79 results on '"Nationalism"'
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2. "Us" and "others": the Chinese diaspora in Japan and the negotiation of their membership in the sphere of Chineseness.
- Author
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Wang, Xinyu Promio
- Subjects
- *
CHINESE diaspora , *NEGOTIATION , *SPHERES , *POWER (Social sciences) , *DIGITAL media - Abstract
"'Us' and 'Others': The Chinese Diaspora in Japan and the Negotiation of Their Membership in the Sphere of Chineseness" examines the way first-generation Chinese diaspora in Japan make sense of their relationships with the Chinese nation. With empirical evidence collected from both the in-depth interview with 69 informants and the media ethnographic observation with 26 research participants, this thesis contributes to conceptualize the diasporic experiences as well as the identity politics of the Chinese diaspora who live in a crucial era – while we have witnessed China's rise and its transition from a diminishing to a returning power, as a response to this Japan has continuously articulated a "China threat" discourse, which not only further promotes its ethno-nationalistic ideology, but also directing the ethnicity-based marginality toward the Chinese diaspora in Japan. In this context, this thesis contributes to present that while these events create complex Sino-Japanese power dynamics, the presence of digital media means that the Chinese diaspora in Japan are influenced by them in a new way – "new" in the sense that the digital mediation fills those power and forces into every dimension of their lives, making their daily reality a constant identity negotiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Chinese Nationalism through the Prism of the Sino–Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands.
- Author
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Burcu, Oana
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL conflict , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
In the last two decades, against the backdrop of multiple anti-Japanese protests in China, the rise of Chinese nationalism has been much debated. By taking the 2010 and 2012 Sino–Japanese crises over the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands as a case study, the article applies discourse analysis to media articles and interviews to ascertain the Chinese government's propaganda toolbox in shaping the nationalist discourse, as well as to substantiate the defining features of anti-Japanese nationalism. The findings reveal a combination of strategies and techniques that the propaganda apparatus uses, such as the creation of an 'us-versus-them' dichotomy, galvanised inclusiveness, censorship, and 'card-stacking' to mould nationalism. The article substantiates empirically both top-down and bottom-up strains of nationalism, and their interaction through the four key themes of sovereignty, history, mistrust and reactivity. It finds that Japan bridges these strands of Chinese nationalism, but in its absence alternative views of nationalism are articulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Chinese government's management of anti-Japan nationalism during Hu-Wen era.
- Author
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Burcu, Oana
- Subjects
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NATIONALISM , *WORLD War II , *POLITICAL elites - Abstract
China and Japan continue to partly live in the shadow of World War II (WWII) with recurrent expressions of anti-Japanese nationalism in China periodically ebbing bilateral relations. How does the Chinese government manage anti-Japan public manifestations of nationalism and what factors explain it? The government has to walk a fine line by managing the nationalism it has bred without undermining its own rule and considering elite divisions, heightened public nationalism, and the developments in its external environment. Six case studies from the Hu-Wen era provide a comprehensive understanding of what pertains to Chinese nationalism, the means used to express it, and more importantly the way the government chose to tackle them. While nationalism can be a mean of garnering legitimacy and exercising pressure on Japan to bend to its wishes, the Chinese government is embarked on the sinuous task of preventing an escalation beyond its control at both the domestic and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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5. Hawkish Partisans: How Political Parties Shape Nationalist Conflicts in China and Japan.
- Author
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Incerti, Trevor, Mattingly, Daniel, Rosenbluth, Frances, Tanaka, Seiki, and Yue, Jiahua
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL parties , *POLITICAL systems , *NATIONALISTS , *NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *PUBLIC demonstrations - Abstract
It is well known that regime types affect international conflicts. This article explores political parties as a mechanism through which they do so. Political parties operate in fundamentally different ways in democracies vs. non-democracies, which has consequences for foreign policy. Core supporters of a party in a democracy, if they are hawkish, may be more successful at demanding hawkish behavior from their party representatives than would be their counterparts in an autocracy. The study draws on evidence from paired experiments in democratic Japan and non-democratic China to show that supporters of the ruling party in Japan punish their leaders for discouraging nationalist protests, while ruling party insiders in China are less likely to do so. Under some circumstances, then, non-democratic regimes may be better able to rein in peace-threatening displays of nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The Political and Economic Consequences of Nationalist Protest in China: The 2012 Anti-Japanese Demonstrations.
- Author
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Foley, Kevin, Wallace, Jeremy L., and Weiss, Jessica Chen
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC impact , *PUBLIC demonstrations , *POLITICAL leadership , *FOREIGN investments , *NATIONALISM - Abstract
What are the consequences of nationalist unrest? This paper utilizes two original datasets, which cover 377 city-level anti-Japanese protests during the 2012 Senkaku/Diaoyu Island crisis and the careers of municipal leaders, to analyse the downstream effects of nationalist unrest at the subnational level. We find both political and economic consequences of China's 2012 protest demonstrations against Japan. Specifically, top Party leaders in cities that saw relatively spontaneous, early protests were less likely to be promoted to higher office, a finding that is consistent with the widely held but rarely tested expectation that social instability is punished in the Chinese Communist Party's cadre evaluation system. We also see a negative effect of nationalist protest on foreign direct investment (FDI) growth at the city level. However, the lower promotion rates associated with relatively spontaneous protests appear to arise through political rather than economic channels. By taking into account data on social unrest in addition to economic performance, these results add to existing evidence that systematic evaluation of leaders' performance plays a major role in the Chinese political system. These findings also illuminate the dilemma that local leaders face in managing popular nationalism amid shifting national priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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7. Comment on Shin'ichi Kitaoka, `Army as Bureaucracy: Japanese Militarism Revisited,' and Arthur...
