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Introduction: Soybean is a rich source of bioactive components with good nutritional support and is easily available. In the treatment of cancer, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from plant-based samples has gained attentions due to its potency and feasibility. In the present study, using soybean extracts (GM), silver nanoparticles are synthesized and analyzed for their anticancer potency. Methods: The synthesized GM-AgNPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques for further analysis. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc method and anti-hemolysis activity using the in vitro method, followed by anticancer property evaluation by cytotoxicity, cell migration, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Results and discussion: Our results showed that the synthesized GM-AgNPs were spiral-shaped with a size range of 5-50 nm. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the maximum zone of inhibition at 250 ^ig/mL in comparison with gentamicin. On exploring the anti-hemolysis efficiency, at 200 pg/mL, GM-AgNPs showed no hemolysis in comparison to the extract which showed 40% hemolysis. On analysis of GM-AgNPs against the breast cancer cell line, the nanoparticles displayed the IC50 value of 74.04 pg/mL. Furthermore, at the IC50 concentration, cancer cell migration was reduced. The mechanism of action of GM-AgNPs confirmed the initiation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the sub-G0/G1 (growth phase) phase by 48.19%. In gene expression and protein expression analyses, Bax and Bcl-2 were altered to those of normal physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to study the possibilities of developing silver nanoparticles using natural extracts of grape pomace wastes originating from the native variety of Fetească Neagră 6 Șt. This study focused on investigating the influence of grape pomace extract obtained by two different extraction methods (classical temperature extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) in the phytosynthesis process of metal nanoparticles. The total phenolic content of the extracts was assessed using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent, while the identification and quantification of specific components were conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with assessing their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria. The data collected from the experiments indicated that the nanoparticles were formed in a relatively short period of time (96 h) and, for the experimental variant involving the use of a 1:1 ratio (v/v, grape pomace extract: silver nitrate) for the nanoparticle phytosynthesis, the smallest crystallite sizes (from X-ray diffraction—4.58 nm and 5.14 nm) as well as spherical or semispherical nanoparticles with the lowest average diameters were obtained (19.99–23 nm, from TEM analysis). The phytosynthesis process was shown to enhance the antioxidant properties (determined using the DPPH assay) and the antimicrobial potential (tested against Gram-positive strains) of the nanoparticles, as evidenced by comparing their properties with those of the parent extracts; at the same time, the nanoparticles exhibited a selectivity in action, being active against the Staphylococcus aureus strain while presenting no antimicrobial potential against the Enterococcus faecalis strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the prospective applications of green fabricated silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) within the biomedical field were investigated. The leaf aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea L., a safe, cheap, and green method, was used to fabricate Ag-NPs. The maximum plasmon resonance of synthesized NPs has appeared at 420 nm. The various biomolecules present in the plant extract to assemble spherical Ag-NPs with sizes of 5–40 nm were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared and transmission electron microscopy. The Ag was the major content of the formed Ag-NPs with an atomic percent of 54.95% and weight percent of 65.86%, as indicated by EDX. The crystallographic structure of synthesized NPs was confirmed by the diffraction of the X-ray. The dynamic light scattering exhibits the homogeneity and mono-dispersity nature with a polydispersity index of 0.37 in the colloidal fluid and a zeta potential value of –36 mV. The synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited promising antimicrobial efficacy toward various prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms with low MIC values of 12.5 µg mL−1 and 6.25 µg mL−1, respectively. Additionally, the P. oleracea-formed Ag-NPs showed optimistic antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and H2O2 assay methods with the highest scavenging percentages of 88.5 ± 2.3% and 76.5 ± 1.7%, respectively, at a concentration of 200 µg mL−1. Finally, the biosynthesized Ag-NPs showed high antiviral properties toward the hepatitis A virus and Cox-B4 with inhibition percentages of 79.16 ± 0.5% and 73.59 ± 0.8%, respectively. Overall, additional research is essential to explore the Ag-NP-based aqueous extract of P. oleracea for human health. In the current investigation the use of synthesized Ag-NPs as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral agents to protect against pathogenic microbes, degenerative diseases caused by various oxidative stresses, and deadly viruses is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products derived from medicinal plants offer convenience and therapeutic potential and have inspired the development of antimicrobial agents. Thus, it is worth exploring the combination of nanotechnology and natural products. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (Gb), having abundant flavonoid compounds. The reaction conditions and the colloidal stability were assessed using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the AgNPs. AgNPs exhibited a spherical morphology, uniform dispersion, and diameter ranging from ~8 to 9 nm. The FTIR data indicated that phytoconstituents, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, could potentially serve as reducing and capping agents. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs was assessed using broth dilution and agar well diffusion assays. The results demonstrate antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains at low AgNP concentrations. The cytotoxicity of AgNPs was examined in vitro using the CCK-8 method, which showed that low concentrations of AgNPs are noncytotoxic to normal cells and promote cell growth. In conclusion, an environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing AgNPs from Gb leaves yielded antibacterial AgNPs with minimal toxicity, holding promise for future applications in the field of biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, designed as a dye-sensitive solar cell material which, bis-(2-(4-methylthiazol-5-yl) ethoxy) phthalocyaninato silicon (IV) compound (3) was obtained from the chemical reaction of SiPcCl2 and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using environmentally friendly and cost-effective green methods using leaf and flower extracts of Corydalis cava(CoV) and Nonea pulla(NP) plants. For the characterization of phthalocyanine compound and silver nanoparticles, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-visible, FT-IR and Mass spectrum devices were used. The power conversion efficiency of without doping compound 3 is 1.20. After doping this compound with CoVAgNPs and NPAgNPs, the power conversion efficiencies increased to 1.74 and 2.10. From this it is clearly seen that silver nanoparticles are effective. It is concluded that better photovoltaic materials can be created by using phthalocyanine and silver nanoparticles together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we present the results of optimization of silver nanoparticles biosynthesis using a nonpathogenic soil bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. The conditions and parameters for synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles using A. brasilense vegetative cells, culture liquid, and homogeneous polyphenol oxidase preparations were analyzed. We have revealed the ranging effect of the incubation time, the concentration of silver ions, pH of the reaction mixture, and the concentration of metabolites, towards the production of colloidal silver nanoparticles with specified geometric parameters, high colloidal stability and relatively good monodispersity. The size, shape, and relative yield of electron-dense nanostructures were determined by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering; extinction spectra were recorded by UV-vis spectrophotometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produces AgNPs with