Search

With the fast development of socio-economic, more attention has been focused on the property value of natural resources and environmental benefit. In this regard, Ecological Property Value (EPV), which is considered as one of the most significant resource and wealth in a country, has being concerned more and more in recent years. EPV is one of the bases of social development. Understanding the EPV in a region is very useful in taking effective management to improve the sustainable development. So, it is very important to assess the EPV. Massive vector and raster spatial data are analyzed in the environment of GIS software. Remote sensing data sets, as well as meteorological data, NDVI and GDP, are re-sampled at a spatial resolution of 1 km. The EPV and its spatial-temporal variation in Gansu Province from 2000 to 2010 are evaluated and the spatial distribution maps of EPV are drawn. This paper develops spatial model of Ecological Economic Harmony (EEH). The EEH is developed to reflect the coordination degree of the EPV and GDP. The results show: 1) The overall amount of EPV in Gansu Province are 2 430.84 billion and 2 487.40 billion in 2000 and 2010 respectively. 2) The forest ecosystem offers the most of EPV. About half of the total EPV in Gansu Province is contributed by Longnan and Gannan. 3) The spatial distribution of EPV in Gansu Province exhibits a declining trend from southeast to northwest, and the EPV in the Hexi Corridor and Longnan area increased rapidly from 2000 to 2010. 4) The ratios of the EPV to GDP in most of cities decreased in different degrees, which shows unmatching of the development of the EPV and the growth of GDP and the tremendous pressure of protection of ecological environment. 5) The present pattern of the coordination of ecological and economic systems expresses that the potential crisis zone occupies the central location and has a broad coverage, followed by low- grade conflict zone and initial degradation zone. There are some uncertainties for evaluating EPV based on quantitative remote sensing retrieval and economic evaluation methods. The uncertainties are mainly from two aspects: the EPV and the criteria for evaluation, and the spatial resolution of remote sensing data and the precision of applied ecological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The product of sugar-base ratio and potassium content in tobacco samples was used as the property value, and the normal distribution test of sample property value in cigarette making process and the calculation of tobacco mixing uniformity were conducted. Through the analysis of control chart, process capability index and tobacco mixing ability, the quality stability and variation law of tobacco in each process were explored. The results showed that the mixing uniformity of tobacco in loose moisture regain process was 67. 04%, the coefficient of variation was 32. 96%, and the mixing uniformity was poor. Premixing contributed the most to the improvement of tobacco mixing uniformity, with the variance reduction index of 17. 59 after first-order feeding premixing, and the tobacco mixing uniformity reached 94. 30%. The processing quality stability of tobacco materials in loose moisture regain and primary feeding premixing process was poor. The mixing uniformity of tobacco materials in the subsequent four processes was more than 95%, and the process capability index CP value was close to 2. 0. The processing quality stability was better. According to the results, the mixing uniformity and quality stability of the material could be improved by increasing the number of cigarette cutters and increasing the premixed cabinet in the cigarette making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological reference material is a primary standard to ensure the accuracy of geological sample analysis results. After more than 40 years of development, China has developed and certified thousands of geological reference materials covering different media such as rock, ore, soil, sediment, organism, and water. China’s metrological management department divides the certified reference material into two classes according to the classification class, the first-class reference material (GBW) and the second-class reference material [GBW(E)]. According to their attributes and application fields, they are divided into 13 categories, and the geological reference materials belong to the seventh category [GBW07 and GBW(E)07]. It can be seen from the National Sharing Platform for Reference Materials (https://www.ncrm.org.cn) that by the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the total number of geological reference materials approved by the State Administration for Market Regulation is 1013, including 718 first-class certified reference materials, and the amount of first-class certified reference materials ranks first in the 13 categories (Fig.1). Geological materials are the most important and basic raw materials in the development of human society, with various types, complex components, and large differences in component content. It is because of the complexity of geological materials and the demand for reliable quantitative analysis that thousands of geological reference materials have been developed. Some reference materials developed by some industrial geological agencies are classified into other categories in classification management, such as isotope reference materials belonging to the fourth category, biological composition reference materials belonging to the tenth category, coal reference materials belonging to the eleventh category, these reference materials are widely used in related geological work, and in this paper they will be classified as geological reference materials. To systematically grasp the development status of geological reference materials in China, the first-class geological certified reference materials are comprehensively sorted, and are divided into six categories according to the type of matrix, property value and application scope: basic, ore, marine, environment, energy and special purpose (Table 1), and the development situation of each type, matrix characteristics and fixed value index respectively are summarized. On the basis of summarizing the results, on one hand, the main problems existing in the application of geological reference materials and the causes of these problems are analyzed. On the other hand, the detailed technical problems that may affect the uncertainty in the process of homogeneity, stability and characterization are discussed, and the views and suggestions are expounded. In this paper, the first-class geological certified reference materials are divided into the following six categories to summarize the development of each type： 　　(1) 260 basic geological reference materials have been developed, the type of matrix including rock, soil and river sediments. The characteristic components of the certified value are generally 70 elements and compounds, which are mainly used as monitoring standards for sample analysis in basic geological surveys and research. 　　