- Author
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Parker, Geoffrey
- Subjects
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MILITARISM , *NATIONALISM - Abstract
Reviews the papers `Army as Bureaucracy: Japanese Militarism Revisited,' and Arthur Waldron, `War and the Rise of Nationalism in Twentieth-Century China.' Essential and distinctive elements of the Western way of war; Militarization as vital part of modernity.
- Published
- 1993
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8. Beyond the Nationalist Narrative: Contextualising the History of the Overseas Chinese Press in Japan.
- Author
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Chan, Lih-Shing
- Subjects
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NATIONALISM , *ETHNIC identity of Chinese , *OVERSEAS Chinese , *CHINESE people ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
Scholars tend to overlook the overseas Chinese press as a communicative tool for Chinese nationalism. This paper takes media history as its focal point to demonstrate the contextual influences that shaped the operations of Chinese print media and gave rise to the manifestation of the overseas Chinese (huaqiao) identity in Japan. In particular, it emphasises that the mobilisation of the modern Chinese nationalism movement of the time was not the sole determinant of Chinese identity. It was also influenced by the way in which Chinese ethnic boundaries came to be shaped and reshaped in different historical periods through the dynamics between overseas Chinese communities and Japanese society. I use two overseas Chinese publications from different periods to illustrate the impacts of modern Chinese nationalism and the changing social and political context of Japan on the Chinese press. Finally, I present a synthetic narrative to account for the history of the overseas Chinese press in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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9. Identity, contact, and the reduction of mutual distrust: a survey of Chinese and Japanese youth.
- Author
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Zhai, Yida
- Subjects
- *
INTERVENTION (Federal government) , *NATIONALISM ,CHINA-Japan relations ,CHINESE politics & government, 2002- ,JAPANESE politics & government, 1989- - Abstract
In the midst of rising tension between China and Japan, two powerful countries in Asia, the favorable attitudes of each country's citizens toward the other country have dropped to a historical low. The Taiwan issue, historical legacy, island disputes, and maritime resource competition are major obstacles in Sino-Japanese relations, but the most fundamental issue is a deep-seated mutual distrust and suspicion between the two countries, which result in rising threat perceptions. Beyond the structural and political elite-centered approaches, this study examines the evidence related to the three approaches (face-to-face contact, cross-cultural exposure, and social identity) to reduce mutual distrust and antipathy in the two countries. With a careful analysis of the survey data, this study sheds light on the conditions under which contact (a) results in improved attitudes toward outgroup, (b) has little or no effect on intergroup relations, and (c) yields more prejudice and hostility toward the outgroup. The findings of this study not only identify factors that could facilitate mutual understanding between Chinese and Japanese people and more favorable impressions of one another, but are also relevant to planning interventions to reduce prejudice and distrust among people from different races, religions, and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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10. Nationalism and militarism in China and Japan: Comment on Shin'ichi Kitaoka, `Army as Bureaucracy...
- Author
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Waley-Cohen, Joanna
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *MILITARISM - Abstract
Reviews the papers `Army as Bureaucracy: Japanese Militarism Revisited,' by Shin'ichi Kitaoka and `War and the Rise of Nationalism in Twentieth-Century China,' by Arthur Waldron. Distinction in the balance China and Japan sought to maintain between civil and military power; Absence of a central government; Links between militarization and nationalism.
- Published
- 1993
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11. “Civil Religion” and Confucianism: Japan's Past, China's Present, and the Current Boom in Scholarship on Confucianism.
- Author
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Paramore, Kiri
- Subjects
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CONFUCIANISM , *CIVIL religion , *NATIONALISM , *RELIGION - Abstract
This article employs the history of Confucianism in modern Japan to critique current scholarship on the resurgence of Confucianism in contemporary China. It argues that current scholarship employs modernist formulations of Confucianism that originated in Japan's twentieth-century confrontation with Republican China, without understanding the inherent nationalist applications of these formulations. Current scholarly approaches to Confucianism trace a history through Japanese-influenced U.S. scholars of the mid-twentieth century like Robert Bellah to Japanese imperialist and Chinese Republican nationalist scholarship of the early twentieth century. This scholarship employed new individualistic and modernist visions of religion and philosophy to isolate fields of “Confucian values” or “Confucian philosophy” apart from the realities of social practice and tradition, transforming Confucianism into a purely intellectualized “empty box” ripe to be filled with cultural nationalist content. This article contends that current scholarship, by continuing this modernist approach, may unwittingly facilitate similar nationalist exploitations of Confucianism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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12. The persistence of reified Asia as reality in Japanese foreign policy narratives.
- Author
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Tamaki, Taku
- Subjects
- *
REIFICATION , *NATIONALISM , *NATIONAL security , *COMMUNISM , *HISTORY of communism , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,EAST Asia-Japan relations ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
Asia is narrated in Japanese foreign policy pronouncements as an opportunity as well as a threat. Despite the purported transformation from militarism to pacifism since August 1945, the reified images of Asia as an ‘entity out there’ remain resilient. The image of a dangerous Asia prompted Japan to engage in its programme of colonialism before the War and compels policy makers to address territorial disputes with Asian neighbours today. Simultaneously, Asia persistently symbolises an opportunity for Tokyo to exploit. Hence, despite the psychological rupture of August 1945, reified Asia remains a reality in Japanese foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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13. Government Efforts and its Effects on Nationalism and Anti-Japanese Sentiments in China.
