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Acquired coagulopathy is a rare, potentially life-threatening disorder which should be suspected if acute bleeding in patients with a negative previous hemorrhagic diathesis is encountered. This disease arises due to the formation of antibodies against clotting factors in a previously healthy child or adult, which specifically partially or completely neutralize the procoagulant activity of clotting factors or accelerate their removal from the circulating blood, reducing their plasma concentrations and increasing the bleeding tendency. The aforementioned disorder should be confirmed by determining global coagulation times, concentrations of individual clotting factors, and determining the presence of specific or non-specific antibodies. Timely treatment aimed at prompt stopping of bleeding and eradicating the resulting inhibitors will prevent the unfavorable outcome. It is recommended to continue monitoring patients in the outpatient setting with determination of PT and APTT for a year, because in 20% of cases a relapse of the disease occurs, although more often in adults. In this paper, we presented a three-year-old boy in whom we determined prolonged global coagulation times and the presence of non-specific inhibitors of the coagulation factors F II, F IX, F XI and F XII through the diagnostic workup of macrohematuria. The treatment with fresh frozen plasma and corticosteroids resulted in clinical improvement and disease remission. Acquired coagulopathy is a very rare disorder in childhood with scarce literature data. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the possible causes, clinical course and treatment of this life-threatening disorder in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The aim of the paper is to present the results of evaluating the satisfaction of teachers, librarians and children with the creative workshops conducted on the basis of traditional stories and to determine the possibilities of using different teaching methods that encourage critical thinking among children in children's libraries (both public and school) and in schools. The work is based on the evaluation of the creative workshops that were held as part of the Erasmus+ project Traditional children's stories for a common future - TRACE, in cooperation between the National and University Library in Zagreb and the Zagreb City Libraries. Approach/Methodology. The evaluation was carried out as part of the Project's plan by the National and University Library in Zagreb among teachers, librarians and children who participated in the workshops in the Zagreb City Libraries (the Selčina Library). The questionnaire method was used for a total of 166 participants. Two questionnaires were prepared, one for teachers and librarians with 20 questions, and the other for children with 10 questions. Both questionnaires consisted of closed and open-ended questions, including comments. Results. The analysis of survey questionnaires on user satisfaction with the conducted workshops showed that teachers and librarians consider their participation in the workshops useful because they had the opportunity to learn about new, innovative teaching methods using stories with different ethical topics with the aim of encouraging critical thinking in children. The children successfully and happily performed all the tasks set during the workshops which encouraged them to think critically. Practical use. During the workshops, teachers and librarians were introduced to innovative teaching methods that they can use in their work. Each of the mentioned teaching methods can be used individually, but they can also be combined. Workshops can be conducted in "continuations", and are applicable both in children's departments of public libraries and in schools. Originality and value. The paper indicates the need to introduce creative methods while working with children in children's libraries and in classes, with the purpose of encouraging the development of critical thinking among children which will empower them and help them solve problems, teach them about ethical values in life and the importance of mutual understanding and respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurogenic urinary bladder is caused by impaired innervation of the lower urinary tract and is a risk factor for recurrent urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, urolithiasis and impaired renal function. Urodynamic studies have allowed us to better understand the pathophysiology of these disorders and early detection of risk factors for renal parenchymal damage. Immediately after the suspicion on a neurogenic dysfunction, complete diagnostic workup is necessary, which includes ultrasound methods, 4-hour voiding observation, contrast-enchanced voiding urosonography, urodynamics and videourodynamics. The main goals of treatment and follow-up are the preservation of renal function, and after school age, socially acceptable continence. In this paper, we present contemporary approach to a child with neurogenic bladder with reference to our own many years of experience in the diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with various forms of this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a widespread structural and social problem whose definition depends on the social and individual context and on the one who defines it. Considering that there are several theories, definitions and methods of measuring poverty and related concepts, in this paper we will define poverty conceptually and theoretically in more detail, as well as the specific poverty of children. Since many studies have shown that poverty can significantly threaten the well-being of children and limit their life opportunities and outcomes in the future, we will explain child poverty and its negative effects in the context of various consequences. However, poverty as a risk factor does not necessarily lead to unfavorable consequences, and we will consider protective factors in the context of child poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technologies at the threshold of the third decade of the 21st century represent a significant factor in the psychosocial development of children and youth. The content presented by the media (using contemporary audio-visual effects) ranges from informative, through educational, entertainment, to sensational and shocking. Media content draws attention