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Passive Gamma Emission Tomography (PGET) has been developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency to directly image the spatial distribution of individual fuel pins in a spent nuclear fuel assembly and determine potential diversion. The analysis and interpretation of PGET measurements rely on the availability of comprehensive datasets. Experimental data are expensive and limited, so Monte Carlo simulations are used to augment them. However, Monte Carlo simulations have a high computational cost to simulate the 360 angular views of the tomography. Similar challenges pervade numerical science. With the aim to create a large dataset of PGET simulated scenarios, we addressed the computational cost of Monte Carlo simulations by developing a physics-aware reduced order modeling approach. This approach combines a small subset of the 360 angular views (limited views approach) with a computationally inexpensive proxy solution (real-time forward model) that brings the essence of the physics to obtain a real-time high-fidelity solution at all angular views but at a fraction of the computational cost. The method's ability to reconstruct 360 views with accuracy from a limited set of angular views is demonstrated by testing its performance for different types of reactor fuel assemblies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive Gamma Emission Tomography (PGET) has been developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency to directly image the spatial distribution of individual fuel pins in a spent nuclear fuel assembly and determine potential diversion. The analysis and interpretation of PGET measurements rely on the availability of comprehensive datasets. Experimental data are expensive and limited, so Monte Carlo simulations are used to augment them. However, Monte Carlo simulations have a high computational cost to simulate the 360 angular views of the tomography. Similar challenges pervade numerical science. With the aim to create a large dataset of PGET simulated scenarios, we addressed the computational cost of Monte Carlo simulations by developing a physics-aware reduced order modeling approach. This approach combines a small subset of the 360 angular views (limited views approach) with a computationally inexpensive proxy solution (real-time forward model) that brings the essence of the physics to obtain a real-time high-fidelity solution at all angular views but at a fraction of the computational cost. The method's ability to reconstruct 360 views with accuracy from a limited set of angular views is demonstrated by testing its performance for different types of reactor fuel assemblies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the problem of distinguishing b-jets stemming from the decay of a colour singlet, such as the Higgs boson, from those originating from the abundant QCD background. In particular, as a case study, we focus on associate production of a vector boson and a Higgs boson decaying into a pair of b-jets, which has been recently observed at the LHC. We consider the combination of several theory-driven observables proposed in the literature, together with Lund jet plane images, in order to design an original Hbb tagger. The observables are combined by means of standard machine learning algorithms, which are trained on events obtained with fast detector simulation techniques. We find that the combination of high-level single-variable observables with the Lund jet plane provides an excellent discrimination performance. We also study the dependence of the tagger on the invariant mass of the decaying particles, in order to assess the extension to a generic Xbb tagger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to assess whether the role of neurologists in the emergency department changed during the coronavirus (COVID)-19 pandemic. Methods: Data from an Italian national survey investigating the role of neurologists in the emergency room conducted in December 2020 were compared with those of the same survey of the previous year. These surveys involved a questionnaire being completed filled in for patients who received a neurological consultation following a visit to the emergency room. Information gathered included demographic characteristics, triage level according to both the emergency physician and neurologist, reason for the consultation, neurological evaluation, and discharge mode. Results: In both years, approximately half of the patients were women, and the median age was 61 years. More patients in 2020 arrived by ambulance and had a greater need for assistance based on triage level than in 2019. During 2020, the proportion of consultancy requests judged by the neurologist was higher than that in 2019 (77% vs. 73%). Moreover, in 2020, fewer patients required consultation for headache, muscle pain, fever, and neurological signs, whereas coma was more prevalent. The diagnosis of ischemic stroke was the most prevalent in both years, followed by transient ischemic attack. In 2020, the status epilepticus increased and discopathy decreased. Conclusion: This study showed the significant role played by neurologists in emergency activities, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlighted the differences in patients admitted between the year of the epidemic and the year previous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the last years, there has been an intense technological development of robotic devices for gait rehabilitation in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate energy cost and psychological impact during a rehabilitation program with two different types of robotic rehabilitation systems (stationary system on a treadmill, Lokomat, and overground walking system, Ekso GT). Methods: Fifteen SCI patients with different injury levels underwent robot-assisted gait training sessions, divided into 2 phases: in the first phase, all subjects completed 3 sessions both Lokomat and Ekso GT. Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned to Lokomat or the Ekso for 17 sessions. A questionnaire, investigating the subjective psychological impact (SPI) during gait training, was administered. The functional outcome measures were oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), metabolic equivalent of task (MET), walking economy, and heart rate (HR). Results: The metabolic responses (7.73 ± 1.02 mL/kg/min) and MET values (3.20 ± 1.01) during robotic overground walking resulted to be higher than those during robotic treadmill walking (3.91 ± 0.93 mL/kg/min and 1.58 ± 0.44; p < 0.01). Both devices showed high scores in emotion and satisfaction. Overground walking resulted in higher scores of fatigue, mental effort, and discomfort while walking with Lokomat showed a higher score in muscle relaxation. All patients showed improvements in walking economy due to a decrease in energy cost with increased speed and workload. Conclusions: Overground robotic-assisted gait training in rehabilitation program needs higher cognitive and cardiovascular efforts than robot-assisted gait training on a treadmill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe the efficacy and number of side effects for the Gow-Gates mandibular block (GGMB) and Vazirani-Akinosi mandibular block (VAMB) compared to inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in patients requiring lower third molar (L3M) extraction. Materials and methods: A systematic search was performed in three electronic databases and complemented with a manual search. The inclusion criteria were randomised clinical trials in healthy patients who underwent at least one L3M extraction. Screening and article selection were carried out by two independent reviewers. After data extraction, a meta-analysis was performed for the success rate, number of positive aspirations, and onset time outcomes. Results: Six randomised clinical trials were included out of the 367 potentially eligible papers. No significant differences were found in terms of success rate using GGMB (risk ratio [RR] 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92 to 1.18; P = 0.48) nor VAMB (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.06; P = 0.41). The VAMB group exhibited a lower number of positive aspirations than the IANB group (RR 0.08; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.55; P = 0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference between the GGMB and IANB groups (RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.13 to 8.78; P = 0.96). The delayed onset was even longer in GGMB (mean difference [MD] 3.32 min; 95% CI 1.98 to 4.66; P < 0.001) and VAMB (MD 0.90 min; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.43; P = 0.0001) than IANB. Conclusions: GGMB and VAMB seem to be effective and safe anaesthetic techniques for the removal of L3M, but these blocks exhibited a more delayed onset time than IANB. Clinical relevance: GGMB and VAMB are safe and effective anaesthetic techniques for the removal of L3M. However, IANB can still be considered the first option since GGMB