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Digital twins for medium span bridges – pilot project bridge Schwindegg – part 2: Asset Administration Shell The term ′digital twin′ is becoming increasingly popular in German‐speaking countries for the digital management and condition monitoring of bridges. Although standardised developments for the use of digital twins have already been initiated in industry and medicine, the first prototypes are currently being implemented in the construction industry. The digital images are typically operated in online environments that are proprietary to the project and have limited reusability. The article investigates the integration of scaling into Building Information Modelling models, which is reaching its limits due to the real‐time capability. It places existing definitions of the digital twin of the industry in the context of the construction industry. The implementation of the Isenbridge in Schwindegg as an Industry 4.0 Asset Administration Shell (AAS) is presented, building on Part 1 of this contribution. We show that an industrial, data‐driven digital twin can also be implemented technically and semantically for engineering structures. The article also presents the future challenges for evaluation and control mechanisms still to be developed for the structure. We also show a possible visualisation. The goal is to develop a syntax for the AAS' communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea defended in this paper consists in finding, at any time and everywhere, the arrangement of containers within a composite container. The digital image of the real arrangement obtained defines its digital twin. This image evolves at the same time as its real twin. It can be used throughout the logistics chain during loading/unloading phases in hubs, to check the completeness of a load, to find the particular position of a container, etc. This digital twin is obtained through the collection of neighborhood information from the sensor nodes embedded on each container. This embedded solution allows accessibility to this information everywhere. This proximity information and the instrumentation of the containers define new types of constraints and a new version of a packing problem. We propose here a model integrating them. This model is implemented and tested on different test cases, and numerical results are provided. These show that, under certain conditions that will be presented, it is possible to obtain the digital twin of the real arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permeability of porous rock is a crucial indicator evaluating its ability to allow liquids to pass through it. However, challenges are always encountered in measurement and prediction of permeability, including the complicated process of laboratory experiments and the refined 3D numerical reconstruction. In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of permeability prediction, the digital twin modeling technology is proposed to generate homologous and heterogeneous digital sandstone models based on a single two-dimensional image in this paper. Comparison of the CT reconstruction with the digital twin of sandstone indicates that they are very similar in complementary solid-phase morphology of porous media, global parameters (total porosity, fractal dimension, tortuosity), and local parameters (porosity of sequence layer, pore and throat characteristics, coordination number). In addition, the permeability of CT reconstruction and ten digital twins are analyzed by using the Lattice Boltzmann Method. The results show that the permeability of digital twins is very stable and close to the CT reconstruction at three orthogonal directions. The findings in this study may provide an accurate, stable, rapid and economic method for predicting the permeability of porous media. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]