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The trend towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions by dipping the use of traditional sources of energy in marine power grids, as well as the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources (RESs), were the driving forces behind the incorporation of RESs in maritime microgrid systems and enquiry of the ensuing prevalent control mechanism. The frequency stability of a Marine Microgrid System (MMGS) is a critical aspect that directly affects its reliable and efficient operation. This study describes a method for frequency stabilization in independent maritime microgrids consists of diverse renewable energy resources including wind turbine generators, sea wave energy/tidal power generation, solar generation, bio-diesel generator and energy storage systems. This paper aims to develop a new optimal cascaded order proportional integral based proportional derivative for marine load frequency control. Due to the fact that the performance of the controller is highly dependent on the parameters of the controller, optimizing these coefficients can have a significant impact on the output performance of the LFC control. In light of this, this paper presents the sewing training-based optimization (STBO), a new human-based metaheuristic algorithm to optimize the coefficient of the suggested controller. The essential stimulation of STBO is the teaching procedure of sewing to beginner tailors. By utilizing a population of candidate solutions, the algorithm iteratively refines the control parameters to find the optimal set that minimizes frequency deviations and enhances system stability. The responses of the cascaded PI-PD controller are linked to those of the PID and PI controllers in order to demonstrate its superiority. To evaluate the efficiency of STBO, it is compared to well-established recent techniques such as fitness dependent optimization, grey wolf optimization and Jellyfish search optimization. From the results, it is observed that our proposed approach improved the settling time by 25.35%, 45.89%, and 29.35%, reduced peak overshoot by 78.34%, 67.71%, and 78.23%, and similarly reduced undershoot by 81.56%, 56.22% and 76.56% as compared to FDO, GWO and JSO techniques respectively. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is performed under ±50% load variation and ± 40% power system parameters to prove the robustness of the proposed controller. • A diverse renewable energy resources including renewable energy resources and energy storage systems (ESS,s) incorporating with battery energy storage, capacitive energy storage, and flywheel energy storage system has been considered for marine microgrid. • A novel cascaded order PI-PD controller has been designed and implemented for the suggested distinct renewable and energy storage based maritime microgrid. • The coefficient of the proposed controller is optimized with a new human-based meta-heuristic algorithm known as sewing training-based optimization (STBO). • Multi objective functions including integral time absolute error (ITAE), integral time square error (ITSE) and integral square error (ISE) are formulated for the proposed power system. • Finally, sensitivity testing of the STBO adjusted PI-PD controller under uncertain parameters such as turbine gain variation (K CE), droop factor (R), and inertia constant (M) is performed to prove the robustness of the proposed frequency control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, eight elements multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) antenna for satellite communication with neutralize block, parasitic elements and Defective ground structure (DGS) is proposed. The proposed design is printed on FR4 low cost material with the size of 60 mm × 60 mm × 1.6 mm. The presented MIMO antenna contain four unit cells, four parasitic elements and DGS; each unit cell contain two radiating elements and neutralize block. Parasitic elements, DGS and neutralize block are used to minimize mutual coupling, neutralize block and parasitic elements are used on front side and DGS is on back side of the design. The reflection coefficient <−10 dB in the range of 14 GHz–18 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz and isolation >25 dB in the given bandwidth. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) < 0.008, diversity gain (DG) > 9.96 dB and peak gain is equal to 6.32dBi. Furthermore the fabricated prototype was tested in anechoic chamber; measured results was analyzed and found similar to simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]