and VAMB exhibited more delayed onset times and variable buccal nerve anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modeling of engineering systems considering fractional approach configures a tendency as due to the generalization of traditional models that use integer order and to the number of applications in different science fields that can benefit from this approach. The present contribution aims to analyze the physical parameters of a near-field acoustic levitation system, as described by the Reynolds equation, and to evaluate the influence of fractional orders on the obtained profiles. For this purpose, both time and space fractional derivatives found in the fractional differential model are approximated using Caputo and Grünwald–Letnikov formulas, respectively. The discretized nonlinear algebraic system is solved considering the Newton method. The proposed methodology was able to solve the time–space fractional near-field acoustic levitation model for both integer and fractional orders. The performed sensitivity analyses demonstrated the influence of the model parameters and the fractional orders on the pressure fields and levitation force. Physically, for a squeeze film levitation system, the increase of the squeeze number is necessary for levitation purposes. In addition, the maximum achievable levitation capacity of a squeeze film levitation system is determined by the excitation amplitude. As expected, the levitation domain is reduced as the mass increases and the reduction rate of the integer model is higher than the one of the fractional order. In this case, for mass bigger than 1.629 Kg, the levitation domain is larger for the fractional order model. It is worth mentioning that the proposed methodology can be used to solve other dynamic systems modeled by time–space fractional differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a new derivation of the Kramers-Kronig relations on the basis of the Sokhotski-Plemelj equation with detailed mathematical justifications. The relations hold for a causal function, whose Fourier transform is regular (holomorphic) and square-integrable. This implies analyticity in the lower complex plane and a Fourier transform that vanishes at the high-frequency limit. In viscoelasticity, we show that the complex and frequency-dependent modulus describing the stiffness does not satisfy the relation but the modulus minus its high-frequency value does it. This is due to the fact that despite its causality, the modulus is not square-integrable due to a non-null instantaneous response. The relations are obtained in addition for the wave velocity and attenuation factor. The Zener, Maxwell, and Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic models illustrate these properties. We verify the Kramers-Kronig relations on experimental data of sound attenuation in seabottoms sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although physical treatment is recognized as being beneficial for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), there is scant literature on the type of rehabilitation program most useful for patients with PD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two different training protocols (aerobic treadmill training, AER and whole body vibration training, WBVT) on energy cost and adaptations after exercise and recovery phases, by means of the oxygen consumption measurement and the assay of metabolic biochemical substrates.Methods: Twenty male patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, aged 51-66 years, were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to the training groups. The total work time was 20 min per group for 4 weeks, four times a week. In both groups, training intensity was monitored by the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Workload was gradually increased until patients worked up to the exertion level of 13 to 15 on the 20-point Borg scale RPE. The outcome measures were oxygen consumption, free fatty acid (FFA), and amino acid (AA) levels.Results: The oxygen consumption during exercises does not show significant differences between the two training groups. Instead, only in the AER group, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption measurements increased significantly (p < 0.01) as well as FFA availability (p < 0.01).Conclusion: The WBVT does not appear to require a long time of recovery and leads to less feeling of fatigue, whereas AER needs an appropriate recovery time after the training session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a globally distributed zoonotic infection with significant implications for human and animal health. This study investigated the prevalence of T. gondii infection in a population of beef cattle at three different stages of their productive lifespan and examined the impact of T. gondii serological status on blood parameters. A commercial beef fattening unit in Italy was the setting for this research, which involved a biosecurity assessment upon cattle arrival, blood sampling at three time points and Toxoplasma-specific serological testing using indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT). Results revealed a dynamic pattern of T. gondii seropositivity in cattle, with an initial prevalence of 30.6% at arrival (T0) that increased to 44.6% at 14 days (T1) and then decreased slightly to 39.3% at slaughter after 5 months (T2). Interestingly, seroconversion was observed during the study, indicating ongoing infections, and antibody waning occurred in some animals. In terms of blood parameters, seropositive cattle exhibited significantly lower mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and a higher neutrophil–lymphocyte (N/L) ratio, suggesting an activation of the innate immune response. Furthermore, cattle with higher antibody titres displayed higher neutrophil counts. However, all blood parameters with a statistical significance were within the reference range. This study provides for the first time a longitudinal investigation on the serological status for T. gondii in naturally exposed beef cattle. These findings provide valuable insights into the clinico-pathological aspects of natural T. gondii exposure in cattle and underscore the importance of monitoring and managing T. gondii infection in livestock production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation is a frontier for disseminating knowledge in almost all the fields of medicine and it is attracting growing interest because it offers a means of developing new teaching and training models, as well as of verifying what has been learned in a critical setting that simulates clinical practice. The role of simulation in neurology, until now limited by the obvious physical limitations of the dummies used to train students and learners, is now increasing since, today, it allows anamnestic data to be related to the instrumental evidence necessary for diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making, i.e., to the findings of neurophysiological investigations (EEG, carotid and vertebral echography and transcranial Doppler, for example) and neuroradiological investigations (CT, MRI imaging), as well as vital parameter monitoring (ECG, saturimetry, blood pressure, respiratory frequency, etc.). Simulation, by providing learners with opportunities to discuss, with experts, different profiles of biological parameters (both during the simulation itself and in the subsequent debriefing session), is becoming an increasingly important tool for training those involved in evaluation of critical neurological patients (stroke, Guillan Barrè syndrome, myasthenia, status epilepticus, headache, vertigo, confusional status, etc.) and complex cases. In this SIMMED (Italian Society for Simulation in Medicine) position paper, the applications (present and, possibly, future) of simulation in neurology are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outgrowth formation in inorganic thin films is a dramatic problem that has limited the technological impact of many techniques and materials. Outgrowths are often themselves part of the films, but are detrimental for vertical junctions since they cause short-circuits or work as defects, compromising the reproducibility and in some cases the operation of the corresponding devices. The problem of outgrowth is particularly relevant in ablation-based methods and in some complex oxides, but is present in a large variety of systems and techniques. Here we propose an efficient local electrochemical method to selectively decompose the outgrowths of conductive oxide thin films by electrochemical decomposition, without altering the properties of the background film. The process is carried out using the same set-up as for local oxidation nanolithography, except for the sign of the voltage bias and it works at the nanoscale both as serial method using a scanning probe and as parallel method using conductive stamps. We demonstrated our process using La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 perovskite as a representative material but in principle it can be extended