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The article focuses on copyright issues and the legal basis of scholarly publishers on copyright claims. It explores the Copyright Act, explains the copyright ownership of works created by university faculty members and cites cases resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court including the case of Community for Creative Non-Violence (CCNV) non-profit organization and the case of Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance Inc. and Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance Inc. It cites the application of the Copyright Act to faculty-created works analyzing policies such as those that are selectively disclaiming copyrights and those purporting transfer of copyrights. It also notes university copyright implications and recommends the exercise of university rights on public access to scholarly works.

Addresses the question of who should own scientific papers. Information on the 1976 Copyright Act of the United States; Views of scientists and authors on the issue.

Attempts to answer the question of who should own scientific papers. History of scientific publishing; How electronic communication has effected ways in which results are distributed; The assertion that scientists, administrators, and federal science policymakers must reconsider how results of publicly-funded research are best disseminated; Mentions the United States Copyright Act of 1976; Matching scientific research goals to public policy goals; Articulating the public benefits of research publication.

The article informs that the U.S.'s National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) new push to expand public access to papers it funds kicks in this week. As of 2 May, NIH-funded investigators are requested to submit copies of final, accepted journal manuscripts to NIH (www.nihms.nih.gov), which will post them in NIH's PubMed Central papers archive no more than 12 months after they're published in the journal. NIH announced the policy in February after a 6-month battle between open-access advocates and journal publishers, who say the policy violates copyrights and will put them out of business.

In March 2017, the U. S. Supreme Court published its opinion in Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.; in September of 2019, the Court of Justice of the Euro - pean Union published its opinions in Cofemel v. G-Star Raw CV; and in June 2020, its opinion in Brompton Bicycle Ltd v. Chedech. The American case treats the copyrightability of a design on cheerleading uniforms, and the European cases treat the copyrightability of the design of denim jeans and the design of a folding bicycle, respectively. Copyright protection for articles of clothing and designs differs markedly between the United States and Europe, but this particular trio of high court cases constrlies something more fundamental while parsing the contours of useful articles under their respective laws: they draw attention to the existing legal landscapes for determining originality. If originality is the sina qua non of copyright law, per 1991' s U. S. Supreme Court opinion in Feist Publ 'ns v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., then these cases, and the laws and cases they rely on, present some new-and some old-guidance and lingering questions regarding the very underpinning of copyrightability. This paper explores and compares American and European law, underscores similarities between them and inconsistencies within them, and concludes that originality remains an essentially intimate, human faculty, and one that escapes legal definition across creative media. That said, aspects of copyright law save it from itself, for example by conferring stronger protection on works that demonstrate a higher saturation of creativity. As the digital economy grows and shines a light on the distinctions between individual jurisdictions' copyright laws, the modest-but steadfast-hurdle to copyrightability remains indicia of ideation, imagination, and individuality. This is especially important right now as countries consider whether artificial intelligence is or should be eligible to claim authorship in the works they produce. While "author's own intellectual creation" is European verbiage describing the floor for authorial originality for the Member States of the European Union, it is equally serviceable in the United States and elsewhere. Because the types of works considered copyrightable are potentially expanding on both sides of the At-lantic based on the Court decisions listed above, it is important to demonstrate, firstly, that originality in a work is not a foregone conclusion and, secondly, that many jurisdictions share an approach, if not a specific test or definition, for finding originality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In copyright law, the useful articles doctrine plays a significant role in defining the limits of copyright's domain and the boundary between copyright and patent. But the implicated notion of "conceptual separability" has proved to be difficult to define, and the Supreme Court's effort to define it in the recent case Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. is unsatisfying. In an effort to resolve this challenge, the present paper puts forth a novel test for conceptual separability, one that draws inspiration from the philosopher's idea of conceivability. The test is the following question: "When you conceive of the relevant useful article as lacking the design element in question, is the article you imagine functionally identical to the actual article?" If the answer to this question is yes, then the design element is conceptually separable from the article's utilitarian aspects; if not, then the element has failed the test, and it is not entitled to copyright protection. The present paper explores why this novel proposal avoids many of the pitfalls of existing tests (including the Court's own in Star Athletica), why it best achieves the aims of the useful articles doctrine, and what questions remain once the challenge of conceptual separability has been resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines factors that limit the ability of institutions to digitally preserve the cultural heritage of the modern era. The author takes a wide-ranging approach to shed light on limitations to the scope of digital preservation. The author finds that technological limitations to digital preservation have been addressed but still exist, and that non-technical aspects-access, selection, law, and finances-move into the foreground as technological limitations recede. The author proposes a nested model of constraints to the scope of digital preservation and concludes that costs are digital preservation's most pervasive limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a brief overview of the current state of copyright law in the United States, focusing on the negative impacts of these policies on libraries and patrons. The article discusses four challenges current copyright law presents to libraries and the public in general, highlighting three concrete ways intellectual property law interferes with digital library services and systems. Finally, the author suggests that a greater emphasis on copyright literacy and a commitment among the library community to advocate for fairer policies is vital to correcting the imbalance between the interests of the public and those of copyright holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the U.S. Congress should not extend the duration of music copyright following the expiration of the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) and emphasizes the need for Congress to introduce safeguards into the public domain to protect the legacies of the composers of the "Great American Songbook." Topics covered include framework of music copyright law, history of the CTEA and suggestion for a public domain that would better protect cultural music history.

