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Enhancements in gamma-ray spectral resolution have been realized through hardware development, including low-defect scintillation materials, solid-state detector technology, and low-noise read-out electronics. Enhanced resolution has also been provided by deconvoluting hardware response through the application of spectral unfolding techniques. However, fusing data from multiple independent measurements, both before and after spectral unfolding, to obtain more information than exists from a single measurement represents a largely unexplored path. This work provides a statistical foundation from which data acquired from an arbitrary number of independent gamma-ray spectra can be fused to yield higher resolution than the constituent measurements yield in isolation. Specifically, three data fusion techniques are considered: (i) pulse-height spectrum fusion, (ii) unfolded fluence linear opinion pool, and (iii) unfolded fluence logarithmic opinion pool. We explore the qualitative characteristics of these methods. We then apply them to spectra of thallium-doped sodium iodide [NaI(Tl)] and bismuth germanate (BGO), where all spectra are provided by MCNP simulations. Our results demonstrate improved resolution, thus establishing the methods as an inexpensive alternative to hardware upgrades. Moreover, our results demonstrate that these results have the potential to expand the capability of cutting-edge technology to provide currently unachievable resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectroscopic performances of the new integrated ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) preamplifiers for highly segmented silicon detectors have been evaluated with an early silicon detector prototype of the TRacking Array for light Charged Ejectiles (TRACE). The ASICS were mounted on a custom-designed PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and the detector plugged on it. Energy resolution tests, performed on the same detector before and after irradiation, yielded a resolution of 21 keV and 33 keV FWHM respectively. The output signals were acquired with an array of commercial 100-MHz 14-bit digitizers. The preamplifier chip is equipped with an innovative Fast-Reset device that has two functions: it reduces dramatically the dead time of the preamplifier in case of saturation (from milliseconds to microseconds) and extends the spectroscopic dynamic range of the preamplifier by more than one order of magnitude. Other key points of the device are the low noise and the wide bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new high-precision lifetime measurement of the first excited 5 / 2 + state of 133Cs using NaI(Tl) and LaBr 3 (Ce) detectors. The time difference between the coincident decays of two successive states was measured using fast-timing electronics. The 356-keV (1 / 2 + → 5 / 2 + ) gamma transition was tagged by the successive 81-keV (5 / 2 + → 7 / 2 + ) transition of 133Cs. The half-life of the first excited 5 / 2 + 133Cs state was measured as T 1 / 2 = 6.283 ± 0.004 (stat.) ± 0.011 (syst.) ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 256-channel time-of-flight electronics system has been developed for a facility called “Back-n white neutron source (WNS)” in China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). This paper presents the structure and performance of the electronics system and test results at CSNS-WNS. A piece of lithium glass scintillator, coupled with a 256-channel multi-anode photomultiplier tube, is placed at the center of the neutron beam line as the detector. A 256-channel readout electronics system, including one front-end board (FEB), four time-to-digital converter (TDC) cards and one clock distribution module (CDM), measures the arrival time of each signal from the detector. Signals are sent to FEB from the detector through 15-cm cables and discriminated on FEB. FEB drives differential signals over 2-m cables to the TDC cards. Each TDC card has 64 channels, using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to measure the arrival time of each signal. The CDM supplies clock signals to the TDC cards to make them work synchronously. The TDC cards and CDM are housed in one peripheral component interconnect (PCI) eXtensions for Instrumentation chassis. The TDC cards achieve a timing precision of 3.5 ns. The electronics system meets the requirement of the experiment and is currently being used in CSNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is a proposing electron–positron collider in China, which aims for generating high center-of-mass energy colliding above 250 GeV. The high-granularity electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is included in a calorimeter system, which is mainly responsible for the measurement of photon. A particle flow algorithm (PFA)-based ECAL solution will utilize about 400k channels/m3. Here, we present the design and development status of readout electronics based on SPIROC2b for the CEPC ECAL with high-granularity scintillants and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The readout electronics consists of front-end electronics (FEE), data interface (DIF) board, and data acquisition (DAQ) board. The front-end board (FEB) carries SiPMs (S12571-010P), scintillants (PSD), and FEB application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (SPIROC2b). Two electronics were designed in this paper, one is for ASIC functionality and performance only, and the other is used as a single layer of a further prototype of ECAL. Electronic test and cosmic ray test have been done to electronics. The results indicate that a charge dynamic from 62 fC to 300 pC at S/N = 2 is successfully achieved, and the minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) are separated from the pedestal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The motivation of the present paper is to study the performance of EJ 299-33 scintillator in online and off-line analysis in high rate scattering for nuclear reaction experiments performed with heavy ions. An experiment was carried out inside the CHIMERA chamber using 24Mg beams at 71.5 MeV and 81 MeV impinging on 92ZrO 2 target. The plastic scintillator was backed by a photomultiplier tube and the anode pulses were digitized through 100 MHz GET electronics for the purpose of pulse shape discrimination (PSD) studies. Performances of the plastic scintillator have been tested with respect to PSD capabilities and energy spectra analysis under beam irradiations in a high background environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the characterisation and performance of a low cost muon tracking system consisting of plastic scintillator bars and Silicon