to many other conductive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamics allows us to understand the chemical reactions occurring inside an experimental archaeometallurgical shaft furnace for iron smelting. The production of an iron bloom, with the so-called direct process, is described in a daily pyrometallurgical cycle. The experiences suggest that, as higher and better blown furnaces were built for improving the production, different reactions have been involved and a new material, pig iron, has been obtained [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyaluronidases are commonly employed in aesthetic medicine to reverse the effects of the injected hyaluronic acid filler, eliminating nodules, correcting the injection of excessive quantities of filler, or reducing the odds of ischemic complications, although toxicity studies and clear guidelines are lacking in the literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of hyaluronidases on skin and soft tissue viability. Methods: Human fibroblast cell and human skin cultures were grown under different concentrations of hyaluronidases. Cell viability and proliferation were tested with the hemocytometric assay with Trypan blue and colorimetric assay with 4,5-dimethylthiazol-22,5-difenil tetrazolium bromide. Results: The viability of fibroblast cultures was not significantly affected by the enzyme concentration or the time of exposure, exceeding 70 % of viability in all cases. The viability of the tissue samples showed a decrease, inferior to 70 % of viability at 6.5 and 14 U, independently from the time of exposure, although not statistically significant. Conclusions: Hyaluronidases do not affect fibroblast proliferation, although high concentrations of the enzyme may be able to inhibit human skin viability. This result could be influenced by the absence of growth medium; this result should be confirmed by further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify which factors are able to limit or hamper the access to systemic thrombolysis (evTPA) in Lombardia to define corrective interventions. We analyzed 1,015 patients with ischemic stroke admitted to emergency departments (ED) participating to the Lombardia Stroke Unit Registry and eligible for evTPA; 303 (29.9 %) patients were treated with evTPA (evTPA+ group) and 712 (70.1 %) were not (evTPA− group). We collected case-mix and stroke care process variables.The evTPA+ group was characterized by a shorter ED arrival time, a greater neurological impairment, a more chance to be admitted to ED linked to comprehensive stroke center (CSC) and a shorter waiting time to access to diagnostic procedures. The chance to be treated with evTPA was greater if neurological evaluation anticipated neuroimaging ( p = 0.0003). The multivariate analysis confirmed that the admission to ED linked to CSC (OR: 2.50, 95 % CI: 1.39-4.48, p < 0.0001) and neurological evaluation performed before neuroimaging (OR: 2.34, 95 % CI: 1.35-4.04, p = 0.002) increased the probability to receive rtPA. The evTPA treatment is strictly dependent on pre-hospital and ED care process phases and strongly influenced by the degree of stroke severity. Door-to-needle time is shorter in patients with a greater stroke severity and a shorter ED arrival time. A 24-h/week availability of the neurologist in ED can increase the percentage of thrombolysis optimizing the selection of patients and the timing of the diagnostic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) excreted into the urine is considered a marker of oxidative stress effect on DNA, and it is reported to be mainly produced by the DNA repair system. In previous works, we showed that autophagy was also involved in 8OHdG disposal through the degradation of oxidatively altered mitochondria. Here, we show that aging in Sprague-Dawley male rats is associated with a decline in the in vitro function of liver autophagy and a slight and not significant decrease in the urinary excretion of 8OHdG. In addition, we demonstrate that anti-aging caloric restriction maintains levels of both liver autophagy and urinary excretion of 8OHdG at very high levels throughout life. Finally, we show the in vivo stimulation of autophagy by the administration of an antilipolytic agent or everolimus, which rescues rats from the accumulation of 8OHdG in the liver mtDNA, also causes a dramatic increase in the urinary excretion of 8OHdG. The intensification of autophagy by the administration of the antilipolytic drugs to fasting rats faded progressively with increasing age, together with a reduced increase in 8OHdG output into the urine. It is concluded that the process of autophagy may play a major role in the disposal of 8OHdG with urine, and that the assay of 8OHdG levels in the urine before and after the stimulation of autophagy may provide a novel, non-invasive and safe procedure to monitor the in vivo functioning of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A database study to test a new model of surgical safety checklist for eye surgery in the outpatient operating room, especially for cataract surgery and intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Methods: WHO Surgical Safety Checklist analysis, and changes to obtain a customized surgical safety checklist for eye surgery. Testing of the new checklist in the outpatient operating room of the Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Modena during a period of 4 months (January-April 2011). All cataract surgery and intravitreal anti-VEGF operations were included in the study, and controlled by the new surgical safety checklist. The percentage of answers to each safety check was calculated to obtain an estimate of adherence to our new checklist. Result: Eight hundred and forty nine procedures (390 cataract, 452 anti-VEGF injections, seven combined surgery) were analyzed. The study showed a high level of adherence to the majority of the safety checks in the checklist. Important differences were identified in consent confirmation (correct confirmation in 99.76 %, no confirmation in 0.24 %), surgical site marking (correct marking in 99.29 %, no marking in 0.71 %), patient cooperation during operation (95.17 % of patients were cooperative, 4.83 % of patients were uncooperative), adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis (correct prophylaxis in 93.17 %, no prophylaxis in 6.83 %), critical situation during surgical procedures (no critical situation in 91.76 %, critical situation in 8.24 %) Conclusion: The study showed a high level of adherence to the checklist. A surgical safety checklist could improve the management of an eye surgery operating room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endoscopy has been regarded as an effective modality for draining pancreatic collections, pseudocysts, and abscesses. This study analyzes our experience with endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and compares the outcomes in patients with postsurgical and pancreatitis-associated ones. Methods: Patients who underwent endoscopic drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst from January 1999 through June 2008 were included in this retrospective analysis. The specific indication for attempting the procedure was the presence of direct contact between the pseudocyst and the gastric wall. All the drainages were carried out via a transgastric approach, and one or two straight plastic stents (10 or 11.5 French) were positioned. A comparative analysis of short- and long-term results was made between patients with postoperative pseudocysts (group A) and patients with pancreatitis-associated pseudocysts (group B). Results: Fifty-five patients were included in the study, 25 in group A and 30 in group B. Overall, a single stent was inserted in 84.0% of patients, while two stents were needed in the remaining 16.0%. The technical success rate was 78.2%, whereas procedure-related complications were 16.4%. Complications included pseudocyst superinfection and major bleeding and were managed mainly by surgery. Mortality rate was 1.8% (1 patient). There were no significant differences in the technical success rate and procedure-related complications between the two groups ( p = 0.532 and 0.159, respectively) Recurrences were 13.9% and significantly more common in group B ( p = 0.021). In such cases, a second endoscopic drainage was successfully performed. Conclusion: Transmural endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts is feasible and has a technical success rate of 78.2%, without differences related to the pseudocyst etiology. Recurrences, on the other hand, are more common in patients with pancreatitis. Given the severe complications that may occur after the procedure, we recommend that endoscopic drainage be performed in a tertiary-care center with specific expertise in pancreatic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between sleep and primary headaches has been known for over a century, particularly for headaches occurring during the night or early morning. Migraine, tension-tyre headache, and cluster headache may cause sleep