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Through the concept of popular religion, this paper highlights the essential contribution of secular subjects for the Catholic education of Quebec's prospective elites. By a careful analysis of Catholic contents from 170 textbooks, we will show that all education contributes to the moulding of model, pious and informed Catholic elites. Thus, the Catholic school of the turn of XXth century reconciles a type of popular religion with a decidedly elite teaching. We will argue that the results of this training play a decisive role in the sustainable authority of Catholicism throughout much of the XIXth and XXth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a critical analysis of the public debate on street gangs in Quebec, which is currently structured by preventive actions geared towards "at-risk" youth, this paper explores the relationship that youth construct with the State. Firstly, the article analyses the social construction of the threat attributed to street gangs in order to reveal the underlying logics of gang activities as much as of preventive programs. By comparing these two logics of action which are called "urban" for youth and street gangs and "actuarial" for preventive programs, the paper suggests that preventive measures in Montreal have a threefold effect: stigmatisation, depoliticisation, and moralisation. The analysis of these effects leads in the third part of the paper to theoretical reflections on the notion of (urban) citizenship and its relevance for understanding the relationship that youth using illicit vectors construct with the State. The paper concludes with an exploration of the notion of informality and asks an open question: Can the notion of citizenship accommodate the informal mode of relation that youth and many other urban dwellers develop with the State? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the socio-political ideas conveyed by Pax Romana in the Province of Quebec. Although this organization presented itself as a simple base of exchange between Catholics, the Federation of Fribourg did not limit itself to planning very general meetings in various places and promote an abstract dialogue between nations : it also disseminated a specific ideology. It offered a conceptual framework and a certain political orientation to those who participated in its activities. By revisiting its ideological background and identifying who were its most important promoters, this paper underlines the forms of exchange that structured Pax Romana from the inside and, by the same token, helps to locate its members on a particular map of the Catholic intellectual world from 1930 to 1950. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparison between the two ways of managing immigration and diversity existing in Canada: multiculturalism (Canada-wide) and interculturalism (Quebec). While some authors (see Juteau, McAndrew and Pietrantonio 1998) argue that the two policies are more similar than different, others, like Gérard Bouchard (2011), argue that interculturalism is a rather unique model of managing diversity in Quebec. In this paper we aim to make a contribution to the debate by providing an analysis of the way both models understand immigrants' participation in their new society. Indeed, both models seem to consider participation as having a central role in the process of integrating newcomers. However, we will show that the reasons put forward by inter-culturalism and by multiculturalism to explain their interest in participation are very different. On the one hand, multiculturalism recognizes the importance of participation as a way of protecting individual identities, in line with the spirit of liberalism. On the other hand, for interculturalism, the issue of participation seems to be more fundamental: not only is participation one of the founding pillars of the policy, but it is also consistent with the political, legal and historical characteristics of the province of Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly people, including academics, tend to conceive of the world as based on essentialised ethnic or cultural categories. Thus, research on the second generation often takes for granted that this population has a bicultural identity. In this paper, I define the concept of identity as the subjectively constructed set of groups of belonging which the individual considers to be most important to and most characteristic of his/her Self. I then attempt to determine whether or not second-generation youth feel a strong attachment toward the ethnic origin of their immigrant parent(s). The paper relies on in-depth interviews conducted in Quebec and Montreal with 28 youth (18 to 25 years of age), who were born in Quebec and who have at least one immigrant parent. Respondents were mainly identified through birth registries, thus avoiding the use of self-identification for recruitment. Results show great variety in the identities chosen by second-generation youth. Relatively few identify with their immigrant parent(s)' ethnic origin. Those who do have diverse representations of these groups, which are nonetheless generally cultural or ethnocultural in content. This form of identification with cultural or ethnocultural groups is shown to be compatible with a civic allegiance to Canada or Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Louis Veuillot, well-known among the ultramontane journalistic circle, was also a recognized writer. In colleges, his texts were included into the curriculum of colleges and also in activities outside classrooms. This paper studies the integration of Veuillot's works