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Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the current post‐tonsillectomy haemorrhage and return to theatre rates in Scotland. Design: National cross‐sectional study. Participants and setting: Tonsillectomy outcomes data were collated for all NHS patients undergoing tonsillectomy in Scotland between 1998‐2002 and 2013‐2017. Main outcome measures: Using Information Services Division (ISD) Scotland retrospective data, 30‐day re‐admission and 30‐day return to theatre rates allowed an assessment of post‐tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates. Data were validated through comparison with an audit conducted in NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde between 2015 and 2016. Results: Tonsillectomy was performed in 27 819 patients between 1998 and 2002, and 23 184 patients between 2013 and 2017. 30‐day re‐admission rates increased considerably between the 1998‐2002 and 2013‐2017 cohorts, from 4.7% to 12.1% in paediatric patients, and 9.8%‐19.9% in adult patients. Similarly, 30‐day "return to theatre rates" increased between the two cohorts, from 1.2% to 1.7% in paediatric patients, and 3.6%‐4.9% in adult patients. Re‐admission and return to theatre rates were similar across Health Boards for both adult and paediatric tonsillectomies in each cohort. Conclusions: Current 30‐day re‐admission and return to theatre rates are significantly higher than the majority of reported series to date. The rising rate of tonsillectomy haemorrhage between cohorts is likely to be multifactorial, possibly reflecting an underestimation of previous rates and the changing profile of the tonsillectomy patient. A detailed audit of current practice is needed to investigate these tonsillectomy outcomes, which are similar across all Health Boards in Scotland. Of most significance are the implications for accurate patient consent and non‐elective ENT service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Determining the current return rates of blood donors and their related factors. Background: Understanding the current pattern of blood donors' return rates and also their motivations will be beneficial when there is a need to implement measures to encourage new blood donors and retain existing ones. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted on 4200 blood donors in Shiraz, Iran, from 26 November 2010 to 26 December 2010. Blood donors' return rate and its related factors were investigated in a 7‐year follow up. Results: The overall return rates of blood donors indicated a significant yearly decline of 51.2%, 45.1%, 37.6%, 38.8%, 28.7%, 22.7% and 22.1% over a 7‐year follow up. The return rates for first‐time donors declined annually by 30%, 25%, 21%, 18.5%, 15.2%,12.3% and 11.8% (P ≤.05). Return rates were higher among male, older, low‐educated, Rh‐negative and regular donors. Blood donations for altruistic reasons and religious reasons were higher in regular and older donors (P <.001); donation for positive effects on their health and free access to screening tests and curiosity was higher in first‐time donors and females (P <.001). The most frequent deterrents were lack of time (42.7%), unsuitable condition (37.6%) and difficult access to donation sites (26.2%). Conclusion: Designing new strategies to retain donors, advertisement, appreciation methods and providing convenient conditions for donation are needed to increase the return rates, particularly in young, highly educated, female and first‐time donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 5-minute high frequency data from the Chinese stock market, we employ a non-parametric method to estimate Fama-French portfolio realized jumps and investigate whether the estimated positive, negative and sign realized jumps could forecast or explain the cross-sectional stock returns. The Fama-MacBeth regression results show that not only have the realized jump components and the continuous volatility been compensated with risk premium, but also that the negative jump risk, the positive jump risk and the sign jump risk, to some extent, could explain the return of the stock portfolios. Therefore, we should pay high attention to the downside tail risk and the upside tail risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a simple panel data test for stock return predictability that is flexible enough to accommodate three key salient features of the data, namely, predictor persistency and endogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. Using a large panel of Chinese stock market data comprising more than one million observations, we show that most financial and macroeconomic predictors are in fact able to predict returns. We also show how the extent of the predictability varies across industries and firm sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We examine the performance of passively managed exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that provide exposure to global emerging markets equities. We find that the tracking errors of these funds are substantially higher than previously reported levels for developed markets ETFs. ETFs that use statistical index replication techniques turn out to be especially prone to high tracking errors, and particularly so during periods of high cross-sectional dispersion in stock returns. At the same time, we find no convincing evidence that these funds earn higher returns than ETFs that rely on full-replication techniques. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: On the basis of those respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who change jobs with an intervening period of education reinvestment, the conventional assumption of linearity of log wages in years of schooling is strongly rejected: a typical reinvestment for the 1980 through 1993 period is associated with a rise of about 3.5 percentage points in the estimated return to an additional year of schooling. The estimated marginal rate of return generally rises in the former education level, and reaches the maximum at 15 years of the former level (therefore 16 years of education after reinvestment), where an additional year of investment is associated with a rise in real hourly rate of pay by approximately 20%. Evidence also shows that, while the level of individuals’ risk tolerance affects significantly the probability of returning to school, correcting for sample selectivity makes little difference in the results. Findings in the current paper survive a variety of robustness tests. The current cohort-based evidence is more helpful than existing evidence from cross-sectional data to individuals making schooling decisions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: This study employs the pseudo-panel approach for estimating returns to education in Thailand, while treating the endogeneity bias common to estimates from data on individuals. Pseudo-panel data are constructed from repeated cross-sections of Thailand’s National Labor Force Surveys of workers born during 1946–67. Estimates show a downward bias of the returns to education in least squares regressions with individual data, a result confirmed with instrumental variable estimation. The overall rate of return is between 14% and 16%. Females have higher returns than males, and workers in urban areas have higher returns than those in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Studies examining the wage effect of overeducation have generated very consistent results. Their findings suggest that, for workers with similar educational attainment, workers who are overeducated for the job suffer from significant wage penalties. However, most studies use cross-sectional data, implicitly assuming that workers are randomly assigned to being overeducated. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the period 1979–2005, this study conducts a panel analysis to account for time-constant individual characteristics. It uses a numerical approach to provide the wage effects in the presence of non-classical measurement error in the educational mismatch variables. The results provide evidence that overeducated status does not cause lower earnings. Instead, the significant wage differential found in previous studies is simply a result of ignoring the non-random assignment of workers to jobs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the significance of firm-specific and pooled earnings response coefficients in the Brazilian market. The lag structure of earnings-return relations is also analyzed. The sample consists of 61 Brazilian public firms that represent all firms with a minimum of seven continual data from 1995 to 2008. The analysis is based on linear regressions of two different proxies of earnings and two different proxies of return. The results show that, for firm-regressions, few companies presented a significant relationship between earnings and stock returns, and for some firms a negative coefficient was found. In the pooled regressions a positive and statistically significant coefficient was found, and the tests suggest that variance in cross-sectional observation is more relevant in explaining the earnings response coefficient than the time-series variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]