fragmentation, insomnia, and hypersomnia, causing considerable social and economical costs and several familial problems. By contrast, sleep disorders may themselves trigger headache attacks. Finally, headaches and sleep disorders can also be symptoms of other underlying pathologies. Despite this background, there is still no clarity about the mechanism that links these two entities and their interdependence remains to be defined. Patients with primary headache should undergo a careful assessment of sleep habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (H) and hypertension are prevalent in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and after renal transplantation. Severe hypertension prior to renal transplantation has traditionally been an indication for native kidney nephrectomy. The impact of nephrectomy on cardiovascular disease has not been well documented. We retrospectively evaluated echocardiographic and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) data in 67 young adults who had undergone transplantation in the pediatric age with a mean follow-up of 10.4 years. Unilateral or bilateral nephrectomies had been performed in 32 patients. The number of antihypertensive drugs used prior to transplantation was significantly higher in the nephrectomized groups. At follow-up the amount of antihypertensive medications was similar between groups and no significant differences were observed in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) or LV mass index (LVMi). LVH was observed in 50% of non-nephrectomized patients, 45.4% of patients with unilateral nephrectomy, and 44.4% of patients without native kidneys ( p = n.s.). In conclusion, unilateral or bilateral nephrectomies prior to transplantation do not appear to influence blood pressure control or the prevalence of LVH after renal transplantation. Longitudinal studies with repeated assessment of LVMi, before and after renal transplantation, are needed to assess the impact of residual activity of native kidneys on arterial blood pressure and cardiac structural changes, even in normotensive patients, to evaluate cardiovascular morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents methodological aspects of the Lombardia Stroke Registry. At the registry start-up, 36 recruiting centres were identified according to a regional survey. The registry recruits consecutive patients with acute stroke or transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). A 3-month follow-up was planned to correlate acute care with outcomes. On 31st December 2007, data concerning 6,181 patients discharged alive were available. The registry aims at measuring performance parameters, identifying guidelines non-compliance and analysing care processes. In this first phase, 30% of the Lombardia acute stroke and 10% of TIA patients have been enrolled, thus the sample can be considered informative for the disease care in the region. The proportion of completed data items is very high with very small differences among items. The following critical points were highlighted: (1) lack of data input staff for 30% of centres, and (2) difficulty of obtaining the informed consent for post-discharge follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample-sequencing strategy combined with slot–blot hybridization and FISH was used to study the composition of the repetitive component of the sunflower genome. One thousand six hundred thirty-eight sequences for a total of 954,517 bp were analyzed. The fraction of sequences that can be classified as repetitive using computational and hybridization approaches amounts to 62% in total. Almost two thirds remain as yet uncharacterized in nature. Of those characterized, most belong to the gypsy superfamily of LTR-retrotransposons. Unlike in other species, where single families can account for large fractions of the genome, it appears that no transposon family has been amplified to very high levels in sunflower. All other known classes of transposable elements were also found. One family of unknown nature (contig 61) was the most repeated in the sunflower genome. The evolution of the repetitive component in the Helianthus genus and in other Asteraceae was studied by comparative analysis of the hybridization of total genomic DNAs from these species to the sunflower small-insert library and compared to gene-based phylogeny. Very little similarity is observed between Helianthus species and two related Asteraceae species outside of the genus. Most repetitive elements are similar in annual and perennial Helianthus species indicating that sequence amplification largely predates such divergence. Gypsy-like elements are more represented in the annuals than in the perennials, while copia-like elements are similarly represented, attesting a different amplification history of the two superfamilies of LTR-retrotransposons in the Helianthus genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this randomized double-blinded preliminary study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological long-term effects of an essential-oil-containing mouth rinse as the active agent utilized in the “one-stage full-mouth disinfection protocol.” Probing pocket depth and plaque and gingival indices were evaluated by the same calibrated examiner in all teeth of 20 moderate chronic periodontitis subjects. Presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythensis were determined by polymerase chain reaction in nonstimulated saliva, tongue dorsum, and pooled subgingival samples. The subjects were randomized into two groups: full-mouth disinfection plus essential oils (Listerine®) or full-mouth disinfection plus placebo. Clinical and microbial parameters were evaluated at baseline (T0), 45 (T1) and 180 (T2) days after therapy and analyzed using analysis of variance, Student t, and Wilcoxon tests ( p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups regarding clinical measurements at baseline. However, in the later examinations, T1 and T2, the test group always presented higher reductions of pocket depth, plaque index, and gingival index compared to the control group. The essential-oils group revealed significant reduction on occurrence of P. gingivalis in saliva comparing baseline and 45 days; this difference still remain at 180 days. The essential-oil-containing mouth rinse demonstrated beneficial effects on clinical parameters. Microbiological findings were less consistent. The results of this preliminary study suggest further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to obtain an isoflavone-supplemented soy yogurt, fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti, with suitable sensory properties and to assess the effects of the final product on blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Four isoflavone supplementation procedures were tested, in which the isoflavone was added at these stages: (1) before heat-treatment; (2) after heating and before fermentation; (3) after fermentation and (4) in the okara (by-product of soy milk) flour stirred into the fermented product when consumed. The products were subjected to a test of sensory acceptability. To assess their potential hypocholesterolemic properties in vivo, four groups of rats were used: control (C), hypercholesterolemic (H), hypercholesterolemic plus fermented product (HF) and hypercholesterolemic plus isoflavone-supplemented fermented product (HFI). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats of groups H, HF and HFI by feeding them on a commercial rat chow to which cholesterol and cholic acid had been added. Total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in the blood of the rats. No significant sensorial differences were detected among the samples of soy yogurt supplemented with isoflavones at various processing stages. Rats fed a fermented soy product enriched with isoflavones (HFI group) had significantly ( P < 0.05) less serum total cholesterol (15.5%) compared with rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (H group). Non-HDL cholesterol was less ( P < 0.05) in rats fed a fermented soy product enriched or not with isoflavones (27.4 and 23.2%) compared to H group. The HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations did not differ significantly among the groups. It was possible to obtain an isoflavone-supplemented soy yogurt with satisfactory sensory characteristics. The resulting supplemented soy yogurt was capable of producing a lipid-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic rats, relative to the animals that did not consume this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signs and symptoms of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction are frequently reported after ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke and in many cases they exhibit peculiar patterns in relationship with the site and the extension of brain lesion. However if an ANS disorder can cause or predispose to a stroke is far from being correctly known. Evidences in favor of a pathogenetic mechanism of an ANS dysfunction are reported for myocardial infarction