minimum influence on the environment by using plant components such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols as reducing agents. In the present investigation, Azadirachta indica leaf extract was used to form AgNPs from a 1 mM silver nitrate solution. The plan proved to be incredibly straightforward, cost‐effective, and effective. The production of the nanoparticles was observed visually, where the colorless fluid turns into a brown‐colored solution. Further research was carried out using x‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in addition to UV–visible spectroscopy. The size range of AgNPs determined by TEM was 10–30 nm. When the diffusion technique was employed to demonstrate the antibacterial effect of AgNPs on various pathogens, the zones of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli, when 50 g of AgNPs were used were 16, 12, and 17 mm, respectively. By examining the leakage of reducing sugars and proteins, the mechanism by which nanoparticle antibacterial properties were explored, showed that AgNPs were capable of lowering membrane permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological evaluation were carried out. A green synthetic approach synthesized silver nanoparticles (AHAgNPs) using an Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf extract. Parameter optimization was performed using Design Expert Ver. 13. The effects of variables like the concentration on the response, particle size, and entrapment efficiency of synthesized AHAgNPs were monitored via analysis of variance. The optimized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the size and shape of nanoparticles. In vitro, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential were determined using standard protocols. The optimized nanoparticles were spherical, with an average 100-110 nm particle diameter. The synthesized nanoparticles showed effective antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. In addition, AHAgNPs showed increased biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the potential synergism within chlorhexidine–silver nanoparticle conjugates against Influenza type A, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Silver nanoparticles (SN) were obtained by the reduction of silver ions with green tea total phenolic extract and conjugated with chlorhexidine (Cx). The particles were characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopies, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. A stable negatively charged nano-silver colloid (ζ = −50.01) was obtained with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 92.34 nm. In the presence of chlorhexidine, the spectral data and the shift of the zeta potential to positive values (ζ = +44.59) revealed the successful sorption of the drug onto the silver surface. The conjugates (SN-Cx) demonstrated potentiation in their effects against S. aureus and C. albicans and synergism against E. coli with minimal inhibitory concentrations of SN at 5.5 µg/mL + Cx 8.8 µg/mL. The SN showed excellent virucidal properties, increasing with time, and demonstrated low toxicity. However, the coupling of the cationic chlorhexidine with nano-silver did not reduce its intrinsic cytotoxicity on various cell lines (MDCK, BJ, and A549). The newly synthesized antimicrobial agent exhibited an extended and promising therapeutic spectrum and needs to be further evaluated regarding the designated route of administration in three-dimensional cell models (e.g., nasal, bronchial, dermal, ocular, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of organic contaminants in water resulting from industrial, agricultural, and home activities makes it necessary to effectively address the problems of water scarcity. Using modern technologies that can effectively remove pollutants from wastewater is the way to address this key problem. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has been advocated due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics and advantageous applications. NPs' surface stability and synthesis routes are core concerns for environmental remediation and biological applications. In this work, we demonstrated the biogenic synthesis of silver NPs (Ag-CS NPs) by using Caralluma subulata (CS) aqueous extract as a reducing and capping/template agent. The synthesized Ag-CS NPs were characterized by UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powdered X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Zeta potential. The performance of Ag-CS NPs was evaluated on methylene blue (MB) dye degradation and antibacterial activity tests against bacterial and fungal isolates. The results showed that Ag-CS NPs (0.05%, 20.0 μL) reduced MB by 95.52% within 28 min in the presence of NaBH4 (10.0 mM, 0.980 μL). The degradation of MB followed pseudo zero-order chemical kinetics (R2 = 0.9380), with the reaction rate constant 0.0508 mol L−1 min−1. In addition, Ag-CS NPs were applied as antibacterial agents against 19 bacterial isolates. Ag-CS NPs showed inhibition in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial, as well as fungal isolates. As a greener ecofriendly approach, multifunctional Ag-CS NPs make a promising candidate for the remediation of contaminated water, as well as for important bioapplications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity and in vitro toxicity of caffeine/AgNPs–triton X-100 and characterize the produced nanoparticle. In the present investigation, the green biosynthesis of caffeine/AgNPs with triton X-100 has been carried out, and Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis) analysis was done which revealed an intense surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 420 nm, thus confirming the formation of triton X-100. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study showed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average size of 16–24 nm diameter. Using the MTT assay, biosynthesized AgNPs effectively inhibited Hep-G2 cancer cells with a 60.53% reduction.. The antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs against a diverse range of Gram-positive pathogens was determined using disk diffusion method and the results showed that caffeine–AgNP–Triton X-100 effectively inhibited E. coli and S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from green synthesis using medicinal plants are presented as an option for the development of new antimicrobial agents. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from the aqueous extract of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves, popularly known as "aroeira." A 23 factorial design was used to assess the statistical significance of the studied factors, and Box–Behnken design was used to define the optimal conditions for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The studied factors were significant for the synthesis of nanoparticles, and the optimal conditions were pH 9.5, reaction time of 180 min, and 10 g of S. terebinthifolius Raddi leaves. The samples were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution method and through the minimum microbicidal concentration. AgNPs showed greater antimicrobial efficacy compared to the extract, both for bacteria and fungi: bacteriostatic activity against all tested bacteria and bactericidal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, besides fungistatic action against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Finally, the aqueous extract of "aroeira" leaves was effective in the synthesis of AgNPs, with greater antimicrobial potential than the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave-assisted single-step phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles were synthesized with Cistus creticus leaf extract for the first time in the present study. The synthesized nanoparticles analyzed by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). The results reveal that the UV-visible spectrum indicates peaks at 385.5 nm confirming the biosynthesis of CcAgNPs. SEM –EDX analysis showed the formation of spherical morphology and the element composition mostly belongs to silver. The particles size were between 10 and 20 nm by TEM analysis. Antioxidant activity of extract and CcAgNPs were determined using the DPPH• scavenging, CUPRAC assay, and metal chelating activities. Silver nanoparticles synthesized from C. creticus (65.84%) showed lower activity than standard and C. creticus extracts (80.44%). Cistus creticus leaf extract showed a metal chelating effect of 27.07%, CcAgNPs % 21.21 and EDTA (1 mg/mL) used as a standard, 88.05%. According to CUPRAC antioxidant test results, CcAgNPs were found to be equivalent to 3.171 ± 0.021 Eq µg/mL Trolox and 22.789 ± 0.116 Eq µg Ascorbic acid/mL at 1 mg/ml concentration. Silver nanoparticles synthesized from the C. creticus plant will shed light on useful studies to be done in the future to reveal the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blending approach (also known as the ex-situ approach) was used for the deposition of thin composite films comprising poly(vinyl alcohol-graft-methyl acrylate) (PVA-g-PMA) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Firstly, the copolymer aqueous dispersion was synthesized through the redox polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) using ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate as the initiator. Then, AgNPs were synthesized through a "green" method using the water extract of lavender based on by-products of the essential oil industry, and then they were blended with the polymer. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine nanoparticle size, along with their stability over time in suspension, during the 30-day period. Thin films of the PVA-g-PMA copolymer, with different AgNP volume fractions varying between 0.008 and 0.260%, were deposited via the spin-coating method on Si substrates, and their optical properties were explored. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy and non-linear curve fitting were used for the determination of the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and thickness of the films, while photoluminescence measurements at room temperature were conducted for studying the emission of the films. The concentration dependence of film thickness was observed and showed that thickness increased linearly from 31 nm to 75 nm when the nanoparticles' weight content increased from 0.3 wt% to 2.3 wt%. The sensing properties toward acetone vapors were tested in a controlled atmosphere by measuring reflectance spectra before and during exposure to the analyte molecules in the same film spot; the swelling degree of films was calculated and compared to the corresponding undoped samples. It was shown that the concentration of AgNPs of 1.2 wt% in the films is optimal for the enhancement of the sensing response toward acetone. The influence of AgNPs on the films' properties was revealed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biological method was successfully applied to synthesize spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) while using the extract of lavender (Ex-L) (lat. Lavandula angustifolia) as the reducing and stabilizing agent. The produced nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of 20 nm. The AgNPs' synthesis rate confirmed the extract's excellent ability to reduce silver nanoparticles from the AgNO3 solution. The presence of good stabilizing agents was confirmed by the excellent stability of the extract. Nanoparticles' shapes and sizes did not change. UV-Vis absorption spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were incorporated into the PVA polymer matrix by the "ex situ" method. The polymer matrix composite with AgNPs was prepared in two ways: as a composite film and nanofibers (nonwoven textile). The anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs and the ability of AgNPs to transfer toxic properties into the polymer matrix were proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silver nanoparticle is a good antibacterial material being used as a broad-spectrum fungicide, including against some multidrug-resistant strains. Compared with the normal chemical and physical preparation methods, green synthesis has attracted wide attention, because of the pharmaceutical activities of the natural product, mild reaction conditions, and environmentally friendly, etc. In this study, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was prepared from Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the morphology of Ag NPs was subspherical with an average size of 20–35 nm. Bletilla striata polysaccharide not only can be used as a natural reducing agent, but also has good repairing ability. Moreover, the antibacterial experimental results showed its great antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on green, efficient and simple synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Ziziphus mauritiana (Zm) leaves extract as capping and reducing agent. Initially synthesised silver nanoparticles were characterised by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and FT-IR to examine the functional change that occurs before and after synthesis. Furthermore atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the average size of Zm-AgNPs 7–22 nm, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the shape of synthesised Zm-AgNPs. Shape and size of nanoparticles were also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Zm-AgNPs has been successfully applied for colorimetric detection of mercury from aqueous media with concentration range of 3–23 nM based on decrease and shift in LSPR band intensity and method shows good regression co-efficient R2 = 0.987 with low limit of detection (LOD) 0.04 nM and limit of quantification, 1.5 nM. The developed colorimetric sensor exhibits outstanding properties for Hg2+ detection and worked as highly stable and selective, greener with cheaper and easy way of detection. On the other hand, the method was successfully applied in various type of real water sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the anti-proliferative and apoptotic potential of Tabebuia roseo-alba in lung cancer was assessed. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of T. roseo-alba were synthesized using an ethanolic extract and characterized by adopting various parameters. Herein, the eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green synthesis of AgNPs was evaluated using an ethanolic extract of T. roseo-alba. The as-synthesized AgNPs were then characterized using various characterization techniques, such as UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AgNPs are crystalline, spherical, and highly stable AgNPs of varying sizes in the range of 5–20 nm. The anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of T. roseo-alba and its AgNPs was determined using an MTT assay. The results indicated that, although both samples showed prominent anti-proliferative activity on lung cancer cell lines, the AgNPs of T. roseo-alba were found to be more potent than the ethanolic extract. Further, apoptosis induction ability was evaluated by FITC Annexin V and PI staining, the results of which demonstrated the efficiency of the ethanolic extract of T. roseo-alba and its AgNPs in causing oxidative stress and subsequent cellular death. This was subsequently further confirmed by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential after staining the cells with JC1. The apoptotic mode of cell death was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation and caspase assays using Western blot analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leucus aspera is a perennial plant traditionally used as an herbal medicine in many countries. The biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using medicinal plants is not only economical but also environmentally friendly as well as having miscellaneous biomedical applications. In this study, Leucus aspera extract as a stabilising and reducing agent was utilised to synthesise Ag nanoparticles in the aqueous medium. In addition, the anti-alveolar cancer property of AgNPs was investigated in the in vitro condition. Various techniques containing UV–Vis. spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used to characterise the synthesised nanoparticles. On the other hand, the MTT assay was run to evaluate the cytotoxicity activity of AgNPs. The crystal size of AgNPs, according to the XRD analysis, was 34.22 nm. Moreover, the uniform spherical morphology ranging from 40.67 to 58.17 nm was detected in the SEM images for the biosynthesised nanoparticles. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of AgNPs and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 87 and 41 µg/mL, respectively. The synthesised nanocomposite had very low cell viability and high anti-alveolar cancer activities against A549 cell line without any cytotoxicity on the normal cell line (HUVEC). The viability of malignant alveolar cell line reduced dose-dependently in the presence of Ag NPs. Perhaps notable anti-alveolar cancer activities of the synthesised nanocomposite against common alveolar cancer cell line are linked to their antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Successful synthesis of PG-AgNPs confirmed by UV–Vis and TEM analysis, showing uniform size distribution and stability. • PG-AgNPs demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, scavenging O2, NO, and lipid peroxidation effectively. • Broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy against gram-negative bacteria, with PG-AgNPs outperforming PG extract. • PG-AgNPs exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cell growth without cytotoxicity on normal cells, suggesting potential as anticancer agents. Biogenic synthesis for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) leverages natural extracts, offering an eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative to traditional chemical methods. