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Springs are abundant and present worldwide and are among the most threatened ecosystems on Earth. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the biodiversity of seventy-nine (79) mineral saline springs situated in the French Massif Central, focusing on the species richness and the estimated richness and also on the diatom community composition. The influence of physical and chemical factors on both richness and communities was analyzed in order to have a better knowledge of the diatom ecological preferences and identify species typical of saline springs. Since December 2014, an on-going inventory of mineral springs has been in progress. For each spring, physical and chemical characteristics were measured, and benthic diatoms were sampled. The richness was the lowest in the springs presenting a man-made construction around the emergence. In the other springs, the highest richness was associated with the lowest lithium, sodium, total dissolved solid concentrations, and conductivity. Mineralization and some ions (bromine, calcium, chloride, fluoride, lithium, potassium, and sodium) were found to be the most critical drivers of diatom community composition. Some diatom species were typical of specific abiotic conditions, such as Navicula sanctamargaritae, which was associated with the highest potassium concentration. These species could appear as bio-indicators of these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermo-mineral springs are specific ecosystems with extreme environmental conditions that constitute interesting models for studying metacommunity processes. Since these springs can be considered as islands within a terrestrial context, we first aimed to test some predictions of the theory of island biogeography and the distance-decay hypothesis on benthic diatom communities. Then, we aimed to quantify the influence of physical, chemical, climatic and spatial factors on species assemblages. We evaluated the species-area relationship for all springs and for several group of springs classified according to their environmental and hydrochemical composition. The influence of environmental variables on α-diversity was tested. We also investigated whether β-diversity was related to spring isolation or changes in environmental conditions. Finally, we determined the importance of environmental and spatial variables in shaping diatom communities using ordination and variation partitioning. We did not find any species-area relationship whatever the group of springs investigated, and no geographical distance-decay pattern was observed. We found a significant effect of physical and chemical parameters on α-diversity and composition. Thus, diatoms communities of thermo-mineral springs did not seem to be influenced by dispersal processes at the scale of our study but appeared to be patterned by physical and chemical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light and scanning electron microscope observations on the genus Fontina gen. nov. from a thermo-mineral spring of the Massif Central (France) are presented. Based on morphology, the new genus shows features that have not been described previously, such as the stria pattern, interrupted at the valve face/mantle junction and composed of one long, slit-like areola on both valve face and mantle. Externally, areolae are closed by hymenes. Fontina arverna sp. nov. is described as the typus generis of Fontina. This new genus was compared with some similar freshwater genera such as Adlafia, Chamaepinnularia, Genkalia, Germainiella, Microfissurata and Nupela. So far, we are unable to establish an evolutionary link or cladistic association with currently known genera. The new genus is described from a sampling site characterized by high conductivity and high carbonate concentration, brackish conditions and whose water originates deep in the crust (high lithium concentration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actuellement, un consensus a été atteint pour protéger et restaurer les bras morts. Par conséquent, il est important de comprendre le fonctionnement de ces zones humides. Á notre connaissance, la distribution spatio-temporelle des diatomées, des macrophytes et des macroinvertébrés benthiques, en relation avec la géomorphologie n'a pas été étudiée de manière approfondie. Dans les zones amont et intermédiaire, la faible température de l'eau et les fortes concentrations ioniques ont révélé une connexion avec l'eau de nappe. De plus, le seuil géomorphologique, qui caractérise la zone intermédiaire, a créé les mêmes phénomènes de circulation de l'eau dans les sédiments que dans les rivières, avec un écotone « nappe phréatique/milieu hyporhéique/eau de surface » et produit des différences physico-chimiques entre l'amont et l'aval du bras mort et ainsi modifie la distribution des organismes. En aval, les apports d'eau du chenal principal de la rivière Allier ont permis le développement de taxons observés dans la rivière. Toutes ces connexions hydrologiques et la sédimentation ont modifié les caractéristiques physiques, chimiques et géomorphologiques, créant ainsi un gradient de qualité de l'eau, qui influence la répartition des communautés biologiques. Currently, a consensus has been reached to protect and restore cut-off meanders. Therefore, it is important to understand how these wetlands function. To our knowledge, the spatial and temporal distribution of both benthic diatoms and macroinvertebrates, associated with macrophytes communities, linked to the geomorphology, has not been studied extensively. In the upstream and intermediate zones, the low water temperature and the high conductivity revealed a connection with the groundwater. Moreover, the geomorphological riffle characterizing the intermediate zone created the same downwelling and upwelling processes as in running water, with a groundwater/hyporheic/surface water ecotone and produced physico-chemical differences between the upstream and the downstream zones and thereby modify the diatom, macroinvertebrate and macrophyte distribution. Downstream, water input from the main channel of the Allier River allowed the development of taxa observed in the River. All these hydrological connections and the sedimentation modified the physical, chemical and geomorphological characteristics, thereby, creating a gradient of water quality, influencing the distribution of the biotic communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A floristic survey was performed on a temporary pond, "Laqui du Seignavoux", situated in the Mont-Dore massif of the French Massif Central, between 2017 and 2019. Except in 2017, each year, we performed four sampling campaigns from April/May to December. Water samples and diatoms were collected. The temporary pond evolved from a poorly mineralized ecosystem due to snow, inducing oligotrophic and oligosaprobic water, well oxygenated in spring, to a more mineralized, less oxygenated, eutrophic–hypereutrophic, and polysaprobic environment in summer. This change in abiotic conditions was found to be linked to the presence of cattle, beginning in May, that trample and excrete in the pond, leading to higher ammonium and nitrate concentrations. During this period, the dominant species were Pinnularia sp., Nitzschia palea, and Nitzschia palea var. tenuirostris. In spring and winter, different species of Eunotia dominated the community such as Eunotia pseudogroenlandica. Finally, light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations on a new species of the genus Pinnularia from the temporary pond are presented and the ecological preferences are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]