and such data are likely to be appropriate also for atherothrombotic type of ischemic stroke. On the other hand, it is well known that many risk factors for this pathology are strongly correlated with an altered functioning of ANS so that a reciprocal interdependence between ANS and stroke can be hypothesized. This review points to evidence the possible relationship existing between these two conditions and suggests a quite different diagnostic and therapeutic approach to both on the basis of their pathogenetic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, there is a high interest in silicon-based optical devices that would render possible the development of fully silicon-based optoelectronics. Being an indirect-gap semiconductor, silicon is poorly efficient as a light emitter since radiative emission is limited by carrier recombination at non-radiative centers. One of the possible approaches to enhance the radiative emission from Si is the controlled introduction of micro-(dislocations) or nano-(nanocrystals) structures, which, providing quantum confinement of free carriers, prevent their diffusion towards non-radiative channels. Dislocations introduced in silicon by plastic deformation and Si nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous silicon matrix have been investigated by junction spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new instrument for solar bi-dimensional spectroscopy, the Interferometric BIdimensional Spectrometer (IBIS), has been successfully installed at the Dunn Solar Telescope of the National Solar Observatory (USA-NM) in June 2003. This instrument is essentially composed of a series of two Fabry-Perot interferometers and a set of narrow-band interference filters, used in a classic mount and in axial-mode. It has been designed to take monochromatic images of the solar surface with high spectral ( R ≥ 200 000), spatial ≃ 0.2″), and temporal resolution (several frames s−1). IBIS has a circular field of view, 80″ in diameter and, with suitable interference filters, it can be used in the wavelength range 580 – 860 nm. The wavelength stability of the instrumental profile is very high, the maximum drift in 10 hours amounting to ≃10 m s−1. In this paper the criteria used in the design and the expected instrumental characteristics are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is well known to be involved in many aspects of bivalve biology, especially in the control of reproductive function. In this work, a neurochemical and immunohistochemical study was carried out in the visceral ganglion of Venus verrucosa (Bivalvia: Veneridae), with the aim of elucidating the features of 5-HT neurotransmission and its influence on gamete emission in this poorly investigated bivalve species. 5-HT release was characterized: tritium efflux, evoked from the isolated [3H]5-HT-preincubated visceral ganglion by high potassium concentrations, was shown to possess the characteristics of neurotransmitter release (sodium and calcium dependence, auto-feedback regulation). Serotonergic cell bodies and axonal tracts were labeled by immunohistochemistry, confirming that the released 5-HT originates in a pool of neurons in the visceral ganglion. The presence and distribution of serotonin were immunohistochemically checked in the gonads as well. A plexus of immunopositive fibers was observed in the gonadic tissue of both sexes, specifically located in the follicle walls, and this innervation appeared to come from branching of the cerebro-visceral connectives, whereas no peripheral serotonergic neurons were identified. The immunohistochemical data were supported by light and electron microscope observations. Exogenous 5-HT was applied to V. verrucosa specimens by intramuscular injection; it induced spawning in both sexes, and the response rate was significantly higher in males than in females, as previously observed in some other species of gonochoric bivalves. These findings suggest the existence of a serotonergic neurotransmission in V. verrucosa, possibly regulating the reproductive process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: ObjectivesA continuous 13-h infusion of gabexate starting 30–90 min before endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can reduce postprocedural pancreatitis, the onset of which is generally observed within the first 6 h after ERCP. This study was designed to verify whether a 6.5-h infusion of gabexate was as effective as a 13-h infusion, at the same concentration, for reducing the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (primary endpoint) and pancreatic hyperenzymemia and pain (secondary endpoints).: MethodsA total of 434 patients (201 male and 233 female; mean age 63.9 yr, range 18–96 yr) scheduled for ERCP were prospectively recruited in 25 Italian centers. Patients were randomized double-blind to two treatment groups. All subjects enrolled were first treated with a 500-mg continuous intravenous infusion of gabexate, starting 30 min before the endoscopic maneuvers and continuing up to 6.5 h after it. Over the next 6.5 h, 214 patients (group I) continued the infusion of gabexate (for a total of 1 g over 13 h) and 220 patients (group II) were given placebo (saline solution).: ResultsThe overall incidence of acute pancreatitis was 1.8% (eight patients), which included 1.4% in group I (three of 214 patients) and 2.2% in group II (five of 220 patients). Serum amylase and lipase values over time, peak levels of the two enzymes, pancreatic pain, and need for analgesics did not significantly differ in the two groups.: ConclusionsThese results suggest that a 6.5-h infusion of gabexate (for a total of 500 mg) is not less effective than a 13 h infusion, with evident savings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report the case of a 73-year-old man with an unruptured anueurysm of the left middle cerebral artery. The initial sign was complex partial seizures. A standard scalp electroencephalogram was normal while neuropsychological tests revealed a slight deficit of episodic memory. Brain MRI showed an aneurysm at the left middle cerebral artery bifurcation. Cerebral angiography confirmed the presence of a saccular aneurysm at the left middle cerebral artery bifurcation, with a maximum diameter of 12 mm. This case had two main characteristic features: seizures had a quite late onset and were the only symptom the patient experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides theoretical insights into the potential use of cellulose derivatives, such as methylcellulose (ME) and cellulose xanthate (CX), to remove glyphosate (GLY) contaminants via adsorption. The mechanism of adsorption in ME and CX is compared with that of activated carbon. To this end, theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were used to determine the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs); molecular electrostatic potential (MEP); and energetic, structural, and topological parameters. The analyses of FMOs and MEP indicated two possible interaction sites. The structural parameters showed that the herbicide interacts with the ME and CX matrices, and the bond lengths of the interaction ranging from 1.58 to 3.09 Å, depending on the nature of the interaction. The vibrational frequencies of the bonds involved in the interaction changed after adsorption, thus confirming the existence of the interaction. The analysis of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) allowed the characterization of interactions through topological parameters and showed that the most effective interactions presented a higher number of electrostatic interactions. The determined energies of the electronic interaction and the enthalpy were negative, indicating that the interaction occurred. Finally, the calculations for the glyphosate adsorption process on activated carbon (AC) showed that the terminal group –COOH presented the best energy values for interaction with GLY, followed by activated carbon with the group –OH, and finally, the activated carbon containing only aromatic rings. The results showed that the derivatives of cellulose CX and ME are promising alternatives to remove glyphosate contaminants from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most serious complication of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT), with mortality in excess of 50%. Major risk factors are advanced patient age, elevated systolic blood pressure, intensity of anticoagulation, and previous cerebral ischemia. A number of acute treatments are available, but all have significant side effects and no randomized clinical trials assessing clinical outcome have been performed. Future trials will have to address choice and dose of agent, the timing of its administration, and the risk of side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time recovery of the spectroscopic capabilities of CdZnTe and CdTe detectors, irradiated with increasing doses of high- and low-energy neutrons, as well as electrons, has been investigated by studying their spectroscopic behavior at different photon energies using leakage