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. (PG)) extract, rich in phytochemicals, presents a valuable resource for this green synthesis approach. The primary objective is to harness the natural phytochemicals in PG extract to create stable, biocompatible AgNPs through a green synthesis method. Our study aims to explore the synthesis and characterization of AgNPs derived from PG using eco-friendly methods. In addition, this study investigates the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of PG-AgNPs. The preparation of PG followed by the reduction of AgNO3 to PG-AgNPs, with subsequent characterization using UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of AgNPs with desirable size, shape, and stability. Further, antimicrobial properties, antioxidants, cytotoxicity assay, and ADME prediction were also assessed. The PG-AgNPs revealed no signs of aggregates, suggesting they could maintain their original shape. In addition, XRD analysis indicates that PG-AgNPs are highly pure. The zeta potentials of the biosynthesized PG-AgNPs were −17.8 ± 6.57 mV. AgNPs exhibited FTIR peaks associated with silanols, carboxylates, phosphonates, and siloxanes. The PG-AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae , with higher efficacy than PG extract alone. Additionally, PG-AgNPs demonstrated significant antioxidant activity comparable to or exceeding that of ascorbic acid. The AgNPs effectively inhibited the growth of liver (HepG2), breast (MDA-MB-231), and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner while showing no toxicity to normal human cells (WI-38). The study concludes that biogenically synthesized PG-AgNPs possess potent anticancer and antimicrobial properties, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents. The green synthesis method underscores the advantages of eco-friendly approaches in developing effective nanomaterials, paving the way for novel treatments in cancer therapy and combating antibiotic-resistant infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carboxylate ions from banana peel extract are crucial for AgNPs formation. • Banana peel extract acts as capping and stabilizing agent for silver nanoparticles. • AgNPs solutions produced from BPE can detect L-cysteine by colorimetric method. • Detailed FTIR analysis clarifies L-cysteine interactions with AgNPs/BPE. • Thiol group of L-cysteine may replace carboxylate ions on the surface of AgNPs. In this study, we report an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using banana peel extract (BPE), along with their use for colorimetric detection of L-cysteine and investigation of the mechanisms involved in these processes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to confirm the formation of silver particles at the nanoscale (∼20 nm). TEM images also showed the presence of BPE-derived organic material enveloping the nanoparticles. The nature and role of this capping material were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). Visual inspection and UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the insertion of L-cysteine into the AgNPs solutions induced discernible color changes. pH variations in the solutions and FTIR spectroscopy were also employed to study the molecular dynamics underlying the formation of AgNPs, the capping material and the detection of L-cysteine. Studies concerning different amino acids in AgNPs solutions confirmed the selectivity for L-cysteine. The overall spectroscopic results, particularly those from FTIR spectroscopy, shed light on the crucial role of carboxylate ions (COO–) of BPE in the formation of AgNPs and their interaction with L-cysteine. Finally, the importance of the thiol group of L-cysteine in the colorimetric detection process was also reinforced by this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been suggested as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional physical/chemical methods. In this study, we report the green synthesis of AgNPs using a hot-melt extrusion-processed Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) (HME-AGN) extract as a reducing agent to increase the water solubility of the active ingredient compared to the existing AGN. The mixture of the AGN extract and AgNO3 at about 420 nm could not confirm the formation of AgNPs. The synthesis of AgNPs was found to be most advantageous at 60 °C when the mixing ratio of the HME-AGN extract was 9:1 (AgNO3–extract, v/v) using 3 mM AgNO3. The physicochemical properties of the optimized AgNPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). DLS showed the particle size average of 102.3 ± 1.35 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) value of 0.314 ± 0.01. The particle surface charge was −35 ± 0.79 mV, confirming the stability of the particles. The particle shape was spherical, as shown through TEM analysis, and the presence of silver ions was confirmed through the EDS results. FT-IR data showed functional groups of biomolecules of the extract involved in the synthesis of AgNPs. The face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice of AgNPs was confirmed in the XRD pattern. The AgNPs had an effective antifungal activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans) that was better than that of the HME-AGN extract. In conclusion, this study suggests that the synthesis of AgNPs was improved by using the HME-AGN extract with increased water solubility through HME. In addition, it was suggested that the synthesized AgNPs can be used as an improved antifungal agent compared with the HME-AGN extract with antifungal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound care is a clinical challenge due to the susceptibility of the wound to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. We report a multifunctional biocomposite of chitosan and gelatin (ratio = 1:1) based on silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The Ag NPs were selected due to their antimicrobial nature and were synthesised from an eco-friendly route using Ocimum sanctum (tulsi). The size of particles was 28.95 ± 7.74 nm in Transmission electron microscopy micrographs. Different concentrations of Ag NPs (0, 1, 2%, w/v) were used to prepare nano-biocomposite films (CG, CG1 and CG2) through the physical blending process followed by the solvent evaporation method. The physical properties of films, such as thickness and weight, were 0.10–0.12 mm and 0.93–1.55 g, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis studied the films' morphology and thermal stability. The Fourier transform infrared spectra affirmed the bond between silver and chitosan–gelatin. Nano-biocomposites showed high water uptake (300%) due to Ag NPs. Further, in vitro studies revealed antibacterial activity (Escherichia coli) with good in vitro biocompatibility and wound healing potential in the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. Thus, the silver nanoparticle-biocomposite could be an effective topical dressing for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are produced annually worldwide. SCGs contain high levels of phenolics and other bioactive compounds that make them a potential source of reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. This study investigates the use of SCG extracts as a green strategy to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). SCG extracts were obtained using aqueous ethanol as the solvent and then contacted with a silver nitrate solution under the selected conditions. A central composite design coupled with response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of solvent composition (C = 30–70% v/v), silver-to-phenolic ratio (R = 3–7 mol/mol), temperature (T = 25–55 °C) and pH (10–12) on the production of AgNPs. Characterization of AgNPs by DLS, TEM and XRD techniques showed that they were highly crystalline with a narrow size distribution. Under optimal reaction conditions, AgNPs with an average size of about 10 nm and a zeta potential of −30.5 to −20.7 mV were obtained. Overall, the results of this study indicate that SCGs are a promising material for the green synthesis of small-sized and stable AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a novel nanocomposite by synthesizing zinc (ZnNPs), copper (CuNPs), and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and incorporating them into a chitosan polymer. This approach combines the biocompatibility of chitosan with the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of metal nanoparticles, enhanced by the phytochemical richness of olive leaf extract. The