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As the demand for index insurance in Europe remains low, the use of satellite-retrieved data has received considerable research attention because it can reduce the basis risk, increase hedging effectiveness and thus potentially increase the attractiveness of index insurance to farmers. However, there is limited knowledge on farmers' demand and specific preferences for satellite-based index insurance. This study aims to obtain initial insights into farmers' preferences for satellite-based index insurance. In particular, farmers' overall preferences for satellite-based compared to precipitation-based index insurance are investigated. The objective is further deepened by investigating the effect of partially subsidizing index insurance. Finally, we focus on differences in preferences caused by the farmer's individual specific factors as this allows to identify the potential target groups for satellite-based index insurance. As satellite-based index insurance is still hard to find in Europe, a discrete choice experiment has been conducted with 127 German farmers. In a hypothetical scenario, farmers had to choose whether or not to insure themselves against drought by purchasing hypothetical index insurance products. Specifically, based on a labeled design, they had to choose between a satellite-based and a precipitation-based index insurance, or could choose not to use either alternative (opt-out). We include other insurance attributes such as premium, strike level and payout as they were rated as important by the farmers. Mixed logit model results show a preference for both index insurance products against no insurance. Particularly, the average farmer has a statistically significant higher preference for the satellite-based index insurance. In addition, subsidizing satellite-based index insurance has a higher effect on farmers' preferences. Moreover, the latent class model identifies heterogeneous preferences among farmers. Insurers can be advised to incorporate satellite data into the design of index insurance. By integrating them into existing index insurance products or by developing purely satellite-based index insurance, insurers could tailor index insurance better to farmers' preferences. Policymakers can be advised that farmers are differentially sensitive to subsidies. Especially farmers with a stronger preference for the satellite-based index insurance derive a huge increase in utility from subsidies. The study provides initial insights into farmers' preferences for satellite-based index insurance that can guide insurers regarding the design of index insurance products and give policymakers insights into how governmental support would change farmers' demand for index insurance. [Display omitted] • Satellite data are under discussion to reduce basis risk of index insurance and increase the attractiveness to farmers • This paper investigates farmers preferences for a satellite-based compared to a precipitation-based index insurance • The average farmer has a higher preference for the satellite-based compared to the precipitation-based index insurance • The average farmer is more sensitive to subsidizing the satellite-based compared to the precipitation-based index insurance • Findings are of interest to insurers regarding the design of index insurance and policymakers regarding policy intervention [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of hydrogen in a future energy system with a high share of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) is regarded as crucial in order to balance fluctuations in electricity generation. These fluctuations can be compensated for by flexibility measures such as the expansion of transmission, flexible generation, larger back-up capacity and storage. Salt cavern storage is the most promising technology due to its large storage capacity, followed by pumped hydro storage. For the underground storage of chemical energy carriers such as hydrogen, salt caverns offer the most promising option owing to their low investment cost, high sealing potential and low cushion gas requirement. This paper provides a suitability assessment of European subsurface salt structures in terms of size, land eligibility and storage capacity. Two distinct cavern volumes of 500,000 m3 and 750,000 m3 are considered, with preference being given for salt caverns over bedded salt deposits and salt domes. The storage capacities of individual caverns are estimated on the basis of thermodynamic considerations based on site-specific data. The results are analyzed using three different scenarios: onshore and offshore salt caverns, only onshore salt caverns and only onshore caverns within 50 km of the shore. The overall technical storage potential across Europe is estimated at 84.8 PWh H2 , 27% of which constitutes only onshore locations. Furthermore, this capacity decreases to 7.3 PWh H2 with a limitation of 50 km distance from shore. In all cases, Germany has the highest technical storage potential, with a value of 9.4 PWh H2, located onshore only in salt domes in the north of the country. Moreover, Norway has 7.5 PWh H2 of storage potential for offshore caverns, which are all located in the subsurface of the North Sea Basin. • Technical H 2 storage in bedded salt deposits and salt domes across Europe. • Potential is thermodynamically derived, and respects geospatial exclusions. • Total on- and offshore European hydrogen storage potential estimated at 84.8 PWh H2. • Onshore salt caverns within 50 km of the coast constitute 7.3 PWh H2 (~30%). • Highest national storage potential is observed in Germany with 9.4 PWh H2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new HLRS flagship system Hazel Hen (a Cray XC40) is Europe's fastest system in the High Performance Conjugate Gradients (HPCG) benchmarking list. Designed to provide maximum sustainable performance to the users of HLRS - ignoring both peak and Linpack performance numbers - it has even climbed to number 8 in the TOP500 list and is one of the fastest systems in the world used both by research and industry. This paper will present insight into the strategy that was at the heart of the HLRS decision. It will further show how Hazel Hen can and has already impacted research and industry by providing high sustained performance for real world applications. In this paper we will show two applications and discuss the industrial uptake of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Public attitudes toward depression and help-seeking behaviour are important factors influencing depressed people to obtain professional help and adequate treatment. OSPI-Europe is a multi-level suicide prevention programme including a public awareness campaign. It was implemented in four regions of four European countries (Germany, Hungary, Ireland and Portugal). This paper reports the results of