in literary and religious education for three periods, 1840-1871,1910-1930 and 1950-1970. Whereas Veuillot was not a part of the curriculum in the nineteenth century, the beginning of the twentieth century was the golden age of Veuillot's distribution in colleges, especially during the centennial celebrations in 1913. In these years, the writer became an example for young people, yet the 1950's spelled the end of his teaching. Nevertheless, during a few decades, Louis Veuillot was part of the literary culture among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS PAPER PRESENTS a portrait of sub-contracting foresters at work in northeastern Ontario in the opening decades of the 20th century. Drawing upon a little-known source, the provincial forestry registers for Sudbury and North Bay Districts, the author traces the evolution of a sample of 269 sub-contractors. The length and locality of their activities, their ethnicity, the extent and nature of their contracts, and the number of firms they did business with, are the study's main variables. Although there is no doubt about their economic precariousness in some respects, notably the fact that they were constantly moving their operations and suffering frequent interruptions, it appears in the long run to have been exaggerated in the literature. In fact, the economic performance of paper-makers in the region was not much more brilliant than that of the sub-contractors. In addition the way Ontario assigned cutting permits allowed several other regional forestry enterprises to work at the same time. Regional monopolies in the woods, such as we find in Québec and New Brunswick, did not occur. Also, the sub-contractors showed a surprising degree of flexibility by the contracts they negotiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to answer the author's question whether it is more appropriate to have a music teacher or a music therapist with students with special needs within the Quebec education system. This issue has been raised after the author identified three factors at the source of the problem while at the same time asserting that a thin line, still to be defined, exists between both professions. Finally, the author shows that a collaborative work should result from this reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines two key core concepts in the field of public policy: co-production and co-construction. It first examines the role of the third sector in the co-construction of two public policy initiatives, the Voluntary Sector Initiative and the Social Economy Initiative, developed under the responsibility of the federal state. Then it turns to the participation of the third sector in co-constructing public policy under the responsibility of the Quebec provincial state in six policy areas: policy to recognize autonomous community organizations, policy to recognize the social economy, daycare policy, home care policy, social housing policy and Quebec legislation to combat poverty. The policy initiatives of both the federal state and Quebec state are compared and analysed from a co-construction perspective [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes L'Entraide missionnaire from the perspective of its networks which became international over the course of the 1960s. This internationalization was most visible in the collaborations established with Third world theologians and practitioners. From 1968 onwards, L'Entraide radically changed its worldview, taking sides with the poor and marginalized. Notions like consciousness-raising, dialogue, inculturation, and liberation were at the heart of the organization's activities hundreds of Québécois committed to sociopolitical change and community organizations attended. Thus, L'Entraide acted as a catalyst for Québécois to become familiar with different schools of thought and practices, but also to integrate these new ways of thinking collectively about the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of a new study guide for immigrants aiming to become Canadian citizens in 2009 was the first major reform of this document since its inception in 1995. This paper examines the coverage of the Anglo-Canadian and Franco-Québécois press surrounding the new citizenship guide. Rather than supporting the widely accepted thesis that Canada is marked by a « collision of identities », our study suggests the emergence of an implicit alliance between the two Canadian “solitudes” with respect to their understanding of citizenship. In particular, the two groups of newspapers agree upon the necessity to protect « acquired gains » of Canadian society against the beliefs and practices of an uncivilized « Other ». Nevertheless, we should not jump to conclusions: does the convergence of media representations of Canadian citizenship really reflect the emergence of a shared collective identity in Quebec and Canada? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the mechanisms of reproduction and transformation of the transnational parental links among Mexican migrants working temporarily in Quebec as seasonal agricultural workers. In particular, I will analyze the economic, social and cultural impact the regular remittances have on these families. These monetary transfer practices will be examined based on the hypothesis that they constitute a particular economic habitus (Bourdieu, 2000, 2008). The latter is to be observed in the more or less traumatic affinity (or distance) generated by the concrete historical practices of the migrant workers and by the cognitive and behavioural exigencies imposed by the seasonal agricultural work. Among these exigencies, we can mention the subjectivation related to the discipline of a wage-earning work fastened to a maximal productivity, the language ability, the forms of monetary calculation and the cultural norms of consumption and saving, as well as the learning of the moral models of monetary distribution within the family. The notion of economic habitus, allow us to better understand the dynamics of reciprocal translation between the quantitative dimension of money, as a homogeneous and impersonal means of exchange, and its qualitative dimension, as personalized monetary transfers, expressing parental relations and their emotional meaning. This arduous activity of exegesis turns out intense on the typical daily life of migrant workers, where one could observe the emergence of a particular "sens pratique" (Bourdieu, 1989). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ethnographic observation conducted in a Montreal pawnshop, this paper explores the logics and perception of money and changing rhetoric of value deployed within pawn broking, an activity of value fixation. The complex experience and self-definition of their social role by pawnbrokers is explored. The history of pawn broking is briefly C'est bien de valeur, mais… Portrait d'un pawn shop montréalais [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the contribution of the main sources of income as well as that of taxes and transfers on the level of poverty in Quebec and in Canada. This contribution is decomposed into a product of the effects of total size and performance per dollar of each of the income sources. An important problem in this type of exercise is that the order in which the components of income are ranked can influence considerably the share of total poverty alleviation allocated to each component. A sharing rule is thus used to allocate to each income component a part of total poverty alleviation that is independent of the ordering chosen. Sensitivity tests are also applied to assess the role of the choice of poverty lines and indices. The results indicate that the more generous social programs do not always reduce relative poverty the most, and that other aspects of the tax/benefit system that are less prominent are more effective in that regard. Relative to the rest of Canada, Quebec’s social programs are both more generous and more poverty-performant; however, this is associated with taxes in Quebec that are also heavier and more costly in terms of poverty impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon a large survey about the historical consciousness of Canadians, this paper explores the similarities and differences in the way Québécois and other Canadians engage the past in their everyday life. The difference between these two groups is not the one that might be expected. We find that Québécois, mostly francophone Québécois, are more likely than other Canadians to report indifference about the past. Why is this so? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies based on seismic isolation are gaining popularity among engineers given the savings on construction costs. The long-term advantage of these technologies preserve the serviceability of the structure after an earthquake and eliminate the cost of reconstruction. This advantage is critical for 'emergency' bridges, required to remain operational after an earthquake. The present article examines a method of isolating the foundation of existing bridges as part of a seismic retrofitting effort. This approach is supported by the increasing interest in this method, especially since its adoption by the Canadian standards and due to the fact that engineers are not too familiar with non-linear dynamic design methods. Another source of motivation is the opportunity to apply this technique to the refection of a few Quebec bridges. The steps of the antiseismic calculations as well as the results of non-linear analyses pertaining to the Madrid Bridge are presented and discussed. This paper may become a useful tool for engineers and their projects of retrofitting existing bridges. Les nouvelles technologies basées sur l'isolation sismique connaissent un intérêt grandissant parmi les ingénieurs, compte tenu de l'économie sur le coût de la construction de l'ouvrage qu'elles offrent. Elles présentent également un avantage indéniable à long terme étant donné qu'elles préservent la fonctionnalité de l'ouvrage après séisme et éliminent le coût de reconstruction. Cet avantage revêt une importance capitale pour les ponts dits de secours qui doivent demeurer en service après le séisme. Cet article présente une méthodologie relative à l'isolation de la base des ponts existants dans un contexte de mise en conformité sismique. Cette démarche est motivée par l'intérêt grandissant de cette méthode, notamment depuis son adoption par la norme canadienne d'une part et d'autre part par le fait que les ingénieurs praticiens sont moins familiers avec les méthodes dynamiques non linéaires de conception. L'opportunité offerte aux auteurs de mettre en application cette technique pour la réfection de quelques ponts au Québec est une autre source de motivation. Les étapes de calcul parasismiques sont pourvues, et les résultats des analyses non linéaires relatives au pont Madrid sont présentés et discutés. L'article est destiné aux ingénieurs praticiens qui y trouveront un outil utile pour leurs projets en réhabilitation de ponts existants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Study goal: A repeat blood donor genotyping project was launched by Héma-Québec in October 2007. The objective was to screen 21,000 samples for 22 polymorphisms for red blood cell and platelet blood groups