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Effects of bed material and downstream flow depth on bed evolution in a right-angled channel confluence were studied through laboratory experiments. Velocity field, water surface elevation, and bed profile were measured intermittently until the flow attained equilibrium. Sediment discharges at various locations of the confluence were estimated from bed levels. Six prominent bedforms were identified, and their characteristics were quantified. The sediment discharges from different channels were initially high but decreased to approximately zero as the flow attained equilibrium. Downstream flow depth influenced overall sediment transport in the system, including the main features of bed morphology. Overall erosion in the confluence reduced as the particle size of the bed material increased. In addition, the maximum scour depth occurred at the confluence edge, and, due to the sharp corner of the confluence, its location did not change with time. Results from the present experimental study can help validate numerical models and assist in the design of a right-angled confluence. This study is related to the hydraulics of man-made confluences with mobile beds and can be useful in the following practical applications. More accurate numerical models to predict maximum scour, bed morphodynamics, and sediment transport in man-made confluences can be developed using the detailed bed profile measurements at different time instants presented in this study. Note that available numerical models use sediment discharge formulas (e.g., Meyer-Peter-Muller, Van Rijn), which are for sediment flows in straight channels. The interplay between the three-dimensional flow field, developed bed shear stress, and sediment discharge can be explored. In addition, A man-made confluence with the mobile bed can be designed with findings from the present study. The bedforms corresponding to equilibrium flow depend on discharge ratio, confluence angle, flow conditions at the exit channel, and bed material characteristics. The major bedforms can be incorporated into the confluence geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The piano key weir is a unique new geometric type that can have a linear (rectangular or trapezoidal) or arc (trapezoidal) layout. Depending on the flow hydraulics and the bed type, different shapes of scour holes can form downstream of these weirs. Two types of piano key weirs—rectangular, and trapezoidal with an arced plan—were built to investigate the sediment transport patterns. The bed material comprised sand (d50=1.25 mm) and gravel (d50=8.9 mm). The results revealed that the scour hole dimensions and bed topography patterns depend on hydraulic conditions, crest geometry, and bed material gradation. Analysis of the data suggested that local scour depths behind a piano key weir with a rectangular crest might be as much as 12% larger than those for other configurations in sand or gravel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]