the evaluation of the campaign, including its visibility and effects of the campaign on stigma associated with depression and help-seeking behaviour.Methods: A representative general population survey (N=4004) including measures on personal stigma, perceived stigma, openness to help, perceived value of help, and socio-demographic variables was conducted in the four intervention and four control regions in a cross-sectional pre-post design.Results: The public awareness campaign was considerably more visible in Germany and Portugal compared to Ireland and Hungary. Visibility was further affected by age and years of schooling. Personal stigma, perceived stigma and openness toward professional help varied significantly across the four countries. Respondents in the intervention regions showed significantly less personal depression stigma than respondents in the control regions after the campaign. Respondents of the intervention region who were aware of the campaign reported more openness toward seeking professional help than respondents who were unaware of it.Conclusion: The OSPI-Europe awareness campaign was visible and produced some positive results. At the same time, it proved to be difficult to show strong, measurable and unambiguous effects, which is in line with previous studies. Public awareness campaigns as conducted within OSPI-Europe can contribute to improved attitudes and knowledge about depression in the general public and produce synergistic effects, in particular when the dissemination of awareness campaign materials is simultaneously reinforced by other intervention levels of a multi-level intervention programme.Limitations: The survey was cross-sectional and based on self-report, so no causal inferences could be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new retrofitting strategy by using prefabricated elements window machine. • Minimization of the renovation costs and speeding up the retrofit action. • A potential in energy saving and improving the Indoor Environment Quality. • Further significance in retrofit and healthy home office working environments. The renovation of existing residential buildings across Europe has become a key factor for energy saving and the improvement of Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ). This paper presents an investigation of IEQ for a typical 1960s single-family house in Germany before and after a new retrofitting strategy (prefabricated element with integrated ventilation and new thermal envelope). In-situ measurements were applied to investigate the energy efficiency and IEQ improvement for the new retrofitting strategy in temperate winter regions of Europe. The simulation model replicates the measured data to be closer to reality and simulates a home office (COVID-19) scenario. The in-situ measurements showed that our retrofitting strategy increases the indoor air temperature during the heating period by up to 2.5 °C, decreases relative humidity by up to 3.8% and increases CO 2 by up to 24 ppm than before. As the simulation results shows, the retrofitted home office scenario allows a reduction in heating energy of up to 77%, an increase in CO 2 concentration of up to 41.8 ppm, 0.5% less relative humidity and 1.6 °C higher indoor air temperature than that without retrofitting. The new approach to retrofit residential buildings thus showed a potential in energy saving and improving the IEQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing scientific debate about how environmental concern develops in a population, and under which circumstances it might decline at some point. In this paper, by analysing thirty years of microdata from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), I investigate the role of socioeconomic factors and political preferences in altering and addressing environmental perceptions in Germany, Europe's green leader. Results from correlated random-effects models reveal, inter alia, that economic insecurity and support for right-wing political parties significantly contribute to lowering environmental concern. Hence, policymakers ought to focus on economic insecurity in order to increase citizens' environmental concern and, eventually, bring an enhancement in pro-environmental behaviour as a result of the voters' political will. • I examine the economic and political factors shaping environmental concern over time. • I analyse 30 years of microdata from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). • I employ Mundlak-type correlated random-effects models and Difference-in-Differences. • Economic insecurity and political choices are key drivers of environmental concern. • The results may be useful to policymakers, marketers, green businesses, and educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When COVID-19 pandemic spread in Europe, governments imposed unprecedented confinement measures with mostly unknown repercussions on contemporary societies. In some cases, a considerable drop in energy consumption was observed, anticipating a scenario of sizable low-cost energy generation, from renewable sources, expected only for years later. In this paper, the impact of governmental restrictions on electrical load, generation and transmission was investigated in 16 European countries. Using the indices provided by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, precise restriction types were found to correlate with the load drop. Then the European grid was analysed to assess how the load drop was balanced by the change in generation and transmission patterns. The same restriction period from 2020 was compared to previous years, accounting for yearly variability with ad hoc statistical technique. As a result, generation was found to be heavily impacted in most countries with significant load drop. Overall, generation from nuclear, and fossil coal and gas sources was reduced, in favour of renewables and, in some countries, fossil gas. Moreover, intermittent renewables generation increased in most countries without indicating an exceptional amount of curtailments. Finally, the European grid helped balance those changes with an increase in both energy exports and imports, with some net exporting countries becoming net importers, notably Germany, and vice versa. Together, these findings show the far reaching implications of the COVID-19 crisis, and contribute to the understanding and planning of higher renewables share scenarios, which will become more prevalent in the battle against climate change. • During COVID-19 spread, energy load dropped significantly in most European countries. • Only some restrictions strongly correlate with load drop. • Generation mix and exchange changed in most countries. • The biggest decrease in generation was from nuclear, fossil coal and oil. • Intermittent renewable generation continued to increase also in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]