to build a database to easily find compatible donors. Materials and methods: Donors who have donated at least three times during the last year were selected. A drop of blood was spotted on FTA paper and sent to the Pharmacogenomic Centre at the Montreal Heart Institute for analysis. All genotype results were compared to the known phenotype. In parallel, the RHD gene of D negative blood donors was examined. Results: Less than two years were necessary to complete the database. The genotype/phenotype concordance was 99.6% with only 165 discrepancies observed and further analysed. More than 55% of these discrepancies confirmed the initial genotype. The RHD study done on D negative samples found 13 donors positive for a variant RHD gene. Four were RHD*Ψ positive, while the other nine presented variant polymorphisms precluding a reduced expression of the D antigen. Conclusion: Thanks to this project, Héma-Québec is able to answer increasing demands for compatible blood more rapidly. The organisation has also demonstrated the security of its D negative inventory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jutra Awards, an annual competition rewarding Quebec's film industry, are in their first years of a renewed and improved approach to celebrating film music and its composers. This is the result of much debate--even controversy--in the industry, with respect to the credibility of the awards in the "Best Music" category. By studying the results of the competition since its inception in 1999 and in comparison with the regulations and the histories of the Felix, the Genie, and especially of the Academy Awards, we will show that the recent updates to the rules of eligibility for music at the Jutras are justified, but also that they can still be improved upon. One objective of this paper is to better understand the concept of originality in film music, as it pertains to competition in the film industry in Quebec. A second objective will be to question the importance of recognizing, in separate categories, "dramatic" orchestral film scores, original popular music and original songs. Also, we will consider the influence of an artist's pre-established popularity on his chances of winning an award for his work. Finally, based on the rule changes made for the 2011 Jutras, we will outline some implications for the future of the competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SINCE THE MID-1990'S, Canada and Quebec have initiated important changes to their system of social protection; the objectives of the reforms were to control public expenditure or attain zero deficit, improve the efficiency of social policies, particularly in relation to employment incentives, and guarantee acceptable living conditions. Such objectives were conveyed by a restructuring of several social protection mechanisms, achieved by reconfiguring protection parameters and activating the same social expenditure. To understand this restructuring, the article analyses the changes introduced in certain income security mechanisms including unemployment insurance, universal family allowance and welfare, at both the Federal and Quebec levels. To explain this approach, the paper is divided into three parts: the first on the reconfiguration of each mechanism, the second on the activation of social expenditure and the third introducing the elements of analysis towards this recent restructuring of social policies. The subject matter is dominated by a fundamental question, that of knowing whether the reforms convey a neo-liberal change of policy in the disengagement of the state and erosion of social rights or whether they convey a reorganization, a modification of the framework as a result of change of paradigm or reference in a socially active state or as a form of social investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the mode of entry into adulthood of two cohorts of young Quebecers born between 1942-1951 (lyric generation) and between 1962-1971 (X generation). Examining the net effect of labour market casualization with the help of the General Social Survey 2001's retrospective data, the goal of this paper is to answer this specific question: to what extent do the 1980- 90 economic mutations explain the extension of youth and the desynchronization of life courses? The analysis reveals that the casualization of employment is not highly related to the mutations of life courses. In fact, the desynchronization of life courses can be better explained by noneconomic transformations such as the longer length of education and the easing of certain normative constraints within Quebec society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of the Web in the mid-1990s, the role and use of traditional documents, such as the paper versions of books and periodicals, has been the subject of some discussion on the part of university librarians. In addition to discussions held at meetings and conferences, librarians and other stakeholders are also involved in the scanning of collections. This article focuses on the challenges associated with the transition from analogue** to numeric versions and from the traditional to the virtual library in the universities of Québec since the end of the 1990s. The proceedings of conferences and seminars that focused on the dissemination and conservation of scanned documents helped identify some of the challenges associated with this type of collection in university libraries. With the help of a document prepared by the Bibliotheque et Archives nationales du Québec (BAnQ), the author summarizes the major scanning projects currently in progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These