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Continental crust has long been considered too buoyant to be subducted beneath another continent, although geophysical evidence in collision zones predict continental crust subduction. This is particularly significant where upper continental crust is detached allowing the lower continental crust to subduct, albeit the mechanism of such subduction and recycling of the upper continental crust remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate Paleocene S-type magmatic and volcanic rocks from the Linzizong volcanic succession in the southern Lhasa block of Tibet. These rocks exhibit highly enriched 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb together with depleted 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratios. The geochemical and isotopic features of these rocks are consistent with those of modern upper continental crust. We conclude that these Paleocene S-type volcanic and magmatic rocks originated from the melting of the upper continental crust from microcontinent subduction during the late stage of India–Asia convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical investigation is performed in the current study to illustrate the influences of exhaust angle of the integrated infrared suppressor on plume flow and helicopter infrared radiation, under the hover and cruise statuses. Three exhaust models are concerned, including the exhaust direction at 60°, 45°, and 18° angles to the horizontal plane. The results show that the heating effect of the exhaust plume on the fuselage is modified with the decrease of the exhaust angle. However, the decrease in exhaust angle will reduce the pumping coefficient of the mixing duct to some extent, resulting in an increase of exhaust temperature. For the model with an exhaust angle of 18°, three sets of comparative tests were designed. The results show that when there is no airflow outlet at the bottom of the fuselage, the surface temperature of the fuselage will increase significantly, and the position of the airflow outlet at the bottom of the fuselage also has a certain influence on the temperature field of the fuselage. On the horizontal detection plane, the infrared radiation intensity of the model with an exhaust angle of 60° and 45° is significantly lower than that with an exhaust angle of 18°. In the vertical detection plane, especially in the direction below the fuselage, the infrared radiation intensity of the model with an exhaust angle of 18° is the smallest. When compared to the hover status, the cruise status reduces the infrared radiation intensity somewhat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two typical topology shapes of the microstrip meander line (MML) including round U-shaped and V-shaped slow-wave structure (SWS) for ${D}$ -band traveling wave tubes (TWTs) are comparatively investigated, fabricated, and tested in this article. As a critical factor applied in millimeter-wave frequency, the high-frequency losses of the MML SWS are emphatically discussed. The two types of golden SWSs are both fabricated with the thin-film circuit technology on quartz substrates. After the surface roughness test and the cavity fabrication, the SWS samples are assembled and tested. According to the experimental test results, the ${S}_{11}$ parameters of the U-shaped and V-shaped transmission models are below −13.5 dB versus −15 dB, and the “cold” ${S}_{21}$ parameters are over −6.4 dB versus −4.9 dB, which are approached to the simulation results with the consideration of the silver conductive paste (SCP). At 140 GHz, the tested transmission losses for the U-shaped SWS and V-shaped SWS are about 0.35 and 0.29 dB/mm, respectively. Although particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations for the two SWSs both predict more than 100-W output power, the V-shaped MML TWT shows better bandwidth and loss performances than the U-shaped MML TWT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The granite blocks are widely distributed on granite residual soil slopes, particularly in the circumstances of humid granitic terrain. These blocks may be partially buried in the soil slope with their long axis upright, which results in complex toppling mechanisms. The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical stability of the blocks against toppling failure, considering extremely heavy rainfall. Based on the analysis of limit equilibrium, an analytical formulation taking the influence of the block overhang length and the slope inclination into account is proposed to calculate the factor of safety (FOS) of the blocks partially buried in the soil slope. The results of the model experiments verified the performance of this formulation by showing a consistent behavior regarding the stability of the block with the formulation. The FOS obtained from this analytical formulation first shows a trend of increase and then a decrease according to the overhang length of the blocks. Furthermore, the critical overhang length and the critical slope inclination were found related to the toppling failure of potential blocks. The analytical formula obtained in this study can be used to determine the factor of safety against toppling of the single blocks on granite residual soil slopes, which provide a quantitative method for risk evaluation of toppling disaster in granitic regions. • Single blocks on granite residual soil slopes are partially buried with long axis upright. • A calculating formulation for the factor of safety of single blocks is newly present. • Overhang length of blocks and slope inclination significantly affect the toppling instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]