- Author
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Au, Brandy
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *ANTI-Japanese propaganda ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
My project examines the efforts of the Chinese government, particularly in education and propaganda, and its effects on nationalism and anti-Japanese sentiments in youth. Is nationalism a result of independent mobilization and thinking on the part of the ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
14. Uncertain Waters: The Causes of the East China Sea disputes, and the Way Forward for Sino-Japanese relations.
- Author
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Fox, Senan James
- Subjects
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INSTITUTIONALISM (Religion) , *ECONOMIC zones (Law of the sea) ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
This paper will posit the argument that the aggravation of the East China Sea disputes since the 1990s between Japan and China are the product of a number of factors specific to both states. Using neo-liberal institutionalism as a theoretical guide in terms of ways out of this impasse, this thesis will contend that the heightened tensions over energy resources and maritime territory since the mid-1990s have developed as a result of a combination of state specific factors that have hindered Sino-Japanese attempts to find binding agreements on joint-developments and designated Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) in the East China Sea.Four major contributing factors to the East China Sea disputes are identified in this thesis. In the first place, there is the issue of the security structure in North-east Asia, a structure that remains closely related to one suited to a Cold War environment, where Beijing remains cautious of any real or imagined US-Japanese attempts to contain China; a fact that inhibits China's ability to engage in regional security activities. China thus views the security implications of the East China Sea disputes through both a traditional and non-traditional lens where new issues such as maritime piracy and terrorism provide both states with opportunities and challenges for co-operation. Secondly, there is the influence of domestic politics and nationalism in Japan and China on how the respective governments and populations perceive, address and formulate their maritime security policy . Yinan He highlights the importance of this second factor by claiming that the reason why nationalism has a strong role in this evolving era of Sino-Japanese relations is that 'the historically derived mutual antipathy and mistrust can worsen the security concerns generated by the high ambiguity in their current power balance and cause serious mutual threat perception' . A third issue relates to differing Japanese and Chinese interpretations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) along with the importance of the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs); factors closely linked to security concerns in the East China Sea. Lastly, another contributing factor is the clear lack of an adequate security management regime in the North-East Asia region . By choosing neo-liberal institutionalism as a theoretical guide and a way forward, this paper will also look at the part played by, distrust, the fear of being cheated on in negotiations, and uncertainties over Japan and China's post-Cold War roles, in contributing to the aggravation of the East China Sea disputes since the 1990s. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
15. Discourse on Nationalism in Contemporary Japan: The Role of China, Korea, and Russia.
- Author
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Akaha, Tsuneo
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM ,CHINA-Japan relations ,JAPAN-Korea relations - Abstract
There are unmistakable signs of rising nationalism in contemporary Japan. It has manifested itself in Prime Minister Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, the rewriting of history textbooks, Prime Minister Abe'ss denial of the Japanese military's direct involvement in forced prostitution during the Second World War (the so-called "comfort women" issue), the recent revision of the basic education law designed to instill patriotism among the nation's youths, and the move to revise Article 9 and other parts of the constitution. Neither domestic opposition to nor foreign criticisms of these developments have had a marked impact on the shift to the right in the discourse on nationalism in Japan. On the contrary, against the backdrop of an increasingly assertive political leadership in Tokyo, the emergence of post-war generations of opinion makers and opinion leaders in Japan, and the growing uncertainty in the nation's security environment, the chorus of foreign critics may be having the opposite effect and strengthening the nationalists' cause. This paper explores this proposition through an examination of the way Japanese nationalists are using Japan's disputes with China, Korea, and Russia and these countries' criticisms of Japan to articulate their cause. The paper concludes that the Japanese nationalists make a selective use of ideas, events, and institutions from the past in reconstructing a post-postwar "Japan" in their image, anchor their arguments around Japan's bilateral disputes with the neighboring countries, and exploit foreign criticisms of Japan regarding those issues to advance their nationalist cause. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
16. Constructing Sino-Japanese Relations Across Time/Space: From Structural Factors to Unitary Actors.
- Author
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Honda, Eric H.
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY publishing , *TEXTBOOKS , *ENVIRONMENTAL degradation - Abstract
In recent years, relations between China and Japan have been stable yet contentious due to unresolved controversies concerning history textbooks, territorial disputes, military activity, market distortions, and environmental degradation. While by no means precluding the real possibility of reconciliation between China and Japan, such ends cannot be understood without explanations about cultural preferences amid materialist pursuits. As nearly 2,000 years in the history of Sino-Japanese relations thus demonstrates, unitary actors derive their general interests from specific identities such that the propensity for either apprehension or resolve need not always depend upon the effects caused by those structural factors (security dilemmas, imbalanced capabilities) which seem to be less conditional and more coincidental instead. For what has elsewhere been termed "civilizational realpolitik" continues to determine the conditions in constructing Sino-Japanese relations across time/space. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
17. Rethinking Audience Costs: Anti-Foreign Protests as Costly Signals.
- Author
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Weiss, Jessica Chen
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC demonstrations , *STREETS , *POLITICAL stability - Abstract
In April 2005, tens of thousands of anti-Japanese protesters took to the streets of China's largest cities, condemning Japan's textbook revisions, its U.N. Security Council bid, and its claim to resources in the waters between China and Japan. The anti-Japanese protests demonstrated the capacity for mass collective action among China's urban elite and potentially laid the groundwork for future challenges to the government itself. Given the risk to regime stability that these demonstrations posed, why did China's authoritarian leaders permit the anti-Japanese protests to go on for weeks before reining them in? The 2005 Chinese protests are just one illustration of a larger puzzle: when will authoritarian leaders allow and even encourage anti-foreign protests, and when will they seek to prevent or crack down upon anti-foreign demonstrations? In this paper, which presents the preliminary results of my dissertation fieldwork, I suggest that the government's decision to allow anti-foreign protests in April 2005 was a strategic choice--to use the specter of domestic instability and the escalating costs of domestic repression to gain leverage over Japan on the UN Security Council negotiations. Contrary to the standard literature on audience costs, I suggest that authoritarian governments can indeed generate credible signals vis-à-vis the decision to allow nationalistic protests. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