There has been a plethora of substantive copyright cases in the history of the United States. Two of the most important cases in the last few years were: the Kirtsaeng case before the Supreme Court of the United States; and the SCI-HUB case before the United States District Court in the Southern District of New York. This paper addressed the key copyright issues raised in each case, including a discussion of relevant sections of the Copyright Law of the United States (17 U.S.C.) as well as suggestions the book and scholarly journal industries could consider addressing the insidious impact of copyright violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the role of copyright in context to the international human rights norms is presented in March 2011 at the University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Symposium. It discusses the copyright law, policy, and administration for access to information in the internet age in support human rights with the purpose of protection of the economic, social, and cultural rights.

This paper examines the impact of the technological measures that copyright holders employ to lock their works and discusses why users are disadvantaged. It compares the anticircumvention rules in the Digital Millenium Copyright Act in the US and the Copyright, Patents and Designs Act in the UK; the latest exemptions to circumventing activities released by the US Library of Congress are included. It reviews the evolution of Chinese anti-circumvention rules, starting with a well-known case preceding the promulgation of the anti-circumvention rules, then it examines the anti-circumvention provisions in the Copyright Act 1990, the Software Regulation 2001 and the ISP Interpretation 2004. It also critically analyzes the latest Network Regulation 2006 by comparing it with the DMCA and the CDPA. The paper suggests that the Chinese anticircumvention rules need to be constructed with more legal certainties. Recommendations are also made for additional redrafting to make China's anti-circumvention rules more adaptive to a digital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that the relationship between the competing rights of owners and users is complex and is affected by changing conceptions of copyright as well as the wider context within which copyright law operates. It outlines the issues raised by the Fair Use Paper and criticizes the Australian government's response to this paper, using the metaphor of the Moebius strip. It also points out that by introducing a U.S.-style fair use provision into Australian copyright law would not be a satisfactory response to the paper.

Audio watermarking is usually used as a multimedia copyright protection tool or as a system that embed metadata in audio signals. In this paper, watermarking is viewed as a preprocessing step for further audio processing systems: the watermark signal conveys no information, rather it is used to modify the statistical characteristics of an audio signal, in particular its nonstationarity. The embedded watermark is then added in order to stationnarize the host signal. Indeed, the embedded watermark is piecewise stationary, thus it modifies the stationarity of the original audio signal. In some audio processing fields, this fact can be used to improve performances that are very sensitive to time-variant signal statistics. This paper presents an analysis of the perceptual watermarking impact on the stationarity of audio signals. The study is based on stationarity indices, which represent a measure of variations in spectral characteristics of signals, using time-frequency representations. Simulation results with two kinds of signals, artificial signals and audio signals (speech and music), are presented. Stationarity indices comparison between water- marked and original audio signals shows a significant stationarity enhancement of the watermarked signal, especially for transient attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors presents analysis of various papers presented at the conference titled "ReCalibrating Copyright: Continuity, Contemporary Culture, and Change" by professors Craig Joyce, Wendy Gordon, and Jacqueline Lipton. Topics discussed in the conference include the function and scope of copyright law in the U.S., international intellectual property law, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various papers from the Intellectual Property & Information Law (IPIL) Institute's national symposium "ReCalibrating Copyright: Continuity, Contemporary Culture, and Change" on topics including the U.S. copyright, trademark, and patent law.

