic identity of Nei and statistical FST indicate genetic closeness between populations Momil and Cereté, which binds Tierralta, indicating migration between these three populations but keeping each its genetic identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]