18. Nationalism and the Coming Sino-Japanese Conflict.
- Author
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Yinan He
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *ANTI-Japanese propaganda , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
In recent years, anti-Japanese popular nationalism has been rising in China. Although not directly orchestrated by Chinese government, the visceral nationalist sentiment has deep roots in the decades of centralized school education and official propaganda that implanted pernicious myths in the national collective memory. The current Chinese popular hostility to Japan sprang from both the public?s hatred of Japan simulated by the post-Mao era history propaganda and their cynicism toward the government, who they believed had lied about the history in the past. Popular nationalism can fuel widespread mistrust and antipathy in both countries and serve as a catalyst to serious Sino-Japanese conflict in the near future. In the context of Chinese economic success and military buildup as well as the resurgence of Japanese international assertiveness, bilateral conflicts will most likely break out over such issues as the Taiwan controversy, sovereignty of offshore islands, and competition of maritime resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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19. Parhae in Historiography and Archaeology: International Debate and Prospects for Resolution.
- Author
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Sloane, Jesse D.
- Subjects
- *
HISTORICAL archaeology , *ETHNICITY , *NATIONALISM , *INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
The history of the kingdom of Parhae (Ch. Bohai, J. Bokkai, 698-926) has been studied and debated in East Asia since the early twentieth century. Despite the scarcity of textual sources, over the past few decades, sophisticated analyses of a range of aspects of Parhae politics, society, and culture have been produced by scholars writing in Korean, Japanese, Chinese, and Russian. Only very recently, however, have significant efforts- led by Korean scholars-been made to expand the history of Parhae into English language scholarship. This article serves to place these more widely accessible contributions into the context of the international and multilingual negotiation over how the history of Parhae should be understood. Readers from other disciplines who encounter this scholarship are in effect hearing only a single speaker who in practice is engaged in a lively conversation with many participants. The present study is intended to address specifically the needs of such readers, and suggests that the emphasis on "multiculturalism" in contemporary Korean society may aid Korean scholars' engagement with international audiences on the Parhae issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Sovereignty and Identity in EU-China-Japan Political Dialogue. A Theoretical Analysis.
- Author
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Frattolillo, Oliviero
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *SOVEREIGNTY , *NATIONALISM - Abstract
The "images" which have commonly distinguished Brussels' relations with Beijing (starting from the 1990s) and Tokyo (since the Cold War years) appear to actually be the result of the concurrence of events and of structuring factors that denoted trade problems on the surface, or dysfunctions generated by the systemic variable. Nonetheless, in this paper I try to explain that these problems are fundamentally based on a much more complex and inherent divergence of two universes of values and different political cultures. Zhao Tingyang's theory on "relation rationality" and the Japanese ethical notion of "relational coexistence" (linked to Watsuji Tetsuro) may help to inscribe and construct modern historical relations between China and Japan towards Europe into a narrative by bringing - in Carol Gluck's words - "the outside in". Finally, I analyze the relationship between the three actors in the light of the systemic changes occurred after the end of the bipolar system and especially following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, trying to highlight the potential of their political dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
21. Money for Empire: The Yokohama Specie Bank Monetary Emissions Before and After the May Fourth (Wusi) Boycott of 1919.
- Author
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HORESH, NIV
- Subjects
- *
GOLD , *MONEY , *HISTORY of the banking industry , *BANKING industry , *BANK notes , *FOREIGN banking industry , *IMPERIALISM -- Economic aspects , *IMPERIALISM , *HISTORY of boycotts , *NATIONALISM , *ECONOMIC history , *COMMERCE , *HISTORY , *ECONOMICS , *HISTORY of money - Abstract
Over the last three decades, a considerable body of English-language academic work has shed much light on Japan's empire-building project in Greater China during the first half of the twentieth century. At the same time, Japanese-language studies of the country's pre-war financial history have also grown in leaps and bounds. Yet, to date, neither body of literature seems to have fully examined what might appear to the naked eye as one of the critical pre-war junctures, where Japanese financial history converged on imperial policy and Chinese nationalist responses thereto.1 This paper will therefore aim to fill part of the gap by examining how the Yokohama Specie Bank, arguably the backbone of Japanese finance in China Proper, was affected by Chinese anti-foreign boycotts throughout the pre-war era (1842–1937). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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22. ‘JAPANESE DEVILS’.
- Author
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Ching, Leo
- Subjects
- *
ANTI-Japanism , *CHINESE people , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
The 2005 anti-Japan protests in China inaugurated a new era of Chinese popular nationalism with their pervasive visuality and virtuality. The outpouring of emotions in cityscapes and cyberspaces – anger, outrage, zealousness and even pleasure – requires us to take emotion, passion, hope or sheer delight seriously and to recognize the power of some of the more alarming forms of popular nationalist sentimentality. This chapter analyses one instance of Sino-Japanese relations: the epithet of ‘riben guizi’ or Japanese devils in Chinese popular culture in four historical moments: late-Sinocentric imperium, high imperialism, socialist nationalism and post-socialist globalization. I want to suggest that while this ‘hate word’ performs an affective politics of recognition stemming from an ineluctable trauma of imperialist violence, it ultimately fails in establishing a politics of reconciliation. I argue that anti-Japanism in China is less about Japan than China's own self-image mediated through its asymmetrical power relations with Japan throughout its modern history. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
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23. Implicit Consumer Animosity: A Primary Validation1 Implicit Consumer Animosity: A Primary Validation.