Objective: This paper presents the results of data gathered on copyright questions asked at an academic health sciences library. Methods: Collected data include questioner's status or discipline, the subject of the questions, the types of activities that the questioners were engaged in, the communication mode, and the length of time it took to answer the questions. Results: Overall results showed most questions were about permissions. Staff asked the most questions, followed by faculty and students. Conclusions: Copyright education is needed at universities, and further analysis of queries will determine the direction of the education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the internationalization of copyright in the U.S. Accordingly, the paper proceeds in three parts. The first part is the discussion of the details of the internationalization of copyright which provides examples of domestic legislation passed in response to international obligations and standards, and canvasses cases that have taken stock of this new globalized copyright. The second part turns to the handful of scholars who have responded to the new international side of copyright. The third part introduces a new method of judicial review that seeks to bridge the gaps and to respond to what may be the greatest danger of not substantively reviewing domestic law purporting to comply with international obligations.

Abstract: In this paper, we show that the recent robust watermarking scheme by Liu et al. is insecure and does not provide robustness. In particular, the embedding space where the watermark is located can be recovered, and therefore removed or overwritten. This means the scheme fails when used to provide robustness applications like proof of ownership and copyright protection. The conventional approach to judging the security of a scheme is that when it has been published for some time and yet no successful attacks exist, the scheme is taken to be a secure design; thus will be possibly implemented by researchers or the industry. It is therefore important to highlight these attacks otherwise the scheme may be implemented by people unaware that such attacks exist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The following article looks at how U.S. copyright law affects the availability of older recordings. Among the issues covered are how many "historic" recordings are still under legal restrictions, how many are available to the public today via reissues, and what proportion of reissues are from rights holders vs. non rights holders. The article also suggests how to determine whether a specific older recording is controlled by a rights holder or is "abandoned," and thus free to disseminate. The article is based on a paper presented at the 2005 ARSC Conference, with much of the information drawn from a study by the author commissioned by the Council on Library and Information Resources for the National Recording Preservation Board and the Library of Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the issue of copyright in the U.S. Reference to the paper 'Untangling the Web of Music Copyrights' by Lydia Loren; Multiple stories of copyright; Reference to the U.S. Supreme Court case 'New York Times v. Tasini.'

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the code of ethics of the U.S. National Association for Music Education. The code states that an author must not submit the same manuscript for simultaneous consideration by two or more periodicals, an author must not submit a manuscript published in whole or in part in another periodical or published work, and that authors are obligated to present work parsimoniously and as complete as possible. The code of ethics further says that authorship is reserved to those who make contributions to the research, an article will not be published until the author's signed copyright transfer has been received by the national office of the publishing organization, and papers submitted for presentation should not have been presented at another conference.

The article provides information on the manuscript by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in the U.S. Manuscripts considered for publication can be contributed papers or letters to the editor. Key information on the Process for submission of a manuscript, style for submission of manuscript, review process, page charges and copyright are also presented.

This article reports that fifty-seven leading medical and scientific nonprofit publishers in the U.S. have offered the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) direct links to their journals to make research access even easier for the public, and at no cost to boot. Their proposal, sent to NIH director Elias Zerhouni on October 25, 2005 laid out a plan for the NIH to provide access to their journal Web sites using links from abstracts that are already in place and indexed on Medline. Publishers are offering the finalized manuscripts to the NIH at no charge so that only the published version of the paper would be available, keeping the scientific record intact while maintaining copyright protections.

Reports on the task of locating copyright owners of articles in Winston Churchill Papers in January 2004 in the U.S. Problem in meeting all the requirements of copyright law.