and leaves a strong impression on children, and often, provokes reactions of agitation. Children are trying to find ways to overcome this anxiety using a variety of strategies, and one of them is the need to talk about it. On the national child's line, a modern telephone and counseling support service for children and young people, there is a tendency for an increased number of calls from children that are presumed to be related to certain media events. This paper will present findings of research on the impact of disturbing media content on children as well as observations by children's counselors on calls related to sensationalist media content. The findings will be interpreted in relation to children's reactions and strategies for overcoming feelings of distress with calls during discussions with telephone counselors on the child's line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Society of Hypertension set new guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents in 2016. These guidelines present the summary of current scientific research, clinical experience, and knowledge in the field. In regards to the former 2009 guidelines, the novelties concern the definition of hypertension in adolescents aged 16 and over, the significance and methods of determining the vascular phenotype, the significance of isolated systolic hypertension in young people, and the importance of measuring arterial pressure outside the office. Also, the new risk factors for occurrence of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are defined, as well as the link and between them and their significance. The positive attitude about the benefits of early detection of increased arterial blood pressure levels in children has been confirmed; also, all dilemmas regarding the topic have been eliminated. The goal of this paper is to update the knowledge of physicians who come in contact with these types of problems regarding diagnostics, workups, and treatment of children with hypertension in a concise way, based on scientific research and expert clinical experience contained within the new guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern society children grow up surrounded by different media, so the aim of the paper is to point out the importance of media education and media literacy, which, together with the parents as the main educators in the family, should also be carried out by children librarians. Nowadays children consume media contents from the earliest age, and the impact which media have on them depends largely on the choice of the contents. Since the children are given the first elements of media education by their parents, the essential prerequisite of the children's media literacy is the parents' media literacy. Parental mediation is the most significant element in regulating the impact of media on children, and this impact is an important factor in the formation of the young person. The concept of parental mediation denotes the strategy that parents use in the process of media education and media literacy of their children. The librarians for children and young adults very often take the role of media educators, since the children spend a lot of their free time in libraries using different media. They organize and carry out numerous programs aimed at meaningful spending of free time for the youngest users, thus promoting media education and media literacy. In everyday work with children, the librarians apply an active, instructive, and didactical mediation. This way they take part in media literacy of new generations, educating them in such a way that the impact of media has the least possible negative consequences, and, at the same time, has very strong positive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of developmental needs, children's rights and protection of the best interests of children, the need for of early preventive interventions in the biological family and placing the child him/her in foster families, in case of removaling the child from the family, are is being more and more emphasized. However, when thinking about their development, it is important to have the information on current trends in foster care in the world and on the factors that promote or inhibit quality foster care in order for those interventions by the system to adequately really respond to the needs of foster children and their foster and biological families. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper, except to point out the current trends in foster care in countries with different traditions and levels of economic developments, is to extract factors that were identified as facilitators or inhibitors of the process of foster care, retention of foster parents in foster care status and stability of the child placement. The aim of this paper is to provide a description of the empirical indicators of possible directions for of improving the care for children in foster care, and empowering foster parents in their role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination is one of the most effective methods in the prevention of infectious diseases, the last century public health project which accounts for the prevention of 2 to 3 million deaths in children each year worldwide. Despite the fact that vaccination is mandatory in a great number of countries and the evident epidemiological data that indicate the effectiveness of vaccination which is reflected in the significantly lower incidence of preventable childhood infectious diseases (eradication of smallpox, eradication of polio in the most countries of the world), there is an increasing number of parents who refuse to vaccinate their child, which results in increased number of unvaccinated children and occurrence of greater or smaller epidemics of preventable childhood diseases. The reason for an increased number of unvaccinated children could be explained by the parents' fear of vaccine side effects and by doubts in the effectiveness of vaccination, the inadequate communication with health care workers and wish to receive information from anti-vaccination movements. Parents could receive the information from different sources: public health employers, family members, friends, media, blogs, different Internet sources, and Internet social network, different interest groups and anti-vaccine movements. According to recent resources, the physicians are still the most preferable source of information from