- Author
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CAI, HUAJIAN, FANG, XIANG, YANG, ZHILIN, and SONG, HAIRONG
- Subjects
- *
CONSUMER behavior , *ETHNOCENTRISM , *ECONOMIC competition , *NATIONALISM , *CONSUMER attitude research ,CHINA-Japan relations ,SOCIAL aspects - Abstract
The present study validated implicit animosity as a unique determinant of consumer behavior in the context of Chinese animosity toward Japan. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was employed to measure implicit Chinese animosity toward Japan. The results showed that (a) implicit animosity was distinct from consumer ethnocentrism; (b) implicit animosity was significantly correlated with war animosity, but not with economic animosity; and (c) implicit animosity exerted negative impacts on purchase intention, independent of explicit animosity, consumer ethnocentrism, and product judgment. Taken together, these findings provide initial evidence of discriminant, convergent, and predictive validity for implicit animosity, highlighting the importance of taking implicit animosity into account in future animosity research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Chinese Nation Building and Foreign Policy: Japan and the US as the Significant 'Others' in National Identity Construction.
- Author
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Atanassova-Cornelis, Elena
- Subjects
- *
NATION building , *POST-Cold War Period , *NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *GREAT powers (International relations) - Abstract
This article examines Chinese nation building in the post-Cold War era from the perspective of foreign policy. It focuses on the role of Japan and the United States as significant 'Others' in Chinese leaders' construction of three major variants of Chinese national identity: as a victim (past), as a developing country (present) and as a great power (future). The article argues that Japan occupies a primary place in the enactment of the past aspect of Chinese identity, while the US plays a major role in its present and, especially, future aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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25. Sovereignty and the Chinese Red Cross Society: The Differentiated Practice of International Law in Shandong, 1914-1916.
- Author
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Reeves, Caroline
- Subjects
- *
RED Cross & Red Crescent , *SOVEREIGNTY , *NATIONALISM , *HISTORY of international law , *HISTORY ,CHINA-Japan relations ,CHINESE history, 1912-1928 - Abstract
This article looks at the strategic manipulation of national Red Cross Societies as markers of sovereignty during a period of heightened world nationalism in the early twentieth century. Using Chinese archival materials, it examines how in 1916, on China's much contested Shandong Peninsula, a Japanese delegation set up a Japanese Red Cross chapter and hospital in the Chinese port city of Longkou, in flagrant disregard of widely recognized principles of sovereignty and international law. Occurring just as the larger 'Shandong Question' was roiling the international legal community, this incident shows how the local practice of international legal statutes diverged from a more publicized, transnational discussion of those same principles. The article explores this disjuncture, and considers one instance of what I term the differentiated practice of international law: the early twentiethcentury Japanese 'double policy' - 'one policy for the East and another for the West.' Revealing much about the use of humanitarian activity and the laws of war to further national agendas, the Longkou Incident was later used by the Chinese Red Cross Society as precedent for checking further incursions into China's sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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26. Political survival and the Yasukuni controversy in Sino-Japanese relations.
- Author
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Cheung, Mong
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *WAR crimes , *PRACTICAL politics , *CONSERVATIVES ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
This article presents a reinterpretation of Japan's responses toward China's pressure over the Yasukuni issue. It is generally taken for granted that Japan's official responses to China's pressure over the issue are determined by the personality of individual leaders, the emergence of Japanese conservative nationalism and the calculations of Japan's national interests with regard to China's strategic role. With the examination of two cases during the Koizumi and Abe administrations between 2001 and 2007, this paper offers an alternative interpretation by highlighting the rationality of individual political actors and the primacy of domestic political survival. The article suggests domestic political legitimacy of individual leaders is a vital factor that affects Japan's official responses to China's pressure over the Yasukuni issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. History, Nationalism and Face in Sino-Japanese Relations.
- Author
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Moore, Gregory
- Subjects
- *
EAST Asian history , *NATIONALISM , *TWENTIETH century ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
While Sino-Japanese relations are quite stable presently, it was as recent as 2004–2005 that the two nations slid into the worst bilateral quagmire in decades. When in 2007 Japan was China’s third largest trading partner and China surpassed the US to become Japan’s largest trading partner, what is eating these two otherwise very pragmatic traders? History, nationalism and face, enabled by recent changes in the strategic environment, are the factors that have been most salient in bringing about the plunge in Sino-Japanese relations in 2004–05 and though Sino-Japanese relations have been much better since, these factors hang like a storm front over Sino-Japanese relations today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The Legacy of China's Wartime Reporting, 1937-1945: Can the Past Serve the Present?
- Author
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Coble, Parks M.
- Subjects
- *
JOURNALISM , *NATIONALISM , *NANKING Massacre, Nanjing, Jiangsu Sheng, China, 1937 , *ATROCITIES ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
Japan's invasion of China in the summer of 1937 dealt a devastating blow to Chinese journalism. Yet despite the hardships, China's wartime reporters produced a legacy of vivid writing. In the face of a series of major defeats, the journalists attempted to shore up morale and stressed the heroic resistance of Chinese forces. They reported on Japanese atrocities such as the Rape of Nanjing, but not to such an extent that might erode morale. During the Maoist era, the legacy of this war reportage largely faded from a public memory which privileged the revolution. When a "new remembering" of the war emerged in the reform era, the heroic resistance narrative from war reportage dovetailed nicely with the new nationalism of today's China. But this literature has been less helpful in developing the theme of Chinese victimhood, a key component of the new memory of the war. Finally, memoir literature, so common in most combatant nations, has been problematic in China. Those who remember their war experiences do so through the prism of later traumas, particularly the Cultural Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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29. Images of the World: Studying Abroad and Chinese Attitudes towards International Affairs.