Photomultipliers equipped with a customised front-end electronics based on a fast preamplifier network. This system can be used as a detector test bench for astroparticle physics and for educational and outreach purposes. We investigated the device behaviour in self-trigger and coincidence mode, without using LED and pulse generators, showing that with a relatively simple set up a complete characterisation work can be carried out. A high definition oscilloscope, which can easily be found in many university physics or engineering departments, has been used for triggering and data acquisition. Its capabilities have been exploited to discriminate real particles from the background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simulation/experimental technique used in the design of optimum performance read-out electronics for a new cosmic ray telescope composed of scintillator bars. This new detector, called SciBar Cosmic Ray Telescope (SciCRT), is installed on top of Sierra Negra volcano in Mexico, operating at an atmospheric depth of 575 g cm−2. The severe atmospheric conditions and high background rate of the place currently limit the performance of the detector, therefore the requirements of our design are low power consumption and high throughput rate. The simulation developed considers the interaction of high energy cosmic ray muons with the scintillator bar, generation and propagation of photons inside a wavelength shifting fiber (WLS) fiber and the detection by a multi-anode photomultiplier (MAPMT). To produce realistic signals coming from the interaction of particles, our method relies on the extraction of different parameters throughout experiment to include them in the simulation. In addition, the paper presents a muon cosmic ray experiment designed to validate the results of the simulation and test the performance of the new electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements have been performed with scintillation crystals of LaBr 3 :Ce coupled to an array of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) in a 3 T magnetic field. The SiPMs were read out by digital data acquisition systems, including the GET electronics system. Inside of the B-field, energy resolution values of 3.82% FWHM at 661.7 keV are reported for a 1.5$\protect \relax \special {t4ht=′}\protect \relax \special {t4ht=′}$ cubic LaBr 3 :Ce crystal coupled to a 6 × 6 array of 6 × 6 mm2 SiPMs. No measurable degradation in energy resolution due to the presence of the strong magnetic field was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a next generation liquid scintillator neutrino experiment under construction phase in South China. Thanks to the anti-neutrinos produced by the nearby nuclear power plants, JUNO will be able to study the neutrino mass hierarchy, one of the open key questions in neutrino physics. One key ingredient for a successful measurement is to use high speed, high resolution sampling electronics located very close to the detector signal. Linearity in the response of the electronics is another important ingredient for the success of the experiment. During the initial design phase of the electronics, a custom design with the Front-End and Read-Out electronics located very close to the detector analog signal has been developed and successfully tested. The present paper describes the electronics structure and the first tests performed on the prototypes. The electronics prototypes have been tested and they show good linearity response, with a maximum deviation of 1.3% over the full dynamic range (1-1000 p.e.), fulfilling the JUNO experiment requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electromagnetic calorimeter of the Belle II detector and its performance in the first SuperKEKB run during 2018 are described. It is a high-granularity calorimeter based on 8736 CsI(Tl) scintillating crystals. The scintillation light is detected by PIN photodiodes. Each calorimeter electronics readout channel includes a charge sensitive preamplifier attached to the crystal and a 2 MHz flash ADC followed by a wave form analysis (WFA) realized in FPGA which provides both amplitude and time reconstruction. Usage of the WFA reduces a contribution of the pile-up noise. High time resolution provides the beam background suppression. In the Belle II experiment the calorimeter is used for particle energy measurement, particle identification as well as for the collider luminosity measurement, it also contributes to the first-level trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detector system is designed for a high-energy phase-contrast computed tomography (CT) experimental device with an X-ray tube voltage of 80 kV. The spot size of the X-ray tube is 0.4 mm*0.7 mm. The Gd2O2S scintillator detector is adopted in our design, which is characterized by a high detection efficiency and high light yield. This system contains 2304 channels and the corresponding high-density read-out electronics. Considering the influence of the large spot size of the X-ray tube source, a detector pixel size of 0.75 mm*1 mm is adopted to obtain sufficient spatial resolution. Because the light intensity fluctuation caused by the phase shift is very weak, a 20bit ADC is used to achieve sufficient efficient resolution (ER). The electronics test shows that the SNR can reach 72. Compared to a commercial detector board, the detector system has better resolution for the sample used in the phase-contrast imaging experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest installation worldwide for the investigation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Air showers are detected using a hybrid technique with 27 fluorescence telescopes and 1660 water-Cherenkov detectors (WCD) distributed over about 3000 km 2 . The Auger Collaboration has decided to upgrade the electronics of the WCD and complement the surface detector with scintillators (SSD). The objective is to improve the separation between the muonic and the electron/photon shower component for better mass composition determination during an extended operation period of 8–10 years. The surface detector electronics records data locally and generates time stamps based on the GPS timing. The performance of the detectors is significantly improved with a higher sampling rate, an increased dynamic range, new generation of GPS receivers, and FPGA integrated CPU power. The number of analog channels will be increased to integrate the new SSD, but the power consumption needs to stay below 10 W to be able to use the existing photovoltaic system. In this paper, the concept of the additional SSD is presented with a focus on the design and performance of the new surface detector electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]