current measurements and PICTS (photo-induced current transient spectroscopy) analysis. The detectors were stored at room temperature for up to one year to study the time evolution of their spectroscopic performance and to correlate it with the presence of defective states in the material. We have observed a clear improvement in the material’s detection properties with time, though only in those detectors which have not been severely degraded by the irradiation. The recovery can be associated with a decrease in the concentration of some defective states, thus allowing the assessment of the crucial role these play in determining the charge collection processes in the material and its spectroscopic capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a quasi-static modelling for assessment and screening of electric field generated by an EHV overhead alternating current (AC) transmission line installed adjacent to a sensitive area is treated, based on an improved computing paradigm that is a hybrid charge simulation method (CSM) and grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA). The intelligent algorithm is applied to adjust the optimal number and position of simulating changes to improve the accuracy of the electric field calculation method, as well as to determine the geometric coordinates of the passive and active shielding conductors and to evaluate the voltage to be injected in the case of active shielding; to significantly reduce the electric field in the area to be protected. The results showed that when the sag effect is considered, the electric field value at mid-span is higher than in the vicinity of the suspension pylons, the average value can be considered approximately equal to the electric field value, when the sag effect is neglected. The performance of screening effect shows that active shielding is more reliable than passive shielding for electric field attenuation. An undesirable side effect for transmission line energy efficiency arises from the shielding wires which consist of the increase in the maximum gradient of the electric field and the energy losses by Corona phenomena on the surface of the conductors. The methodology adopted performance is in perfect agreement with the results reported in the CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric Systems) standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper-and-pencil Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) copy task has been extensively used to assess visuo-constructional skills in children and adults. The scoring systems utilized in clinical practice provide an integrated evaluation of the drawing process, without differentiating between its visuo-constructional, organizational, and motor components. Here, a tablet-based ROCF copy task capable of providing a quantitative assessment of the drawing process, differentiating between visuo-constructional, organizational, and motor skills, is trialed in 94 healthy children, between 7 and 11 years of age. Through previously validated algorithms, 12 indices of performance in the ROCF copy task were obtained for each child. Principal component analysis of the 12 indices identified spatial, procedural, and kinematic components as distinct dimensions of the drawing process. A composite score for each dimension was determined, and correlation analysis between composite scores and conventional paper-and-pencil measures of visuo-constructional, procedural, and motor skills performed. The results obtained confirmed that the constructional, organizational, and motor dimensions underlie complex figure drawing in children; and that each dimension can be measured by a unique composite score. In addition, the composite scores here obtained from children were compared with previsions results from adults, offering a novel insight into how the interplay between the three dimensions of drawing evolves with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of virtual care options, including virtual hospital platforms, is rapidly changing the healthcare, mostly in the pandemic period, due to difficulties in in-person consultations. For this purpose, in 2020, a neurological Virtual Hospital (NOVHO) pilot study has been implemented, in order to experiment a multidisciplinary second opinion evaluation system for neurological diseases. Cerebrovascular diseases represent a preponderant part of neurological disorders. However, more than 30% of strokes remain of undetermined source, and rare CVD (rCVD) are often misdiagnosed. The lack of data on phenotype and clinical course of rCVD patients makes the diagnosis and the development of therapies challenging. Since the diagnosis and care of rCVDs require adequate expertise and instrumental tools, their management is mostly allocated to a few experienced hospitals, making difficult equity in access to care. Therefore, strategies for virtual consultations are increasingly applied with some advantage for patient management also in peripheral areas. Moreover, health data are becoming increasingly complex and require new technologies to be managed. The use of Artificial Intelligence is beginning to be applied to the healthcare system and together with the Internet of Things will enable the creation of virtual models with predictive abilities, bringing healthcare one step closer to personalized medicine. Herein, we will report on the preliminary results of the NOVHO project and present the methodology of a new project aimed at developing an innovative multidisciplinary and multicentre virtual care model, specific for rCVD (NOVHO-rCVD), which combines the virtual hospital approach and the deep-learning machine system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke affects the interconnection between the nervous and immune systems, leading to a down-regulation of immunity called stroke-induced immunosuppression (SII). The primary aim of this study is to investigate SII role as a predictor of functional, neurological, and motor outcomes in the neurorehabilitation setting (NRB). We conducted a prospective observational study enrolling post-acute stroke patients hospitalized for neurorehabilitation. At NRB admission (T0) and discharge (T1), we assessed presence of SII (defined by a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 5) and we evaluated functional independence (Functional Independence Measure-FIM, Barthel Index-BI), motor performances (Tinetti Score, Hauser Ambulation Index) and neurological impairment (NIHSS). We enrolled 96 patients (45.8% females, 70.6 ± 13.9 years, 88.5% ischemic stroke). At T0, 15.6% of patients (15/96) had SII. When compared to immunocompetent patients (IC), the SII group was characterized by worse baseline functional independence, motor performances and neurological disability. The same was confirmed at T1 (FIM p = 0.012, BI p = 0.007, Tinetti p = 0.034, NIHSS p = 0.001). Neurological disability demonstrated a less pronounced improvement in SII (ΔNIHSS: SII: − 2.1 ± 2.3 vs. IC: − 3.1 ± 2.5, p = 0.035). SII group presented a higher percentage of infectious complications during the neurorehabilitation period (SII 80% vs. IC 25.9%; p = 0.001). SII may represent a negative prognostic factor in the neurorehabilitation setting. SII patients were characterized by poorer functional, motor, neurological performances and higher risk of infectious complications. ClinicaTrial registration: NCT05889169. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hematoma expansion (HE) is common and predicts poor outcome in patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the predictors and prognostic impact of HE in infratentorial ICH. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with brainstem and cerebellar ICH admitted at seven sites. Noncontrast computed tomography images were analyzed for the presence of hypodensities according to validated criteria, defined as any hypodense region strictly encapsulated within the hemorrhage with any shape, size, and density. Occurrence of HE (defined as > 33% and/or > 6-mL growth) and mortality at 90 days were the outcomes of interest. Their predictors were investigated using logistic regression with backward elimination at p < 0.1. Logistic regression models for HE were adjusted for baseline ICH volume, antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment, onset to computed tomography time, and presence of hypodensities. The logistic regression model for mortality accounted for the ICH score and HE. Results: A total of 175 patients were included (median age 75 years, 40.0% male), of whom 38 (21.7%) had HE and 43 (24.6%) died within 90 days. Study participants with HE had a higher frequency of hypodensities (44.7 vs. 24.1%, p = 0.013), presentation within 3 h from onset (39.5 vs. 24.8%, p = 0.029), and 90-day mortality (44.7 vs. 19.0%, p = 0.001). Hypodensities remained independently associated with HE after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio 2.44, 95% confidence interval 1.13–5.25, p = 0.023). The association between HE and mortality remained significant in logistic regression (odds ratio 3.68, 95% confidence