- Author
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Donglin Han and Zweig, David
- Subjects
- *
CHINESE students in foreign countries , *SOCIAL attitudes , *INTERNATIONALISM , *FOREIGN study , *NATIONALISM ,SOCIAL conditions in China, 1949- - Abstract
Since the late 19th century many Chinese leaders have studied abroad, mostly in Japan, the US or the former Soviet Union. Recently, thousands are returning from studying overseas. Is this new cohort of returnees more internationalist than Chinese who do not study abroad? If their values differ and they join China's elite, they could influence China's foreign policy. Drawing on surveys of returnees from Japan and Canada over the past 15 years, we compare their views on "co-operative internationalism" and "assertive nationalism" with the attitudes of China's middle class drawn from a nationwide survey in 2006. Our returnees are both more "internationalist" than the middle class and less nationalistic. So they are likely to support China's increasing international role and perhaps constrain China's growing nationalist sentiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Marketing Japanese Products in the Context of Chinese Nationalism.
- Author
-
Li, Hongmei
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *ADVERTISING campaigns , *INTERNATIONAL relations -- Psychological aspects , *CONSUMER attitudes , *MASS media research , *MASS media & politics ,SOCIAL aspects ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
This paper examines the rise of consumer nationalism in China through an in-depth analysis of two recent controversial Japanese ad campaigns. I situate the analysis in the sociopolitical and cultural contexts of contemporary China. I argue that Japanese producers shoulder a particular burden of history as expressed in consumer nationalism, which is a combination of the production and reproduction of Japanese imperial history, the construction of Chinese identity, the expression of dissatisfaction toward the Chinese government and consumerist ethos in the context of globalization. The Internet has become a crucial space that organizes Chinese consumer nationalism and enables consumers to feel a sense of empowerment when they express complaints with the controversial ads. Consumer nationalism in China can also be understood as what Benedict Anderson (1991) calls an “imagined community” that attempts to unite the Chinese in a problematic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Radicalization of the Protect Diaoyutai Movement in 1970s-America.
- Author
-
Jinxing Chen
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC demonstrations , *BOUNDARY disputes , *NATIONALISM , *CHINESE students in foreign countries , *NATIONAL territory , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *CHINESE Americans -- Societies, etc. , *POLITICAL participation , *ACTIVISTS - Abstract
In the early 1970s, overseas Chinese students in the United States protested against Japan's claim to the Diaoyutai Islands. Emerging at a time when the rivalry between the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland to represent China was at a critical juncture, the movement soon found itself caught up in the struggle between the two sides. It was out of the Protect Diaoyutai Movement that a new ideological constituent of overseas Chinese nationalism came to light, looking to the PRC as the hope for a sovereign China. It became a predominant force among overseas Chinese activists and the movement changed its direction from defending Diaoyutai to seeking Taiwan's reunification with the mainland. The paper discusses the factors that shaped and eventually radicalized the movement. It asserts that the event was a turning point in the evolution of overseas Chinese nationalism which transformed an undercurrent into a surging tide that gave rise to a new Chinese national identity among overseas Chinese in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Global Food Terror in Japan: Media Shaping Risk Perception, the Nation, and Women.
- Author
-
ROSENBERGER, NANCY
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
This article traces the Japanese media's response to Chinese poison pot-stickers (gyoza) in Japan's food system as they debate and guide consumer-citizens' feelings of increasing vulnerability as individuals in the global market, the nation, and families. Global food becomes a key metaphor for threats to national borders and the need for national food, yet simultaneously for inevitable risk to globally attuned stomachs that can be controlled only by alert housewives and education of the young. Food terror effectively signals citizens' lack of protection in risk society, but leaves unsaid important differences among consumer-citizens to save themselves with scarce Japanese-made food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Negotiating sporting nationalism: debating fan behaviour in 'China vs. Japan' in the 2004 Asian Cup Final in Hong Kong.
- Author
-
Lee, FrancisL.F.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *SOCCER , *SOCCER fans , *PATRIOTISM - Abstract
Because of enduring cultural differences between Hong Kong and Mainland China, the development of Hong Kong peoples' national identification since the handover has not been a straightforward process. Under this situation, sport becomes an important arena in which Hong Kong people negotiate their preferred understandings of nationalism and national identification. This essay argues that the values and ideals of modern sport constitute resources for Hong Kong people to construct normative conceptions of sporting nationalism, in which local values and general understandings of nationalism are embedded. Empirically, the essay examines an online discussion following a prominent soccer match between China and Japan in 2004. Online discussants constructed a vision of civilized sporting nationalism to critique the behaviour of the 'nationalistic' Chinese fans. But this vision was also contested by others. The implications of the findings on national identities in Hong Kong and the relationship between sports and nationalism are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. China-Japan Relations and the Future Geopolitics of East Asia.
- Author
-
Smith, Paul J.
- Subjects
- *
GEOPOLITICS , *NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL conflict ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
Recent naval ship visits and exchanges of goodwill between China and Japan suggest an improvement in the two countries' bilateral relationship, which had been steadily deteriorating since the late 1990s. In the longer term, however, Sino-Japanese relations will likely be tested or constrained by five key sets of issues: (1) territorial and resource disputes, (2) nationalism and issues of mutual antipathy, (3) Taiwan's political status, (4) the rapid rise of China's military power, and (5) the U.S.-Japan security alliance. The manner in which these issues are managed or resolved will likely play a major role in shaping the Sino-Japanese relationship and thus the overall geopolitical environment in East Asia. A key complicating factor in the relationship, however, is the persistence of divergent worldviews: Chinese leaders appear to be more consistently persuaded by realist notions of international politics, whereas Japanese leaders tend to favor liberal-institutionalist values. The two countries may use these different lenses to view the same incident or issue, potentially creating misunderstanding and miscalculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Picturing Victory The Visual Imaginary of the War of Resistance, 1937–1947.