significance of our research lies in its potential to offer a biodegradable and stable alternative to conventional antibiotics and cancer treatments, particularly in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and various cancer types. Comprehensive characterization through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed the successful synthesis of the nanocomposites, with an average size of ~22.6 nm. Phytochemical analysis highlighted the antioxidant-rich composition of both the olive leaf extract and the nanoparticles themselves. Functionally, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, outperforming traditional antibiotics by inhibiting key resistance genes (ermC, tetX3-q, blaZ, and Ery-msrA). In anticancer assessments, the nanoparticles showed selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with CuNPs and AgNPs showing particularly strong anticancer effects, while demonstrating minimal toxicity towards normal cells. ZnNPs were noted for their low cytotoxicity, highlighting the safety profile of these nanoparticles. Further, the nanoparticles induced apoptosis in cancer cells, as evidenced by the modulation of oncogenes (P21, P53, and BCL2), suggesting their therapeutic potential. The findings of our study underscore the versatile applications of these biogenic nanoparticles in developing safer and more effective antimicrobial and anticancer therapies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) green synthesis has been investigated by selecting naturally occurred reduction and stabilizing/capping agents. In this work, Ilex paraguariensis aqueous extract in the one-step biosynthesis of AgNPs is reported. The synthesis was carried out at room temperature under different pH (5.0, 6.8 and 8.5) and extract concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% v v−1) resulting in average diameters ranging from 34 to 144 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) up to 0.51. The morphological characterization was performed by Transmission Electron Microscopy, associated with the UV–Vis Spectroscopy, showing that at higher pH the shape of AgNPs was more spherical rather than ellipsoidal. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of AgNPs exhibited 2θ values corresponding to silver nanocrystals. Colloidal AgNPs solution synthesized with pH 8.5 and extract concentration of 2.5% v v−1 remained stable for 10 months of storage at ambient temperature. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy suggested that the polyphenols were responsible for the AgNPs formation. AgNPs presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity. AgNPs presented in vitro rat brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, with higher inhibition potential at 200 µL. So, it is concluded that AgNPs were synthesized with success, the pH and extract concentration influences in AgNPs size and morphology, consequently in its antimicrobial and AChE activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of nanoparticles provides an advancement over chemical and physical methods given its cost-effectively, environment-friendly, facile, and suitability for large-scale industrial production. Due to their characteristics, silver nanoparticles are exploited in various fields such as developing electronic devices, biosensing platforms, catalysts, wastewater purification, biomedicine, antifungal, and antibacterial agent. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized using leaves extract of Biarum chaduchrum at ambient temperature, and characterized through transmission electron microscopy, particle size analyzer, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The average size of synthesized Ag-NPs was estimated at 100 nm with a spherical shape. In addition, the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against Staphylococcusaureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration analysis. According to the results and observations, this procedure can be applied for large-scale synthesis of Ag-NPs and other notable metal nanoparticles with medicinal and industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported a green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Gallic acid (GA) as both reducing and capping agent. The effect of pH and GA concentration was investigated on the average size and stability. The synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS and zeta potential. The pH of 9 for AgNPs synthesis was optimum in order to formation of more NPs with the smaller average size. Then, the effect of GA concentration on average size and stability of AgNPs at optimum pH were investigated. A large number of NPs with smaller average size were obtained at the GA concentration of 7 mM. Zeta potential values indicated that AgNPs had good stability at all of conditions. The characterization through XRD and TEM techniques inferred that the NPs synthesized under optimum conditions were metallic silver with a FCC crystalline structure and the average size of 5.77 nm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pomegranate peel extract (PPE) was used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM micrograph showed the spherical shape of AgNPs sized between 30 and 50 nm. XRD confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of AgNPs. The antibacterial activity and cellular toxicity of the modified porcelain with AgNPs were also studied. The results of biocompatibility of modified porcelain with AgNPs revealed that samples decreased the viability of L929 cells and after treatment with AgNPs samples antibacterial activity was significantly increased. The effect of AgNPs on the optical behavior (color change (ΔE), contrast ratio (CR), and translucency parameter (TP)) of feldspathic porcelain was investigated by clinical spectrophotometer. It was shown that addition of AgNPs to feldspathic porcelain significantly increased the TP and decreased the CR compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that addition of AgNPs up to 500 µg/mL AgNPs to VitaVM9 feldspathic porcelain did not cause the clinically recognizable threshold color change (ΔE = 2.69) and increases the ceramic translucency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver nitrate by leaf extract of a medicinal plant Ziziphus nummularia. The leaf extract acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation of nanoparticles. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FITR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and evaluated their antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential. The UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption peak at 430 nm due to surface plasma resonance. TEM analysis showed that synthesized AgNPs were spherical and oval with an average size of 25.96 nm. AgNPs showed effective antimicrobial activity (lowest MIC-0.625 µg/mL against Escherichia coli), synergistic antimicrobial activity (lowest ΣFIC 0.09 with chlormaphenicol against Corynebacterium rubrum) and antibiofilm activity. AgNPs showed strong DPPH activity with IC50 − 520 µg/mL and ABTS activity IC50 − 55 µg/mL and reducing capacity assessment. In vitro cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT assay against HeLa cells, breast cells and fibroblast cells. Genotoxic effect was evaluated by comet assay. AgNPs displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic effect. Our findings indicated that synthesized AgNPs could be considered as multifunctional and have great potential for use in biomedical applications. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using leaf extract of Ziziphus nummularia Characterization was done by various spectral techniques Antimicrobial efficacy was demonstrated against an array of bacteria AgNPs exhibited significant cytotoxic effect against HeLa cell line AgNPs showed cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with facile and rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Mentha longifolia leaves extracts (MLE). The synthesized AgNPs and AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) observed at 435 and 550 nm, confirmed the green synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. The TEM images showed poly dispersed and round oval shapes of Ag and Au NPs with an average particles size of 10.23 ± 2 nm and 13.45 ± 2 nm, respectively. TEM results are in close agreements with that of AFM analysis. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the presence of OH, –NH2 and C = O groups, which involved in the synthesis of NPs. The MLE and their AgNPs and AuNP exhibited good in vitro antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities. Moreover, MLE and NPs also showed in vivo analgesic activities in mice, and excellent sedative properties in open field test paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthetic method has remarkably been used to synthesize many types of nanostructures, such as nanoparticles and nanocomposites, due to simple, inexpensive, and eco-friendly ways. In the present study, silver nanoparticles and Ag/AgFeO2 core–shell nanocomposites were synthesized, using Teucrium polium extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Synthesized nanoparticles and nanocomposites were characterized using several physical techniques, including dynamic light scattering method, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy. The mean size of the synthesized nanocomposites was 90.80 nm with a nearly spherical shape, successfully silver coating by AgFeO2 shell. Density functional theory simulations were used to evaluate nanoparticles' and nanocomposites' absorption band mechanisms. The antimicrobial properties of both Ag NPs and Ag/AgFeO2 against different types of fungi and bacteria were studied. The Ag/AgFeO2 NCs revealed superior antifungal and antibacterial efficacy even in lower concentrations compared to Ag NPs that could be applied for biomedical applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) had produced by biological methods such as plant extract due to their efficiency, low cost, being non-toxic, and ecofriendly nature. Ag NPs have antibacterial, anti-mold, and anti-fungi because of their high surface area to volume ratio. In this study, Opuntia ficus-indica (Prickly pear) extract was used to produce green synthesized Ag NPs. Different techniques had adopted to describe the generated nanoparticles, such as an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Zeta Potential Analysis. Escherichia coli (E. coli), separated from sediment and water of the Hillah River in Babylon city in Iraq, was utilizedto estimate the antibacterial activities of Ag NPs at different concentrations. Both broth microdilution assay and well diffusion assay were applied. The Congo Red Agar implied to investigate the ability of E. coli isolates to form a biofilm. The TEM images of Ag NPs illustrated spherical morphology with a diameter of approximately 22±4 nm. The antibacterial activity tests showed that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranged from 0.0125 mg·L-1 to 0.05 mg·L-1, whereas Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was from 0.025 mg·L-1 to 0.05 mg·L-1. 5 h of exposure to the 0.025 mg·L-1 concentrations of the Ag NPs had a bactericidal impact on 92% of the E. coli isolates. In our study, we found silver nanoparticles synthesized by Opuntia ficus-Indica have antibacterial activity against waterborne Escherichia coli isolates and it could be utilizedtoreduce microbial growth in contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Psidium guajava L. and Lawsonia inermis L. leaf extracts, and investigate their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Methods: The aqueous extracts were prepared by maceration in distilled H2O followed by partitioning with EtOAc. AgNPs were prepared by treating the extracts with 1 mM AgNO3 and then were characterized by UV-vis and FTIR analyses, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MTT cytotoxicity and 2,2`-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) antioxidant assays were used to assess their cytotoxic and antioxidant properties, respectively. Results: AgNPs from P. guajava and L. inermis extracts exhibited good morphological stability and showed moderate antioxidant activity (68.1 and 71.9%, respectively) compared to their extracts. Equipotent cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells was observed for AgNPs derived from P. guajava, while AgNPs derived from L. inermis possessed two-fold cytotoxicity compared to their corresponding extracts. Phytochemical analysis of P. guajava afforded pyrogallol, quercetin, quercetin- 3-O-β-xylopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-arabinopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranoside, while L. inermis afforded lawsone and luteolin. Conclusion: Flavonoids and phenolics play a major role in reducing Ag+ ions, surface coating, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of AgNPs. The biocompatible AgNPs produced by L. inermis demonstrate promising cytotoxic activity that could contribute to new cancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles via cost‐effective, non‐hazardous, and eco‐friendly methods using naturally available gums are of greater significance as their chemical synthesis is associated with high toxicity. This study aims to synthesize highly surface‐active anisotropic silver nanoparticles and evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy against human pathogens, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Candida albicans. Anisotropic silver nanoparticles were synthesized using silver nitrate as the metal precursor and gum arabic as the template. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV‐visible spectroscopy, fourier transformation infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction (HRTEM‐SAED) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TEM analysis showed the anisotropy and monodispersed nature of silver nanoparticles with an average size of less than 20 nm. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the anisotropic silver nanoparticles were also studied keeping rifampicin and fluconazole as the reference. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be 1 mM silver nanoparticles for both M. smegmatis and C. albicans. Synthesized anisotropic silver nanoparticles can be used as an alternative to antibiotics to treat the infections caused by M. smegmatis and C. albicans. Further, the effect of silver nanoparticles on haemolytic activity was also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were decorated onto functionalized carbon nanotubes (Ag/f-MWCNTs) using a green method under sunlight conditions. The as-synthesized composite was characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM microscopy. In Ag/f-MWCNTs composite, synthesized NPs were spherically shaped, with particle size ranging from 17.1 to 30.5 nm. The photocatalytic degradation activity of Ag/f-MWCNTs composite was evaluated for the degradation of the cationic methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The rate constants for photocatalytic dye degradation were 0.012 and 0.051 min−1 for f-MWCNT and Ag/f-MWCNTs respectively. Compared with that of f-MWCNTs, Ag/f-MWCNTs composite showed high dye degradation activity after irradiation for 60 min. In addition, photocatalytic bacterial inhibition was studied for the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli at different time intervals under visible light irradiation. Ag/f-MWCNTs exhibited maximum photocatalytic bacteria inactivation after 120 min. Based on the obtained results, Ag/f-MWCNTs are a tremendously efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic dyes and bacteria inactivation, and the synthesized material serves as an efficient component for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described a "green chemistry" synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticle (TiO2-NP) using environment-friendly reducing agents that were from Elodea canadensis. The obtained TiO2-NP has an intense surface plasmon reverberation band at ~ 250 nm with UV–visible spectroscopic investigation which showed the intactness of TiO2-NPs. The morphological behaviour of TiO2-NPs was watched beneath field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, shown that TiO2-NPs have a spherical pattern with a normal estimate of ~ 25 nm in breadth. The occurrence of the critical elements was pinpointed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy study, which displays the predominant titanium and oxide elements. Further support with a defined morphology and size distribution was rendered by atomic force microscopy and 3D high-power microscopy analyses. X-ray powder diffraction and chosen area electron diffraction examinations affirmed that TiO2-NPs are crystal clear in macrocosm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study was uncovered natural composition of the TiO2-NPs, displaying Ti 2p crested at 458.48 eV with C1s crest for the catalyst that was shaped into a C–H constitute at 284.88 eV. The O 1s spectra moreover were displayed with authoritative vitality at 532.28 eV. XRD analysis gave proportion phase as 75%:25% for anatase and rutile. DLS showed polydispersity index esteem of − 1.23, and zeta potential for green synthesized Ti2O-NPs was − 3.87 mV. A broad hydroxyl peak was identified, and prominent peaks were notified at 1631.78 cm−1 and 3454.51 cm−1 by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using the aqueous leaf extract of rare medicinal plant Decaschistia crotonifolia (Dc). The spectral characterization of the biosynthesized Dc-AgNPs was carried out by using different spectral methods viz., ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) showed that Dc-AgNPs have surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 437 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the role of various functional groups responsible for the synthesis and the stabilization of Dc-AgNPs. In Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies, the Dc-AgNP average size is detected as 13.6 nm and all the nanoparticles are in the range of 12–18 nm with spherical shape and poly-dispersed nature. The stability of Dc-AgNPs was due to its high negative zeta potential value −26.0 mV. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the crystalline nature of Dc-AgNPs. The Dc-AgNPs proved to have effective antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial stains, also revealed excellent antioxidant and catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide use of metal nanoparticles has raised the concern of their release in the environment and their biological safety. The use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as effective antimicrobial agent is also questioned due to the resistance developed by pathogens and the biosafety for the host. The genotoxicity caused by such particles need to be assessed to ensure that they are safe to use. In this study, green synthesized Ag NPs were used and the biosafety in terms of genotoxicity was evaluated by in vitro Chromosome aberration (CA) assay using short-term cultures of human peripheral blood. The physicochemical parameters of these Ag NPs were studied for stability in nano form. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements revealed stable nano particles. The UV visible & fluorescence spectroscopy for binding affinity of Ag NPs did not suggest significant DNA interaction. The exposure of whole blood cultures to Ag NPs for 24 h showed dose dependent increase in frequency of CA per cell at 350, 650 and 1000 µL (P = NS, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 respectively). Our study demonstrates that genotoxicity of Ag NPs can be reduced by the use of green synthesized Ag NPs at low dose exposure, which will guide selecting right concentrations of NP for further in vivo studies, and future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ipomoea aquatica (Water Spinach) leaf extract, and investigate the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. The Ipomoea aquatica (IA) mediated green synthesized AgNPs (IA-AgNPs) was characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS.) spectrophotometry, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), X-ray deffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The results showed that the material was formed in nano-dimension with particle size in the range between 15–30 nm. The nanoparticles (NPs) were almost spherical in shape and demonstrated excellent material stability. The PC12 cell model in-vitro was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the IA-AgNPs, and for antimicrobial study, E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus sp. were employed. The cell viability results showed that the NPs did not induce any cytotoxicity until 10 ppm for 48 h of incubation, and it was further confirmed by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Moreover, IA-AgNPs demonstrated good antibacterial activity against three bacteria: E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus sp. Thus, this study may create an important synthetic route for the production of green-AgNPs and their safe usages, and may also be used to augment the bioactivities of the material with minimum toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was the development of a non-toxic, biosynthetic antimicrobial agent which selectively acts on only one type of microorganism, and preserves the microbiota. Antimicrobial performance of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extract was examined against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, as well as yeasts Candida albicans and Saccharomyces boulardii. Also, the cytotoxicity of Ag NPs was examined toward pre-osteoblast cells. The synthetic conditions—concentration of extract, temperature, and pH—were optimized to prepare silver colloids with different particle size distributions and long-term stability. The obtained samples were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and absorption spectroscopy. The smaller-sized Ag NPs (~ 10–20 nm), prepared at a lower temperature (20 °C), showed better antimicrobial performance against E. coli compared to larger ones (~ 40–60 nm), prepared at high temperature (100 °C). On the other hand, both samples did not display any toxic action against bacteria S. aureus, or yeasts C. albicans and S. boulardii. Non-cytotoxic behavior of Ag NPs toward pre-osteoblast cells was observed for the concentrations of silver ≤ 2.25 and ≤ 4.5 mg L−1 for 10–20 and 40–60 nm-sized Ag NPs, respectively. Biosynthesized Ag NPs by horsetail extract display selective toxic action against E. coli at the ecologically acceptable concentration level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are prepared by green synthesis method at ambient temperature using Eryngium caucasicum Trautv aqueous extract as reducing and natural capping agents. The AgNPs were defined using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. UV–Vis spectra showed a surface resonance peak at 480 nm indicating the formation of AgNPs. The AgNPs average particle size was approximately 17.5 nm. FT-IR analysis was performed to identify the biomolecules responsible for bio reduction of silver ions. Synthesized AgNPs inhibitory activity was also examined toward pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The outcomes revealed that the synthesized AgNPs demonstrated modest inhibitory activities, displaying its antibacterial rate toward pathogenic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plants in nanosynthesis has potentiated the application of most greeneries in this field of study. The aqueous extract of Umbrella plant and different concentrations (1 mM, 2 mM and 5 mM) of AgNO3 were utilized in the preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Two volume ratios, 1:5 and 1:10, of the substrate to the precursor were used, and the rate of formation of the AgNPs was monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were characterized using infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) techniques. The particle sizes of the nanoparticles were below 20 nm, with the 1:10 ratio of all the concentrations giving the lowest size. The photocatalytic abilities of the AgNPs in the degradation of methyl red were studied. The antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles against common microbes such as Staphylococcus auerus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli showed interesting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel green approach was developed for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNF). This method does not require any additional reducing agent, and the LCNF itself serves both as a reducing agent and a supporting material. A simple autoclave procedure was employed for the synthesis. The synthetic conditions such as concentrations of reactants and reaction time were optimized. Also, the effect of lignin content in LCNF on the formation of AgNPs was evaluated. Three types of cellulose nanofibrils, i.e., HCNF (0% lignin), LCNF-5 (5% lignin), and LCNF-18 (18% lignin), were employed for the preparation of AgNPs. Three types of AgNPs were obtained and thoroughly characterized using UV-vis, Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results suggest that LCNF can be employed as a green source for the reduction and effective stabilization of AgNPs, but an increased content of lignin can have an adverse effect on the yield of AgNPs. However, the presence of lignin greatly influenced the particle size. Therefore, LCNF with small amounts of lignin (5%) is best for producing AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional methods in synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) make use of toxic chemicals and are expensive; thus, green chemistry has become the current trend in metal nanoparticle synthesis. In this study, ethanolic calabash (Crescentia cujete) fruit extract was used for the synthesis of AgNPs. The total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of the extract were 0.017 mg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 1.963 mg/mL, respectively. The presence of surface plasmon resonance peak within the range of 416-426 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. An optimization study was conducted to determine the conditions that would lead to the formation of smaller-sized nanoparticles. The optimum conditions were 60 °C for 24 h. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, the AgNPs were spherical in shape with a size ranging from 4-7 nm. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was determined using the resazurin microtiter assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 6.25 µg/mL. It is also noted that AgNPs had a greater inhibitory effect than chloramphenicol. The findings of this study provide a facile and eco-friendly approach for the large-scale production of AgNPs using calabash fruit extract. This also suggests the potential of AgNPs for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on progress for the green synthesis of nanoparticle (NPs), the mushrooms have also been utilized extensively for the biogenic synthesis of NPs. In recent years, silver NPs have been fabricated using mushrooms. The antimicrobial drugs are efficient to control the infectious diseases, but due to widespread of drugs, microbes became resistant to drugs, which demands develop of new bioactive agents. The silver NPs have been recognized as efficient broad spectrum antimicrobial agents, which have been fabricated using polysaccharides from mushrooms as reducing and capping agent. This review focused on the comprehensive study that deals silver NPs polysaccharides from Pleurotus mushroom, their synthesis mechanism, action mechanism of silver NPs and their characterization using advanced techniques i.e., ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis), dynamic light scattering, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD. The Pleurotus mushroom showed promising efficiency for the biogenic synthesis of polysaccharides‑silver NPS and as-prepared NPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity. • AgNPs fabrication via green routes was reviewed along with formation and action mechanisms • Biogenically synthesized AgNPs furnished <100 nm particle size with spherical dominant shape • Polysaccharides and biomolecules-silver conjugate showed promising antimicrobial activity • Biomolecules-silver conjugate is non-toxic, cost effective and eco-benign [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel approach has been carried for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Cinnamomum tamala and silver nitrate solution. The optimal condition for synthesizing Ag-NPs was obtained by varying the leaf extract concentration, temperature, AgNO3 concentration, effect of ratio of leaf extract to AgNO3 solution, pH and reaction time. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to key out the specific functional groups responsible for the reduction of silver nitrate to form silver nanoparticles and the capping agents present in the leaf extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) represents the morphological characterization of synthesized nanomaterials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the particles were crystalline, spherical and irregular in shape and the size were 16 nm and 9 nm at 25 °C and 60 °C, respectively. Electron X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is used to determine the phase distribution, crystallinity and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles are found to be highly effective against some pathogenic bacteria species, thus signification of the present study is in production of various pharmaceutical and bioactive products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles synthesis by green as opposed to chemical methods, given the toxicity and contamination risks associated with the latter. This study compared the physico-chemical, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesised using organ-specific plant extracts in Bidens pilosa. Leaf, stem and root extracts were used as the reducing agent with varying concentrations of AgNO 3 (1 mM and 2 mM, respectively). The synthesised AgNPs were subsequently characterised by UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). UV–vis spectroscopy showed a surface plasmon resonance peak for the synthesised AgNPs at 410 nm using all organ extracts. TEM studies indicated that nanoparticles ranged from 1.00 to 62.01 nm, with an average particle size of 17.00 nm. Average particle size was larger at the higher AgNO 3 concentration. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of carbonyl groups, proteins and aldehydes on nanoparticles produced using all extract types. The leaf extract derived nanoparticles displayed maximum percentage cell death (76.0 ± 4.5%) against bacteria and superior antifungal activity (94.8 ± 0.5%) at 200 μg/ml. Leaf extract derived NPs also displayed maximum anticancer potency (38.1 ± 2.3%). The differential bioactivities of NPs across the three organ extracts investigated here suggests that comparative studies on plant organ-specific synthesised NPs can help us maximize the antimicrobial and anticancer benefits of plant-derived NPs. • Green synthesis of AgNPs by organ specific (leaf, stem and root) extract using Bidens pilosa L. • Characterisation of AgNPs was done by TEM, SEM–EDX and FT-IR. • Nanoparticles were produced in ranged from 1.00 to 62.01 nm, with an average particle size of 17.00 nm. • AgNPs displayed anitimicrobial and anticancer properties with potential applications in Pharma industry. • The method was eco-friendly and cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) mediated by T. Parvifolium extract. • T. Parvifolium extract act as a reducing and stabilizing agent without any toxic regents. • Ag nanocomposite was prepare and characterized. • Ag nanocomposite shown good antibacterial effects. In this study, green nanoparticles were produced by the aqueous extract of the plant seed of Teucrium Parvifolium (T. Parvifolium). Structural and morphological analysis of nanoparticles was performed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–vis. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and amount of bacterial growth zone were measured by disk diffusion at seven concentrations (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 mg/ml) and four replications. The results showed that the aqueous extract of T. Parvifolium seed had antimicrobial properties only on Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis , but, the prepared silver nanoparticles had antibacterial effects on all bacteria. Also, no significant difference (0.01 ≥ p) between the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of T.Parvifolium extract and silver nanoparticles. The highest antibacterial effect was observed in 128 mg/ml concentration. Results of XRD, TEM, and SEM analysis showed a spherical shape and crystal structure. Also, it was found that the particle size was in the nano range (14 nm). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to introduce the green nano-particle produced from silver nitrate and the T.Parvifolium extract seed for use in industries as cleaners, disinfectants, and preservatives in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was performed using Teucrium polium extract. • Different parameters were optimized for synthesizing silver nanoparticles. • These biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed excellent anticancer effect. • Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have strong antibacterial properties. One of the key areas of nanotechnology is the synthesis of nanoparticles using environmentally friendly methods without using harmful and toxic chemicals. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a medicinal plant of Teucrium polium. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of AgNP crystal planes at (111), (200), (220), and (311). Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles are spherical with various size distributions from 8 to 28 nm and high stability in the reaction mixture. The results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed the elemental composition of AgNPs with a sharp peak at 3.0 kV, which indicates the synthesis and high purity of AgNPs. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), most of the peaks of AgNPs coincided with the FTIR spectrum of this plant and confirmed the presence of plant extract biomolecules as a reducing and stabilizing agent on the surface of nanoparticles. The total antioxidant capacity and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay results showed that AgNPs have higher antioxidant activity than the plant extract. Also, the AgNPs indicated strong antibacterial activity against six pathogenic bacterial strains. AgNPs showed 60% cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7), while these nanoparticles showed much less cytotoxicity against normal breast cell lines (MCF-10A). The results of this study represent the strong therapeutic value of synthesized green AgNPs and the field of further development of antibacterial and anticancer drugs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]