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Split-belt treadmill walking, in which the two belts move at different speeds, reveals a mechanism through which energy can be extracted from the environment. When a person walks with positive step length asymmetry on a split-belt treadmill, the treadmill can perform net positive work on the person. Here we use a split-belt rimless wheel model to explore how people could take advantage of the treadmill. We show that a split-belt rimless wheel can passively walk steadily by capturing energy from the treadmill to overcome collision losses, whereas it loses energy on each step with no way to recover the losses when walking on tied belts. Our simulated split-belt rimless wheel can walk steadily for a variety of leg angle and belt speed combinations, tolerating both speed disturbances and ground height variability. The wheel can even capture enough energy to walk uphill. We also built a physical split-belt rimless wheel robot and demonstrated that it can walk continuously without additional energy input. In comparing the wheel solutions to human split-belt gait, we found that humans do not maximize positive work performed by the treadmill. Other aspects of walking, such as costs associated with swing, balance, and free vertical moments, likely limit people's ability to benefit from the treadmill. This study uses a simple walking model to characterize the mechanics and energetics of split-belt walking, demonstrating that energy capture through intermittent contact with two belts is possible and providing a simple model framework for understanding human adaptation during split-belt walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic matter was absent prior to planetesimal formation (4.6 Gyr) but at present abundant in planetary environments. The aim of this study was to combine information about the organic inventory of the Earth, which is accompanied by the evolution of life. A variety of available free energy sources, including geochemical energy, sunlight, oxygen and fire have supported life evolution. In the meantime these energy sources have mediated the diversity and complexity of living organisms and resulted in a concomitant increase in the diversity and complexity of organic matter, including microbial-, plant-, fire-, and human derived organics. The change of the diversity and complexity of organic matter (microbial-, plant-, fire- and human-derived organics) have in-return significantly influenced Earth's carbon cycle, planetary climate and ecosystems. Overall, energy harnessing and conservation of life entwined and expanded the evolutional histories of life and organic molecules on the planet. Considering the key role of organics on the stability of the oxygen level of the atmosphere, temperature, the tectonic rise of continents, and global habitability, the changing characters of organics over geologic time had an important shaping influence on Earth's geochemical cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators are shown a recent development in the energy field in various applications powering sensors to biomedical applications. The research development of tribogenerators is trending in the renewable energy area as it can harness waste mechanical energy due to the friction. Studies have shown various mathematical modeling done on the triboelectric principle based on Gauss electric field principle. Triboelectricity generation due to contact electrification depends on various factors that include the surface charge density, materials, the geometrical features of the tribo pairs, the mode of operation in terms of velocity etc. The significance of nanomaterials in the generation of triboelectricity is a research area where polymers have shown good results. In this study, a detailed computational and numerical simulation is done on selected pairs of triboelectric material combination chosen from the triboelectric series. Computational simulation is performed using Comsol Multiphysics to evaluate the output performance in terms of Voc and Qsc. Numerical simulation is performed using MatLab to evaluate the output performance current, power, voltage with respect to time for selected input parameters. The numerical performance of the device is validated by the experiments. The numerical method adopted will be a useful tool for determining the output characteristics of any triboelectric pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural ocean/river currents energy can be harvested using Flow Induced Motion (FIM) phenomena. The effect of damping-ratio and mass-ratio on Flow Induced Motion energy harnessing of a square cylinder are numerically investigated for Reynolds number 15500 < Re < 232000 (0.2 m/s < flow velocity <3.0 m/s). Four typical regions can be observed in the Flow Induced Motion responses, including Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) Initial Branch, Vortex Induced Vibration Upper Branch, Vortex Induced Vibration-Galloping Transition and Galloping. Results indicate that as the velocity increases, the number of vortices shed per cycle increases, and the harnessed power increases without upper limit. The energy conversion efficiency increases up to the highest value until the Vortex Induced Vibration upper branch. Then, it starts decreasing and tends to a relatively small value in the galloping region. Increasing mass-ratio will shorten the velocity range of Vortex Induced Vibration. High damping-ratio has a negative impact on oscillation amplitude, but provides a boost for energy harnessing. In all tests, the power (143 W) is considerable at damping-ratio = 0.6. As the damping-ratio reaches up to 0.8 (nearing critical damping), galloping will no longer occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Phase change materials (PCM) are largely assessed on their ability towards energy storage and their enthalpy efficiency of discharging the stored energy. Nevertheless, their applications are limited by the low thermal conductivity behaviour, despite their tunable transition temperature abilities. The present work demonstrates a novel concept to develop and explore PCM composite by embedding two unique zinc oxide tetrapod classes to engineer the heat transfer mechanism for potential utilization in thermal energy storage. Tetrapods embedded phase change material (TPCM) composite displayed up to 94% enhancement in thermal conductivity without compromising melting enthalpy. TPCM composite with high thermal conductivity, high heat capacity, broad photo-absorptivity, improved stability in isothermal conditions, and long thermal cycles offer attractive solutions for effective thermal energy storage, efficient solar energy harnessing, and thermal management. With demonstrated abilities, the developed TPCM composite material could play a significant role in the progress of renewable energy needs in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vortex-induced oscillations offer a potential means to harness hydrokinetic energy even at low current speeds. In this study, we consider a novel converter where a cylinder undergoes angular oscillations with respect to a pivot point, in contrast to most previous configurations, where the cylinder undergoes flow-induced oscillations transversely to the incident free stream. We formulate a theoretical model to deal with the coupling of the hydrodynamics and the structural dynamics, and we numerically solve the resulting nonlinear equation of cylinder motion in order to assess the performance of the energy converter. The hydrodynamical model utilizes a novel approach where the fluid forces acting on the oscillating cylinder are split into components acting along and normal to the instantaneous relative velocity between the moving cylinder and the free stream. Contour plots illustrate the effects of the main design parameters (in dimensionless form) on the angular response of the cylinder and the energy efficiency of the converter. Peak efficiencies of approximately 20% can be attained by optimal selection of the main design parameters. Guidelines on the sizing of actual converters are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]