(2) 272 ore geological reference materials have been developed, including precious metal ore, metal ore, single mineral, and non-metallic ore. The specific mineral types are shown in Table 1. There are generally 20 property values, which are the main technical indicators in mineral exploration. They are mainly used as a monitoring standard for geological exploration, mineral processing and smelting, comprehensive utilization, commodity inspection and trade amongst other fields. 　　(3) 16 marine geological reference materials have been developed, including marine sediments and marine minerals. The specific samples include 10 marine sediment reference materials namely, 1 near sea, 1 Yellow Sea, 2 South China Sea, 1 East China Sea, 3 deep Pacific Ocean, 1 Antarctic Ocean and 1 Arctic Ocean. Six marine mineral reference materials are three polymetallic nodules and three ocean cobalt-enriched crusts. The characteristic composition of the certification value is the same as that of the basic geological reference material, but slightly less, generally 51-71 kinds. This is a necessary chemical composition measurement standard for marine sediment measurement and marine mineral resource survey and research. 　　(4) 101 standard materials for environmental geology have been developed, including the available state of soil elements, the form of soil and sediment elements, the valence state of groundwater elements, the extractable state of soil elements, biological inorganic elements, organic pollutants in soil and sediment and other reference materials. The characteristic components of the matrix and certified values are the total amount of inorganic elements in biological samples, the available states, and forms of elements in soil and sediment, the valence states of elements in water and organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediment. This kind of reference material provides analytical quality monitoring standards for land quality geochemical surveys and evaluation, regional ecological geochemical evaluations, multi-objective geochemical surveys and detailed surveys of soil pollution. 　　(5) 23 energy geological reference materials have been developed. The property values of oil-generating rock reference materials are organic carbon, pyrolysis hydrocarbon S2, pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax, and chloroform asphalt “A”. The property values of coal reference material are calorific value, ash, volatile matter, total sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, true relative density and phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine, and arsenic. The property values of the reference materials of highly evolved hydrocarbon source rock are pyrolysis hydrocarbon S2, pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax, and total organic carbon TOC. This is the monitoring standard for the exploration, evaluation and rational utilization of energy and mineral resources. 　 　(6) 129 reference materials for special purposes have been developed, including 20 synthetic reference materials for emission spectroscopy and 4 synthetic reference materials for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. The property values are 28-29 inorganic chemical elements. There are 38 isotope reference materials, and the property values of those include isotope abundance and abundance ratio. There are 35 electron probe reference materials, and the property values are generally two principal components of their minerals. There are 15 reference materials for phase analysis, and the property values are the corresponding main phase. There are 5 soil limit water content reference materials, and the property values are 10mm liquid limit, plastic limit, and plastic index. There are 12 soil pH reference materials, and the property values are pH. It can be seen from the classification and summary that the geological reference material matrix in China is rich in types and quantities, which establishes an influential quality monitoring system for geological sample analysis, ensures the reliability and consistency of geological sample test data, and significantly improves the comparability and scientific value of relevant data. 　 　At present, there are still some problems in the application and development technology of a large number of geological reference materials. The problems are discussed and analyzed, hoping to draw attention to improving the value determination class of geological reference materials. In the aspect of application, the specific problems existing in different types of geological reference materials and their causes at the present stage are analyzed and development suggestions are proposed, according to the work needs of current mineral resources, international cooperation, marine strategy, ecological civilization and other fields. In the aspect of development technology, some detail technologies which may affect the value determination class in the process of homogeneity, stability and characterization are analyzed. In the aspect of development technology, some detail technologies which may affect the setting in the process of homogeneity, stability and value setting are analyzed. The test method of homogeneity and the evaluation method of stability uncertainty are discussed. Suggestions are made for the uncertainty evaluation method of unexamined elements for homogeneity test and control limit of relative extended uncertainty. 