interval 1.65–8.23, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Early presentation and presence of noncontrast computed tomography hypodensities were independent predictors of HE in infratentorial ICH, and the occurrence of HE had an independent prognostic impact in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to infer one's own and others' mental states. Growing research indicates that ToM is impaired in Chronic Migraine with Medication Overuse (CM + MO). However, the research in this field has been conducted using static scenario-based tasks, often failing to test mentalization in everyday situations and measuring only performance accuracy. We filled this gap by administering the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) to subjects with CM + MO compared to episodic migraine (EM). This test allows us to assess both affective and cognitive ToM and which, in addition to being accurate, also analyzes the type of error in attribution of mental states, distinguishing between hypo-mentalization and hyper-mentalization. Thirty patients suffering from CM + MO and 42 from EM were enrolled. Results showed that CM + MO patients were less accurate in mental state attribution than EM. In addition, compared to EM, CM + MO individuals were more impaired in the affective ToM dimensions and committed more errors of hypo-mentalization. In conclusion, the application of MASC in patients with CM + MO allowed for the detection of an alteration in their ability to correctly draw conclusions about other people's mental states. This latter contributes critically to appropriate social reactions and also, possibly, to satisfactory social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified and characterized the pseudogene complements of five plant species: four dicots (Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitis vinifera, Populus trichocarpa and Phaseolus vulgaris) and one monocot (Oryza sativa). Retroposition was considered of modest importance for pseudogene formation in all investigated species except V. vinifera, which showed an unusually high number of retro-pseudogenes in non coding genic regions. By using a pipeline for the classification of sequence duplicates in plant genomes, we compared the relative importance of whole genome, tandem, proximal, transposed and dispersed duplication modes in the pseudo and functional gene complements. Pseudogenes showed higher tendencies than functional genes to genomic dispersion. Dispersed pseudogenes were prevalently fragmented and showed high sequence divergence at flanking regions. On the contrary, those deriving from whole genome duplication were proportionally less than expected based on observations on functional loci and showed higher levels of flanking sequence conservation than dispersed pseudogenes. Pseudogenes deriving from tandem and proximal duplications were in excess compared to functional loci, probably reflecting the high evolutionary rate associated with these duplication modes in plant genomes. These data are compatible with high rates of sequence turnover at neutral sites and double strand break repairs mediated duplication mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We establish a generalization of the thermoelasticity wave equation to the porous case, including the Lord–Shulman (LS) and Green–Lindsay (GL) theories that involve a set of relaxation times ( τ i , i = 1 , ... , 4 ). The dynamical equations predict four propagation modes, namely, a fast P wave, a Biot slow wave, a thermal wave, and a shear wave. The plane-wave analysis shows that the GL theory predicts a higher attenuation of the fast P wave, and consequently a higher velocity dispersion than the LS theory if τ 1 = τ 2 > τ 3 , whereas both models predict the same anelasticity for τ 1 = τ 2 = τ 3 . We also propose a generalization of the LS theory by applying two different Maxwell–Vernotte–Cattaneo relaxation times related to the temperature increment ( τ 3 ) and solid/fluid strain components ( τ 4 ), respectively. The generalization predicts positive quality factors when τ 4 ≥ τ 3 , and increasing τ 4 further enhances the attenuation. The wavefields are computed with a direct meshing algorithm using the Fourier pseudospectral method to calculate the spatial derivatives and a first-order explicit Crank–Nicolson time-stepping method. The propagation illustrated with snapshots and waveforms at low and high frequencies is in agreement with the dispersion analysis. The study can be useful for a comprehensive understanding of wave propagation in high-temperature high-pressure fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has demonstrated that theory of mind (ToM), that is the ability to understand other's thoughts and feelings, declines with age. However, less is known about older people's perceptions about their own ability to "read" the mind of others. In the current study, we provide initial evidence on this issue by: (a) examining age-related differences in ToM personal beliefs; (b) analyzing the relation between personal beliefs and actual performance; and (c) investigating whether ToM, either beliefs or ability, explains individual differences in social relationships. Twenty-five independently living older adults and 26 young adults were administered both personal beliefs and performance-based ToM measures. Social relationships were analyzed by considering family members and friends separately. Results indicated lower ToM ability in older adults compared to younger participants, but no age-related differences in ToM personal beliefs. Furthermore, personal beliefs and performance were not associated in either young or older adults. Finally, regression analyses indicated that both ToM personal beliefs and ToM ability were significant predictors of relationships with friends, but not with family members. Overall, our findings indicated that, notwithstanding their impairment in ToM, older adults were as confident as young adults in their ability to understand others' minds. Crucially, we found preliminary evidence that ToM, both beliefs and ability, are relevant for people's social behavior, positively predicting better friendships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess emergency neurology management in Italy by comparing patients admitted to the hub and spoke hospitals. Methods: Data obtained from the annual Italian national survey (NEUDay) investigating the activity and facilities of neurology in the emergency room conducted in November 2021 were considered. Information for each patient who received a neurologic consultation after accessing the emergency room was acquired. Data on facilities were also gathered, including hospital classification (hub vs spoke), number of consultations, presence of neurology and stroke unit, number of beds, availability of neurologist, radiologist, neuroradiologist, and instrumental diagnostic accessibility. Results: Overall, 1,111 patients were admitted to the emergency room and had neurological consultation across 153 facilities (out of the 260 Italian ones). Hub hospitals had significantly more beds, availability of neurological staff, and instrumental diagnostic accessibility. Patients admitted to hub hospital had a greater need for assistance (higher number of yellow/red codes at neurologist triage). A higher propensity to be admitted to hub centers for cerebrovascular problems and to receive a diagnosis of stroke was observed. Conclusions: The identification of hub and spoke hospitals is strongly characterized by the presence of beds and instrumentation mainly dedicated to acute cerebrovascular pathologies. Moreover, the similarity in the number and type of accesses between hub and spoke hospitals suggests the need to look for adequate identification of all the neurological pathologies requiring urgent treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SCeAD affected predominantly a single artery (carotid, 870 patients [59.3%]; vertebral, 386 patients [26.3%]), whereas 212 patients (14.4%) had > 1 cervical artery involved. Dear Sirs, A recent hypothesis to explain the migraine-ischemic stroke (IS) association is that migraine might increase individual vulnerability to cerebral ischemia, making brain tissue more susceptible to ischemic injury [[1]]. Among migraine sufferers, we distinguished between "active migraine", which included participants with at least one self-reported migraine attack in the year preceding the baseline evaluation, and "prior (non-active) migraine", which included those who reported ever having had migraine but no attack in the year preceding the baseline evaluation. Actually, if the above is true, one would expect a higher prevalence of migraine and, possibly, migraine activity, among sCeAD patients who develop IS than among those who do not, as well as an association of migraine with sCeAD only or more prominent in the subgroup of patients with IS as disease manifestation compared to non-sCeAD subjects. [Extracted from the article]