notes report on the title and text of a short paper given at a round table organized by CRILCQ (Centre de recherch interuniversitaire sur la littrature et la culture qubcoise) at the conference of the American Council for Quebec Studies held in Quebec, 19 November 2004. The question of postcolonialism in Quebec had recently been examined by Vincent Desroches in a special dossier on Quebec and Postcolonialism in the journal Quebec Studies, no. 35, Spring-Summer 2003. However, all those taking part in the round table expressed a certain degree of reticence over the use of the concept in Qubcois literature. One of them, Rjean Beaudoin, subsequently published his point of view in an article entitled Is Qubcois literature postcolonial? His conclusion read: Qubcois literature can take on the ghosts of its dual colonialism. Putting it in the postcolonial ragbag is a desperate attempt to normalise it' ( L'Inconvnient, no. 24, February 2006). Also worth reading on the subject are Rachel Killick's article, In the fold? Postcolonialism and Quebec, Romance Studies, vol. 24, no. 3, November 2006, pp. 18192, and the collection entitled Reconfigurations. Canadian Literature and Postcolonial Identities/Littratures canadiennes et identits postcoloniales, edited by Marc Maufort and Franco Bellarsi, Bruxelles, Peter Lang, 2002. Ces quelques rflexions reprennent le titre et le texte d'une brve communication donne dans le cadre d'une table ronde organise par le CRILCQ (Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la littrature et la culture qubcoise) l'occasion du Congrs de l'American Council for Qubec Studies, Qubec, 19 novembre 2004. La question du postcolonialisme au Qubec venait d'tre examine dans un numro spcial de la revue Qubec Studies, sous la responsabilit de Vincent Desroches, no 35, Spring-summer 2003, Quebec and Postcolonial theory. Cependant, les participants la table ronde ont tous exprim une certaine rticence face l'utilisation du concept pour la littrature qubcoise. L'un de ceuxci, Rjean Beaudoin, a par la suite publi son point de vue dans un article intitul La littrature qubcoise est-elle postcoloniale? Sa conclusion se lit comme suit: La littrature qubcoise peut assumer les fantmes de son double colonialisme. La ranger dans le fourre-tout postcolonial, c'est vouloir la normaliser tout prix. (L'Inconvnient, no 24, fvrier 2006). On lira galement sur le sujet l'article de Rachel Killick, In the fold? Postcolonialisme and Quebec, Romance Studies, vol. 24, no, november 2006, p.181192, ainsi que le collectif intitul Reconfigurations. Canadian Literature and Postcolonial Identities/ Littratures canadiennes et identits postcoloniales, sous la dir. de Marc Maufort et Franco bellarsi, Bruxelles, Peter Lang, 2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the use of the concept of freedom of expression by a Quebec City radio station, CHOI-FM, in its dispute with the CRTC and in the court case of Sophie Chiasson before the Quebec Cour supérieure. Although freedom of expression is the main argument used by CHOI-FM in 2004 and 2005, our hypothesis is that this argument is mainly instrumental. Nevertheless, freedom of expression must be analyzed because it is a major symbol of democracy; it is linked with lively public debate and individualism. In this case, freedom of expression is also used in an attempt to lend respectability to populism and illicit discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the teaching of mathematics in Quebec, pointing to some of its successes and some of its difficulties. Prospects for the future are examined at a moment when a new curriculum in mathematics education, centred on the development of competencies, has been put in place in primary schools and is being introduced in high schools. This article focuses not only on the prescriptions and content of this curriculum but also on the representations of mathematics built by teachers and their students and more globally by the population. This portrait permits us to understand certain tendencies, present in Quebec but also in other countries in the world, particularly a tendency to lower the demands made of mathematics students. The analysis also suggests some strategies for resisting these tendencies so as to have a positivie effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After defining discrimination and linguicism, the first part of the paper provides a brief overview of employment problems experienced by minority groups in Quebec. Part two offers results from a special analysis of the Ethnic Diversity Survey (2003) dealing with experiencing discrimination in Quebec and in the rest of Canada. Results show that in Quebec, anglophones are more likely to report being victims of discrimination than francophones and language/accent is seen as the main cause of discrimination for both francophones and anglophones. In the rest of Canada skin colour is seen as the main cause of discrimination for anglophones, while francophones see language/accent as the main cause of discrimination. Clearly linguicism is seen as the main cause of discrimination in Quebec for both francophones and anglophones, while this is the case only for francophones in the rest of Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work described in this article began as the result of a shared lack of knowledge and appreciation of the collections of rare Québec books. This conclusion was put forward by Yvan Lamonde, professor at McGill University, specializing in the history of ideas and of printing in Québec, and endorsed by a group of researchers and professionals working in libraries. This article is based on a paper