1. Three problems existing in the current application of geological reference materials are analyzed： 　 　(1) The quantity of some types of reference materials developed is small, the gradient distribution of characteristic values is insufficient, and the matrix type is simple. For example, the amount of marine geology, micro-area analysis, energy and mineral resource reference material development is small. The ore-forming elements of key metal ore reference materials are mainly low content, lacking rich ore grade or higher content grade. The matrix types of the samples of organic pollutant reference materials are only soil and sediment, and the property values are only organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other compounds, and the matrix types and target compounds are few. The main reasons for these problems are difficulty in obtaining samples, little working demand, difficulty in ensuring the uniformity and stability of the sample preparation technology, large error of analysis technology unable to determine the value. 　　(2) There are many components in the geological reference materials with mature development technology that have no certified values. The reasons of low element content and test interference are mainly analyzed. 　　(3) At the current class of analytical technology, there is only one measurement method for several elements, and for some elements, with the widespread application of modern instrumental analysis technology, the optional measurement method is gradually becoming singular. 　　2. The detail technology of four aspects in the development of reference material is discussed： 　　(1) Uniformity testing method. XRF is a widely used measurement method for the uniformity test of geological standard materials due to its high testing precision. However, due to its large sample size, XRF cannot meet the requirements of minimum sample size. Since the release and implementation of China National Technical Specification for Measurement “General and Statistical Principles for Characterization of Reference Materials” (JJF1343) in 2012, the uniformity of reference materials was tested by ICP-MS and ICP-OES under 0.1g weighing sample[24-30] . The measurement precision of these two methods is not as good overall as that of XRF, and the accuracy of individual elements is poor, which may cause the numerical value to be too large when calculating the uncertainty introduced by uniformity, thus affecting the reasonable evaluation of the uncertainty of property value. For this reason, some scholars[34-35] improved the XRF sample preparation device, studied the accuracy and precision of the method under 0.1g weighing sample, and verified the application effect for uniformity testing. However, only 10 major components in the reference materials of soil and stream sediments were tested under 0.1g weighing sample, while the reference materials of other matrix types and other trace elements, especially heavy elements, have not been studied and tested. Therefore, the feasibility of the XRF method with a sample size of 0.1g still needs to be verified. 　 　(2) Uncertainty calculation method for elements without uniformity test. The composition of geological materials is complex, and its reference substances generally have multiple attribute values, and the content of each component is greatly different, so it is usually difficult to test the uniformity of all attribute values. According to the provisions of JJF1646—2017, the characteristic of representative and less homogeneous should be selected for uniformity evaluation. The uncertainty of the untested elements can be evaluated according to the concentration and geochemical properties with reference to the uncertainty introduced by the tested elements. However, the exact calculation method was not specified. An evaluation method that considers both element properties, content and test methods (Table 2) is presented here. The specific calculation method is to multiply the relative uncertainty (Ur ) of the uniformity of the detected element by the standard value μ of the undetected element and take it as the uncertainty component ubb of the undetected element. 　　(3) Evaluation method of stability uncertainty. At present, trend analysis method is generally used to evaluate the stability uncertainty (us ) of geological reference materials, and the calculation formula is us=s(b1 )·t. It can be seen from the formula that the longer the stability monitoring time, the greater the stability uncertainty introduced. The stability uncertainty data of several reference materials were compared and determined to be the main contribution to the total uncertainty, which is inconsistent with the long-term observation of the stability of the geological reference materials. Therefore, this calculation method is not suitable to evaluate the uncertainty introduced into the stability of geological reference material. Meng et al.[42] suggested using the analysis of variance to calculate, and the comparative analysis showed that us was still the main contribution to the total uncertainty. Wang et al.[43] used range method to calculate us, but the application of this method in geological reference materials has yet to be verified. In conclusion, the reasonable evaluation of stability uncertainty of matrix reference materials with more test error sources needs to be studied further. 　　(4) Control limits for relative extended uncertainty. The determination of the property value of geological reference materials usually has certain control requirements for relative extended uncertainty (Urel), but these control limits are rarely introduced in the public information of the reference material. It was not until the specification JJF1646 published in 2017 that Urel was required in principle. Urel is the embodiment of the quality of property value data. Urel control limits in Table 3 are proposed on the basis of the principle requirements of JJF1646—2017 by referring to the control limits in the development of existing reference materials and the analysis of different types of geological reference materials. In the process of development, the developer also needs to comprehensively consider the matrix condition, setting index, element content of the sample and formulate reasonable Urel control limits of uncertainty in combination with the current analysis technology class, to obtain accurate and reasonable property value and uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the orderly settlement of the agricultural transfer population in cities is an important part of citizenship, and it is necessary to analyze the factors influencing the decision of this population to do so. Most existing studies have analyzed an entire region or a particular area, and there is a lack of comparison of the differences in agricultural migrant populations in different outflow areas. In the vast expanse of China, there are significant differences in land resources, economic development, and sociocultural backgrounds among different regions. Therefore, using the 2017 national dynamic monitoring data of the migrant population, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and binary logistic regression models, this study compares spatial characteristics and the influential relationships between the willingness of agricultural migrants to settle in cities and their rural land ownership in China's four major economic subregions. The results are as follows: 1) Ownership of contracted ground has the strongest inhibitory effect on the willingness of the population to settle from the northeast, followed by the east, the west, and the central area. The relationship between rural land size and willingness to settle is negative in both the eastern and northeastern regions—the larger the contracted land size, the weaker the willingness to settle, whereas the opposite is true in the central and western regions. 2) The ownership of homesteads reduces willingness to settle, and homesteads with a smaller-than-average area have a weaker inhibiting effect on willingness to settle than homesteads with a larger-than-average area; however, the degree of the inhibiting effect of residential land on willingness to settle varies by region of outflow. There are differences in the degree of suppression of willingness to settle in different outflow areas, with the effect of having a largerthan- average homestead area being more suppressive of willingness to settle in the central and western regions. Thus, this study finds that rural land resources are an important constraint in the decision to settle, but that there are significant regional differences in the inhibitory effect of agricultural land on settlement behavior. This difference stems from the disparate levels of economic development and urban-rural construction across the country on the one hand, and the differing values of rural land in different socio-cultural contexts on the other. Agricultural migrants constantly weigh the benefits and security of owning rural land and the economic incentives to abandon rural land against the rights and interests of urban hukou. This impacts the rural land and its effect on the willingness of the migrant population to settle in different outflow areas. In the case of contracted ground, the productivity and property value of the land become important tradeoffs for the migrant population in each outflow area. A homestead may be more of a "root" concept and a "home" guarantee that constrains the settlement behavior of the population in different outflow areas. Regional differences in collective dividends also significantly influence the extent of their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the active promotion of the concept of common prosperity, farmland has once again become the focus of attention in political and academic circles, and many scholars have advocated the further visualization of the property value of farmland elements to increase farmers' income. To promote the coordinated development of China's food security and common prosperity strategies, this paper attempts to reveal the dilemma facing farmland capitalization. Theoretically, based on the factor allocation decision logic of full-time and part-time farmers, this paper proposed the dilemma of farmland capitalization between increasing food production and farm household income. We empirically constructed a model to measure farmland capitalization and characterized its degree in 27 provinces in China's mainland from 2004 to 2020. The study also provided empirical support for the theoretical analysis by using a threshold regression model and a mediating effect model based on 790 microsamples from typical provinces. The results found that: ① Farmland capitalization showed a trend of increasing year by year nationwide, with a spatial distribution pattern of spreading from the center to the surrounding areas, and the provinces with a higher degree of farmland capitalization were concentrated in the main grain-producing areas. ② The impact of farmland transfer prices on grain production had structural effects depending on the degree of farmland capitalization: In the moderate capitalization scenario (farmland capitalization≤1.011), farmland price increases promoted the expansion of food crop acreage; in the excessive capitalization scenario (farmland capitalization≥1.154), farmland price increases suppressed food crop acreage. ③ Farmland capitalization helped to meet farmers' psychological expectations on the value of farmland assets, and significantly increased farmers' income by promoting two paths: the outflow of farmland and off-farm employment. ④ Farmland capitalization in China was facing a dilemma between increasing food production and increasing farmers' income, which posed an important potential problem for national food security. The capitalization of farmland can not only improve the problem of insufficient property income in the income structure of farm households, but also promote the non-farm transfer of rural labor, but behind it is the fact that a large amount of farmland is 'nongrain.' In the future, the Chinese government should emphasize the production factor attributes of farmland, use policy tools to guide the rational return of farmland prices, improve the market for productive agricultural services, and prevent the risk of farmland over-capitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work of ancient TCM books is mainly focused on the research and development of the knowledge element labeling platform and the data processing of the basic TCM theories・ Through a summary of the previous researches on knowledge element in China, combined with the current research work on knowledge element of ancient TCM books, three issues