The administration of botulinum toxin is an activity performed mostly by a specialist service for the management of a wide range of neurological conditions. For therapeutic purposes botulinum toxin type A is used, although in selected patients who develop antibodies specific for the serotype A botulinum toxin B can be used for the treatment. Hereby, we describe the organizational arrangements for the botulinum toxin treatment service at the Department of Neurology of Hospital Cardinal Massaia based in Asti. The diseases most frequently treated are movement disorders (primary and secondary focal dystonia, blepharospasm, facial emispasmo) spasticity and, more recently, chronic migraine. In particular, the latter application is one of the most promising expansions of the use of this drug in the few past years, although a larger number of patients are required to determine its efficacy and the related tolerability profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Softening processes after ripening are a major factor contributing to the perishability of fleshy fruit and, together with mechanical damage, represent the onset of physiological decay. Softening involves multiple co-ordinated events leading to modifications of the cell wall architecture. Several studies described that UV-B radiation positively affects both the nutraceutical and aesthetical qualities of fruit. However, very few studies investigated the effect of UV-B irradiation on the activity of cell wall-related enzymes. This research aimed at studying how different UV-B treatments (10 min and 60 min) affect the activity of cell wall-modifying enzymes (pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase) together with the expression of some of their isoforms up to 36 h after UV-B treatment of peach (cv. Fairtime, melting phenotype) fruit. Results revealed that UV-B radiation did not affect the soluble solid content and the titratable acidity, two important parameters influencing consumers’ choice and taste. In contrast, UV-B was effective at reducing the loss of firmness 24 h after the 60 min irradiation. Generally, a lower activity of the hydrolytic enzymes compared to untreated fruit was observed, regardless of the UV-B dose. However, gene expression did not reflect the corresponding enzymatic activity. Based on these results, UV-B irradiation might be a successful tool in reducing the loss of firmness of peach fruit during post-harvest, thus improving their quality and shelf-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I n the context of an adequate health care organization, the figure of the neurologist as an emergency operator (in the emergency room—ER—and/or in a dedicated outpatient clinic) is crucial for an effective functional connection with the territory (and therefore with general practitioners), a reduction in inappropriate ER accesses, specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to neurological emergencies in the ER and a reduction in nonspecific or even unnecessary instrumental investigations. In this position paper of the Italian Association of Emergency Neurology (ANEU: Associazione Neurologia dell'Emergenza Urgenza), these issues are addressed, and two important organizational solutions are proposed: The Neuro Fast Track, as an outpatient organization approach strongly linked to general practitioners and non-neurological specialists and dedicated to cases with deferrable urgency (to be assessed within 72 h) The identification of an emergency neurologist, who is engaged in ER assessments as a consultant and involved in the management of the semi-intensive care unit of the emergency neurology and the stroke unit according to an appropriate rotation, as well as in consultations for patients with neurological emergencies in inpatient wards The possibility of computerizing the screening of patients with deferrable urgency in the Neuro Fast Track is described. A dedicated app represents an important tool that can facilitate the identification of patients for whom deferred assessment is appropriate, the scheduling of neurological examinations and reductions in the booking time through a more rapid approach to specialist assessment and subsequent investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NOMAS is by far the most used tool to screen early oral-motor skills in newborns. Here we provide an updated review of scientific literature on the use of the Neonatal Oral Motor Assessment Scale (NOMAS) to screen early oral-motor skills in newborns. An integrative review has been carried out consistent with PRISMA guidelines and standardized qualitative appraisal. Data abstracting and synthesis were executed by two independent co-authors who solved disagreement in conference. Twenty records have been included and reviewed. The efficacy of the NOMAS in screening and identifying precocious oral-motor skills received inconsistent support. Moderate validity and low reliability emerged. Moreover, despite the NOMAS' adequately screen efficient and inefficient feeders, limited evidence emerged for predictive value of NOMAS score on feeding and psychomotor developmental trajectories during the first 2 years of age.Conclusion: The present review highlights benefits and limitations of the NOMAS. Future research is needed to develop observational and clinically-relevant tools to better identify newborns which are at lower- and higher-risk of developing less-than-optimal feeding behaviors and to guide with greater precision the diagnostic and therapeutic journey of these newborns. What is Known: • The assessment of oral-motor skills in newborns and infants is critical for early intervention • The NOMAS is the most adopted tool to assess oral-motor skills in newborns and infants What is New: • The ability of the NOMAS to target newborn at risk for feeding disorders is confirmed • Nonetheless, the capacity to predict long-term developmental outcomes is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social cognition refers to all mental operations to decipher information needed in social interactions. Here we aimed to outline the socio-cognitive profile of Chronic Migraine with Medication Overuse (CM + MO), given they are recognized to be at risk of socio-cognitive difficulties. Given the multidimensionality of this construct, we considered: (1) socio-cognitive abilities, (2) socio-cognitive beliefs, (3) alexithymia and autism traits, and (4) social relationships. Methods: Seventy-one patients suffering from CM + MO, 61 from episodic migraine (EM), and 80 healthy controls (HC) were assessed with a comprehensive battery: (1) the Faux Pas test (FP), the Strange Stories task (SS), the Reading Mind in the Eyes test (RMET), (2) the Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, (3) the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Autism Spectrum Quotient, (4) the Lubben Social Network Scale, the Friendship Scale. Results: CM + MO: (1) performed similar to EM but worse than HC in the FP and SS, while they were worse than EM and HC in the RMET; (2) were similar to EM and HC in social intelligence; (3) had more alexithymic/autistic traits than EM and HC; (4) reported higher levels of contact with their family members but felt little support from the people around them than HC. Conclusions: CM + MO results characterized by a profile of compromised socio-cognitive abilities that affects different dimensions. These findings may have a relevant role in multiple fields related to chronic headache: from the assessment to the management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke unit care represents the major advancement in stroke management and it is applicable to all stroke patients. The Lombardia Health-Care Program for the period 2000–2004 planned to implement new semi-intensive stroke units in order to guarantee access to such units to all stroke patients. As has happened in other countries, there is a need to coordinate and streamline the process of care in order to optimise resources and outcome. The aim of the Stroke Unit Network (SUN) project is the improvement of the quality of stroke care in the acute and post-acute phase, developing an efficient network between hospitals involved in stroke care in order to quickly identify patients’ needs and to improve cultural exchange on clinical and therapeutic information between people involved in the process of care. A web-based network has been created connecting the Lombardia Stroke Units and the departments in which stroke units will be implemented; a website to facilitate the exchange of scientific data, the discussion of clinical problems, the sharing of research projects and results, and a web-based quality register in order to verify quality, efficacy and efficiency of stroke units participating in the project providing important, consistently available data to monitor progress in reducing the incidence of stroke and associated disability and mortality. The Lombardia Stroke Unit Network Project, promoting and facilitating the exchange of know-how and collecting data on the quality of the processes of care provided, can significantly improve stroke care in Lombardia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]