presented by the author at a seminar titled Le livre ancien, de la Nouvelle-France a demain. Les collections de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec that was part of the programme of the conference titled Rabelais ou « Les adventures des gens ». L'hybridité des récits rabelaisiens. The conference, organised jointly by the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec and professors Diane Desrosiers-Bonin, of McGill University, Claude La Charité, of the Université du Québec a Rimouski and Renée-Claude Breitenstein, of McGill University, was held from August 27 to 31, 2006. The work presented in this article is not to be confused with the bibliographic work carried out by the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec on its own collection of rare books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the difference between the evolution of the protest movement against globalisation in Quebec and in Canada, especially since the end of the eighties. We argue that this difference can be best understood by taking into account the distinctive relationship which prevailed in these two social entities between the national project pursued by social and political actors and the reactions of these actors to the globalisation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic segregation, or residential inequalities based on income, is a complex spatial process. It is associated with structures which arise at certain scales and which evolve in time. In this paper, we analyse the evolution of economic segregation in Montréal from 1980 to 2000. This analysis is based on household's income and on their distribution within the residential space from four scales: households, census tracts, municipalities and some radio-concentric zones. Results confirm that the spatial organisation of economic segregation is scale dependent. More precisely, local inequalities are growing more rapidly but this trend does not prevent the consolidation of metropolitan-sized clusters. Moreover, results confirm that Montréal's economic segregation follows North American trends like the growth of economic disparities (spatial or not) or the fact that the enrichment of central and ex-urban neighbourhoods is compensated by the impoverishment of inner-ring suburbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What do we mean by « projet urbain » and what is new with this concept? Projet urbain refers to a European concept of planning which is understood in dissimilar ways by different authors, and it seems interesting to synthetise different points of view to create its definition, showing certain dimensions of this concept as well as certain deviations thereof. This paper examines the redevelopment of the Old Port of Montreal within this projet urbain concept. We want to show how the federal government has led a projet urbain for the port; and how its open and progressive planning, as well as the public's participation, has allowed an intervention which respects the site. However, the lack of collaboration between the various levels of government did not favour the conception of the project with relation to the environment. Finally there is a lack of follow-up on the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of qualitative research on the ethical notion of responsibility in the context of young adults' lives. The author presents an analysis of in-depth interviews with young adults from the Montreal area about their definition of adulthood and individual responsibility. This research reveals the importance of responsibility—defined by the interviewees as concern for others—in the socialization process involved in the passage towards adulthood through professional, residential and family trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OVER THE LAST FEW years, the activities of minimum wage commissions in the western provinces and in Ontario have been the subject of several historical studies. Inspired by these projects, this paper examines the work of the Quebec Women's Minimum Wage Commission, from its inception in 1925 to its dismantling in 1937. After giving reasons which forced the Quebec government to legislate on this issue, the author presents the position of international and catholic unions on women in the work force. In his analysis of the operating mode of the commission and, more precisely, his critical evaluation of its mechanism for enforcing the law, the author concludes that as with the other commissions across Canada, the Quebec Women's Minimum Wage Commission would not have allowed wage increases for women. In a socio-economic context where women on average made half of the salary of men, the decision to use the minimum wage as stool to fight the abuse of the capitalist system had the major consequence of keeping salaries low. In fact, the low rate of the minimum wage agreed to by the commission upheld the principle of pay inequity by gender, thus reflecting the dominant ideology of the era during which the work of women was considered marginal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic attenuation in concrete has seldom been studied, although it is an important parameter for survey design. In this paper, the seismic Q factor is estimated from data measured at the Carillon dam. Three methods were used for this study: amplitude decay yielding a value of 5.1 ± 1.6, spectral ratio giving a value of 8.3 ± 3.5, and a value of 7.5 ± 14.9 was obtained from the rise-time technique. These values are weak compared with what is generally observed in rocks, and slightly lower than values obtained on laboratory concrete samples. However, the average P