whom the parents want to receive the information about the vaccination. Therefore, the duty of physicians is to know the possible models of communication in order to provide the qualitative information regarding the vaccination. In this paper, several possible approaches and communication methods between doctors and parents are mentioned. Analyzing the literature, we have found out that there is no unique and standardized way of communication with vaccine-hesitant parents. Every physician should develop his or her way of communication regarding the situation and interlocutor, knowing the basic communication models and approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the world libraries have been making efforts to stimulate reading from an early age (with babies and toddlers), because it influences reading competences. The paper presents the best library practices for first steps in reading competences used in USA and Germany. Both countries have a number of different programs, but an additional reason is that their programs are easily put into practice. We also mention several interesting positive examples of cooperation of libraries and other institutions in this field. The article presents the main possibilities for stimulating reading with children from birth to the age of six: direct forms like "Story time", steps intended for the mediators of the reading, i. e. parents, teachers, educators, librarians, and national campaigns like the Summer Reading Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with musical ability in the context of the impact of inheritance and the environment. We have presented the opinions and results of the researches of different authors considering the questions: What is ability? What is musical ability? Is it possible to affect the development of musical abilities? We observed that the theories of empiricism, nativism and convergence differently interpret what affects the development of human abilities. Various authors classify abilities differently. In the professional literature and in everyday speech there are several terms which are used as a musical abilities term (musical dispositions, musical capacity, musical preferences, musicality, musical gift, musical talent, musical ingenuity, musical ability, musical hearing). There is also a dilemma of whether musical ability is unique or is a complex of number of individual and independent abilities. It is clear that not only inherited dispositions but also the environment in which the child is growing up has an impact on musical abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart transplantation (HT) in children is a method of treating severe heart diseases when all other treatment options are exhausted. Although HT in adults is now considered a routine operation, in children it is a much more complex and demanding procedure.1 In the complex process of preparing a child for transplantation and postoperative care, the flawless cooperation of team members is crucial. Heart transplantation aims to prolong the life of a child, enable normal growth and return to an active life. Heart transplantation is intended primarily for children with cardiomyopathies, less frequently with severe arrhythmias or congenital heart defects. In order to perform a HT, it is first of all necessary to achieve the theoretical and practical conditions prescribed by the Eurotransplant system: selection criteria, examination protocol during processing for HT and readiness of the cardiac surgery team. After the criteria are met, it is necessary to plan adequate postoperative care and health care for the child. The paper will present the HT program in children at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Heart transplantation has been performed since 2011. According to the Register of the International Society for HT, 300 to 400 HT in children are made worldwide every year, or 10% of all HT. Longer survival has been achieved with complex guidelines for screening donors and organ recipients, remarkable advances in immunosuppressive therapy, performing endomyocardial biopsies, and thus patient care in the period before and after transplantation. Raising awareness about HT in children is very important for raising awareness about organ donation as it is the biggest limiting factor of this method. The stay of the child after the transplant at Clinic is aimed at bringing the child closer to the parents, monitoring the rejection of the transplant, monitoring postoperative infections and parents’ education led by the physician and nurse. The success of a HT in a child depends on the timely diagnosis and recognition of the terminal stage of the disease, the ability of the cardiac surgery team and the ability to adequately care for the child after a HT. Treatment requires multidisciplinary cooperation and support from parents and the environment in which the child lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of pediatric cardiology and of cardiosurgery in the last few decades have significantly reduced mortality and extended the life of children with congenital heart disease, which has resulted in creating a new population. Pediatricans in primary care level have a significant role in the health care of children with congenital heart disease . This role requires continuous follow up of the progress of pediatric cardiology and cardio-surgery, knowledge of the cardiac anamnesis of their patients, and knowledge of possible complications in the disease outcome, the side effects of medications and health needs at each specific age. The aim of this paper is to review the general and specific vital and health needs of children with congenital heart disease during their growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show videourodynamics combined with contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography, which has been used at our institution for four years now. This method does not use ionizing radiation and is highly sensitive for vesicoureteral refl ux. During examination, we can simultaneously monitor function of the lower urinary tract, the presence and degree of refl ux, intravesical pressure and the volume at which refl ux occurs, all of these being important for planning of treatment and providing prognosis. We analyze the advantages and disadvantages of this method compared to standard x-ray, and describe the technique of examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]