- Author
-
Mitter, Rana
- Subjects
- *
SINO-Japanese War, 1937-1945 , *CONFLICT of interests , *NATIONALISM , *COMMUNISM , *PERIODICALS , *TELEOLOGY - Abstract
The Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1947 has not been sufficiently understood as a narrative in its own right, but rather, as a transitional conflict between Nationalist and Communist rule. The examination of the visual imagery of warfare disseminated through newsprint and books is one way to reinterpret the history of this period. Through a close reading of images printed in a Shanghai newspaper, Zhonghua ribao, during the final days of the battle for the city in 1937, we see how the news was shaped to impose a narrative of order with a positive teleology at a time when China was plunged into chaos with no guarantee of the eventual outcome of the war. The nature of this narrative is explored through examination of images of the body, as well as the positioning of images in the context of the printed page. The conclusion then contrasts these images with a pictorial history of the Sino-Japanese War published during the Civil War, in 1947. It suggests that although this book is able to bring narrative closure to the earlier conflict, its own narrative is imbued with an unease caused by the reality of the new war that had broken out within months of the ending of the war against Japan, and suggests that narrative closure is never truly obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Japan in the politics of Chinese leadership legitimacy: recent developments in historical perspective.
- Author
-
Hughes, ChristopherR.
- Subjects
- *
FACTIONALISM (Politics) , *NATIONALISM , *NATIONALISM & communism , *COMMUNISM - Abstract
This article explores Sino-Japanese relations by looking at how negative sentiments towards Japan among the Chinese population are deployed as a form of political capital in struggles among the Chinese Communist Party elite. It gains insights into this process by looking at how such sentiments have been deployed to challenge the legitimacy of three CCP leaders since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, resulting in the downfall of two. The conclusions from these case studies are then used to understand how the current Chinese leadership has engineered the 'new starting point' in the relationship with Japan in the context of the movement from a 'winner takes all' type of factional politics into one characterized by 'power balancing' among the elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. 'A Picturesque but Hopeless Resistance': Rehe in 1933.
- Author
-
Phillips, Richard T.
- Subjects
- *
SINO-Japanese Conflict, 1931-1933 , *NATIONALISM & communism , *NATIONALISM ,CHINESE history, 1928-1937 ,JAPANESE history, 1926-1945 - Abstract
The article discusses the Japanese invasion of Rehe, a province of China, in 1933. The author examines the conflict in light of nationalistic movements in China in the 1920's and 1930's. Japan's activities in northeastern China at that time, the article states, provided the Chinese Nationalist Party, the Guomindang, with a critical test of its ability to defend China. The use of non-resistance by China's president, Jiang Jieshi, in the face of Japan's attack is examined. Also discussed are China's expectation of foreign intervention to stop Japan's attack.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The global and regional constitution of nations: the view from East Asia.
- Author
-
DUARA, PRASENJIT
- Subjects
- *
GLOBALIZATION , *NATIONALISM , *REGIONALISM - Abstract
While the origins of nationalism are sought in global historical trends, few analysts have shown how nations themselves are constituted and re-shaped by circulating global power, ideas and models. The view from East Asia shows that these circulations are mediated by regional developments and interactions which bind these nations together in rivalry and interdependence. The histories of China, Japan and Korea have been closely tied together since the end of the nineteenth century and, with a gap of about thirty years during the Cold War, have intensified once again. The global and regional constitution of nations produces a dialectic between its global form and aspirations and misrecognition of this constitution arising from the self-perception of nationalism as historically immanent. This tension between the global constitution and national misrecognition contributes to the tenacity of nationalism. It also allows us to get a better grasp of the relationship between historical change and structure in nationalism and the relationship between state and popular nationalisms in the countries of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The Dual National Identity of the Korean Minority in China: The Politics of Nation and Race and the Imagination of Ethnicity.
- Author
-
Kang, Jin Woong
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *NATIONAL character , *POLITICAL doctrines , *ETHNICITY , *CULTURAL nationalism - Abstract
This article explores the historical changes in the national identity of the Korean minority in China from the period of Japanese colonial invasion through to the present. Existing studies have taken an ethno-cultural approach to the Korean minority's dual identity, but they have ignored the importance of political identity-formation which creates, re-creates, and transforms national identity. The Korean minority's national identity has been determined by political and economic factors rather than ethnic and cultural backgrounds. In this regard, the Korean minority's double-minded self-understanding of its own nationhood has shifted from an ethnicity-centred dual identity to a nationality-centred dual identity. This article notes that the Korean minority's national identity has been created and re-created by political identity-formation, and its imagination of ethnicity has been transformed through this political process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. China's "New Remembering" of the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance, 1937-1945.
- Author
-
Coble, Parks M.
- Subjects
- *
SINO-Japanese War, 1937-1945 , *COMMUNISM , *COMMUNIST parties , *WAR atrocities , *NATIONALISM , *POLITICAL change , *WAR - Abstract
The article discusses the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945, which has become an issue in modern China. It mentions that during the Mao era, the issue of the war disappeared amidst celebrations of the victory of the Communist party and the establishment of the People's Republic. However, during the reform era, a nationalist initiative by the government led to the resurfacing of memories regarding the war. Through scholarly literature and patriotic publications, the Chinese public viewed itself as a victim of Japanese atrocities.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Rethinking the Colonial Conquest of Manchuria: The Japanese Consular Police in Jiandao, 1909-1937.