wave velocity measured on the investigated area is 4081 ± 95 m·s[sup –1] , an indication of the good quality of the material. Consequently, this strong attenuation could be attributed on one hand to energy loss, and on the other hand to scattering caused by the intrinsic cement–aggregate composition of concrete. It is also possible that an inadequate sensor coupling had the effect of reducing the observed Q value. Key words: seismic attenuation, concrete dams, microseismic monitoring, coupling.Paramètre important pour la planification de levés sismiques, l'atténuation sismique a été peu étudiée dans les bétons. Dans cet article, le facteur de qualité sismique Q est évalué au barrage de Carillon selon les méthodes du rapport des amplitudes, du rapport des spectres d'amplitude et du temps de montée. Les mesures obtenues sont respectivement de 5,1 ± 1,6, de 8,3 ± 3,5 et de 7,5 ± 14,9. Ces valeurs sont faibles en regard de ce qui est généralement observé dans les roches, et légèrement plus faibles que des valeurs mesurées sur des bétons en laboratoire. Par ailleurs, le béton de la partie du barrage auscultée présente une vitesse d'onde P moyenne de 4081 ± 95 m·s[sup –1] , indiquant une bonne qualité du matériau. En conséquence, la forte atténuation pourrait être attribuable d'une part à la perte de l'énergie sismique sous forme de friction, et d'autre part à une atténuation de diffusion occasionnée par la composition ciment-granulat intrinsèque du béton. Il est également possible qu'un couplage inadéquat des capteurs ait pour effet de réduire la valeur observée de Q. Mots clés : atténuation sismique, barrages en béton, auscultation microsismique, couplage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tins PAPER EXAMINES the causes for the slow development of trade unionist traditions among Montreal moulders. Founded in 1859, the Montreal moulders' union underwent two decades of relative stagnation, before experiencing an important expansion. During the same period, in other Canadian towns, the moulders rapidly formed strong unions. In Montreal, ethnic and linguistic differences between the British and French Canadian moulders, and the tensions they engendered during the period, seem to have been at the center of the problem. Only a minority of moulders, primarily those of Scottish, Irish, English, and American origin, were involved in the union from the outset. The non-unionized moulders, mainly French Canadians, apparently opted for a more spontaneous form of militancy. Often organizing on a temporary basis, their position was solidified by their functional autonomy in the workplace. But in the long run, through a lengthy process of adaptation, and under the threat of degradation of their craft, the moulders closed ranks around a permanent organization of regulation and defense of their trade. The union's rise was carried out under the impulse of the French-Canadian moulders, and secondary, the Irish-Canadian moulders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital publishing is still in its infancy, but it is useful to relate what might be called the prologue to the history of digital publishing in French in Quebec. This article presents the actors who have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the transition from print to digital culture in Quebec. It offers a panoramic view of this transition in the various publishing genres from newspapers and magazines, to journals, books, theses, dictionaries, bibliographical databases, and legal texts. A typology of the actors working in these different genres emerges, comprising publisher, aggregator (general or specialist), distributor, production technician, retailer, and librarian. The builders of Quebec's digital publishing milieu are acknowledged through brief descriptions of their projects and enterprises. Many of them have displayed a notable capacity to engage in the development of new models for the production and diffusion of culture and research. The quality of their products, services, and expertise has been recognized several times over through international partnerships and co-operative ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like the text books they complement, dictionaries are widely used tools in schools. This article examines which dictionaries were authorised for use in schools from 1880 to 1960 by the Department of Public Instruction, the definitive authority for education in Quebec in the absence of a government department, and what use was made of them. During the period examined in this study, dictionaries had to receive endorsement, in the same manner as all text books for francophone public schools, from the Catholic Committee of the Council of Public Instruction, which was comprised half of Catholic bishops from Quebec and the other half from the Catholic laity. Text books and dictionaries were subjected to the meticulous and critical examination of the clerical authorities, who had the text modified or removed illustrations that did not seem to conform to orthodoxy in their eyes before granting their approval. Even though other dictionaries were circulating in Quebec, notably those of the publishers Mame, Quillet-Flammarion, and Hatier, it is the Larousse dictionary, particularly the Dictionnaire complet de la langue française with Canadian supplement, that dominated the period and that made the Montreal publisher Beauchemin its fortune. This study shows that the imported French book could only be distributed in Quebec and in Canada as long as the content met the moral standards of the Catholic Committee of the Council of Public Instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]