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Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common comorbidity in adult patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). The diagnostics and treatment of ADHD with SUD are often a challenge, also with respect to the prescription of stimulants. Recently, a group of international experts developed a consensus paper on the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid ADHD and SUD. In addition, the German S3 guidelines on ADHD have been published, which also give advice on the treatment of ADHD in comorbid SUD. The German S3 guidelines on alcohol-related disorders and methamphetamine-related disorders also address ADHD as a comorbidity. Methods: Summary of consensus and guideline recommendations, supplemented with the most recent literature. Conclusion: In recent years new findings on the comorbidity of ADHD in patients with SUD have emerged. A series of screening and diagnostic instruments have meanwhile been evaluated in this patient group. The consensus paper and various guidelines therefore provide clinicians with specific help in detecting ADHD in patients with SUD and in conducting further diagnostics and treatment of both disorders. For example, the importance of stimulants in the treatment of patients with SUD and ADHD has significantly changed and first studies on psychotherapeutic interventions specific to this comorbidity are now available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper summarises the changes of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, (ICSD-3, published in 2014) in comparison to its predecessor, ICSD-2 (2005). Changes within sleep-related breathing disorders are described in the article by Stuck and Weeß in this issue. Polysomnographic recordings and sleep scoring in the diagnostic process should always use the most recent version of the AASM manual. Insomnias are newly classified as either chronic or short term. Chronic insomnia includes all former insomnia forms with the exception of adjustment insomnia (acute insomnia). The minimal duration is now defined as 3 months. Non-restorative sleep no longer constitutes an insomnia-specific symptom. The term 'hypersomnias of central nervous origin' has been replaced by 'disorders of hypersomnolence'. Hypersomnolence is understood as excessive daytime sleepiness. The new classification of narcolepsy differs between narcolepsy type 1 (with cataplexy or with hypocretin-1 deficiency) and narcolepsy type 2 (without cataplexy). The circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders have barely changed. The group of parasomnias now includes 'sleep-related eating disorders'. The former diagnosis 'sleep drunkenness' in the category confusional arousal was replaced by 'confused awakening'. The criteria for the diagnosis of 'nightmares' have been operationalized for the first time. The diagnosis 'periodic limb movement disorder' should no longer be used when either RLS, narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder or untreated sleep apnea syndrome coexists. Isolated symptoms and normal variants are now directly associated with each diagnostic category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]