- Author
-
Esselstrom, Erik W.
- Subjects
- *
DIPLOMATIC & consular service , *POLICE , *NATIONALISM , *COMMUNISTS , *INSURGENCY ,JAPANESE military history, 1868-1945 ,CHINESE Republic, 1912-1949 - Abstract
Focuses on the experience of Japanese consular police force in the Sino-Korean border region of Jiandao in China from 1909 to 1937. Concern over the enormous population of Korean nationals in the area; Problem over Chinese nationalism; Result of an uprising of Korean and Chinese communist rebels; Obsolence of the consular system following the abolition of extraterritoriality in Manchuria.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Sino-Japanese Relations in the Twenty-first Century.
- Author
-
Cheng, Joseph Y.S.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Analyzes Sino-Japanese relations in the beginning of the 21st century. Responses of both countries to the changing international environment in the 1990s; Potential dangers of miscalculations in the fluidity of relations among major powers; Domestic factors affecting the bilateral relationship such as trade and rising nationalism in both countries.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. 'Patriotism is not taboo': nationalism in China and Japan and implications for Sino–Japanese relations.
- Author
-
Rose, Caroline
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,JAPANESE foreign relations - Abstract
The rise of nationalisms in Japan and China in the 1980s and 1990s aroused much interest in Western, Chinese and Japanese academic and journalistic circles and prompted some analysts to speculate about potential conflict between China and Japan. This article questions such arguments by examining nationalisms in China and Japan in the 1980s and 1990s. It identifies similar trends in the resurgence of state nationalism and cultural nationalism in both countries, and argues that, although élites in both countries were active in promoting patriotism in the 1980s and 1990s, their efforts had limited impact, whereas cultural nationalism, on the other hand, managed to capture the popular mood. The article suggests that, nonetheless, because both types of nationalism were predominantly inward-oriented responses to domestic and external changes, relations between China and Japan remained relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A Wave of Patriotism.
- Author
-
BEECH, HANNAH, KOBAYASHI, CHIE, and GU YONGQIANG
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *POLITICAL parties ,JAPANESE politics & government, 1989- ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
The article considers an increase in nationalism in Japan and its effects on that country's politics and foreign relations. The growth of the overtly nationalistic Japan Restoration Party (JRP) political party is discussed. Nationalistic statements made by Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Shinzo Abe, favored to become Prime Minister following December 16, 2012 elections are examined. An increase in hostility towards China and maritime boundary disputes between the two countries are noted.
- Published
- 2012
45. Legitimacy and the limits of nationalism.
- Author
-
Downs, Erica Strecker and Saunders, Philip C.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *GEOGRAPHIC boundaries - Abstract
Evaluates the role of nationalism in increasing the chances of international conflict as illustrated by the developing tension between China and Japan over territorial claims for the Senkaku Islands. Use of nationalism to divert attention from the state's inability to meet society demands for security, economic development and effective political institutions; Expansionist and militaristic goals of states.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Embracing "Asia" in China and Japan: Asianism Discourse and the Contest for Hegemony, 1912–1933.
- Author
-
Smith, Craig A.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *NONFICTION - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Politicization of Online Neo-nationalism in Korea, China and Japan.
- Author
-
Lew Seok-jin, Cho Hee-jung, and Park Seol-ah
- Subjects
- *
ONLINE social networks , *NATIONALISM , *SOCIAL cohesion , *GENERATION gap - Abstract
The article presents the politicization process of online nationalistic conflicts between Korea, Japan and China. It mentions that the online nationalistic conflicts tended to be escalated because of network impacts with debate on nationalistic issues are faster in diffusion and cohesion. It states that online nationalistic conflicts visibly disclosed absurdities on economic and cultural issues, generational differences and modern and post-modern values.
- Published
- 2014
48. All the Asian Rage.
- Author
-
FERGUSON, NIALL
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *AMBASSADORS ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
The article focuses on the use of citizen rage by political leaders. It states the U.S. Ambassador to China was surrounded in 2012 by 50 Chinese-nationalist protesters denouncing U.S. imperialism over the uninhabited islands called Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China. It mentions historically they were the property of China until the Japanese annexed them in 1895 and talks about how Japan and China are both suffering internal political crises resulting in the use of nationalism by politicians.
- Published
- 2012
49. So hard to be friends - China and Japan.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *GREAT powers (International relations) , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *BALANCE of power , *INTERNATIONAL finance , *INTERNATIONAL competition , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *NATIONALISM ,CHINESE foreign relations, 1976- ,JAPANESE foreign relations, 1989- - Abstract
The article comments on relations between China and Japan, Asia's two greatest powers. Last year, China overtook America to become Japan's biggest trading partner. Japan has been China's biggest trading partner in three of the past four years. Trade rows have virtually disappeared. The two economies are increasingly integrated. But tensions are rising again. China and Japan have been rivals for the best part of a millennium. While the two economies are complementary in terms of output, they are competitors for resources. In both China and Japan these days opinion towards each other is quite varied. Tensions between these two great powers, both fully conscious of their economic and political interests and of the weight of history, probably cannot be defused altogether for as long as the two countries' political systems remain so different, with China communist and Japan a democracy. Tensions might be defused, though, if both governments agreed to seek ways to make history, and thus nationalism, less of a flashpoint.
- Published
- 2005
50. CHINESE FANS OF JAPANESE AND KOREAN POP CULTURE: Nationalistic Narratives and International Fandom.
- Author
-
HUI FAYE XIAO
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *POPULAR culture , *NONFICTION - Published
- 2019
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