are discussed: First, knowledge element concepts should be named directly from the word or phrase in the text. Second, the text extraction of knowledge element can be extracted by the use of speech law and the concept of "triple group" of knowledge mapping・ Third, the description of semantic triples can be divided into two forms of expression: u entity-relationship-entityto express different descriptions and u entity-attribute-property value" to express descriptive statements・ Logical relationship among semantic triples and their descriptions require a comprehensive examination of ancient texts, such as words, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, etc・ Thus the study of "logical grammar", may open up new paths for the study of knowledge element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the most important food source for a major portion of the world’s population. In cooking rice, a traditional electric cooker has low efficiency of electro-thermal conversion, and low accuracy of temperature control. Alternatively, an ohmic heating has attract much attention, due to its high electro-thermal conversion efficiency, simple structure, easy control of equipment, as well as uniform and rapid heating. In this study, an ohmic heating experimental system was designed for cooking rice. The system was consisted of a control system, an ohmic heating container, and a personal computer. Its function was to collect the voltage, current, and temperature signals, then to send the collected data to the computer. The feedforward compensation was used to control the heating rate, whilst the PID controller was used to control the heat preservation temperature. PWM signals were both output with different duty cycles to adjust the output voltage, achieving the purposes of constant heating rate and heat preservation temperature. A systematic investigation was made to study the effects of soaking time (5, 15, 30, 50, 80 min) and water-rice ratio (1.25:1, 1.50:1, 1.75:1, and 2.00:1 mL/g) on the electrical conductivity of water-rice mixture, ohmic heating rate, energy consumption, and rice quality (expansion ratio, water absorption ratio, physical property value, and color) during ohmic heating. The effect of ohmic heating rate on the rice quality was explored, in order to compare energy consumption and quality of rice cooked by ohmic heating and electric cooker, where the same material and heating process were used during cooking rice. The results showed that during soaking rice, the electrical conductivity of rice-water mixture increased, due to the conductive material inside the rice, indicating an increase in the ohmic heating rate. The soaking rice reduced the energy consumption (P＜0.05), further to obtain the soft rice. Nevertheless, there was no any influence on the water absorption ratio, expansion ratio, stickiness, springiness, and color of rice, indicating that the cooking rice by ohmic heating was completely feasible under the situation that the rice had been soaked for 30 min. During the process of ohmic cooking rice, the electrical conductivity of rice-water mixture initially increased with the increase of cooking time, and then gradually decreased during the heat preservation stage. The electrical conductivity of water-rice mixture became greater, as the water-rice ratio increased. At the same time, the volume of water-rice mixture and the rice both showed the trend of being unchanged first, then increasing, and finally tending to balance. The total volume of rice was larger after cooking, as the water-rice ratio increased. The hardness of rice increased (P＜0.05), as the heating rate of ohmic cooking was higher, but the stickiness and springiness decreased slightly (P＜0.05). The heating rate can be within the range of 3-9 ℃/min. When the water-rice ratio was from 1.25:1 mL/g to 1.50:1 mL/g, the rice tasted better, indicating that the more suitable water-rice ratio was 1.50:1 mL/g to 1.75:1 mL/g in a electric cooker. In addition, the ohmic cooking rice had no heating hysteresis, where the temperature of heating and heat preservation can be control accurately, compared with an electric cooker. In the same amount of rice, the energy consumption of ohmic heating was only 20%-25% of energy required for electric cooker. Compared with an electric cooker, the hardness of rice cooked by ohmic heating can be reduced by 21%, and the expansion ratio and water absorption ratio were larger (P＜0.05), while the whiteness value (L*) of rice were lower (P＜ 0.05). This finding can provide a technical support to develop automatic rice cooking device with a high efficiency using ohmic heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to quickly get the leaf water deficit information of the timely and appropriate irrigation of wheat, the water potential and electric property value of wheat leaf were measured by the testing system consisting of psychrometric and LCR meter. The results showed that the wheat leaf electric property were associated with the choice of measuring frequency and voltage. The contrast experiment determined that the best test frequency of wheat leaf electric property was 75 KHz, and the best test voltage was 1. 0 V. Using the electric property data of wheat leaf under the condition of optimum testing parameters, the relationship model between water potential and electric property of wheat leaf were constructed, then the regression equations between the leaf moisture content and leaf physiological capacitance and physiological resistance were gained, and their determination coefficient were 0. 9639 and 0. 9725,respectively, which had a good fitting result, indicating that wheat leaf physiological capacitance and physiological resistance were associated with leaf moisture content, so the method to measure electrical characteristics could be used to measure the moisture content of wheat leaves nondestructively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the low detection rate and the high rate of error rate as well as omission rate in current intrusion detection, this paper proposed a Bayesian classification algorithm based on K-means clustering. Firstly, the paper improved the clustering algorithm by using the improved K-means algorithm to cluster the complete data in the set of the original data. Secondly, the algorithm calculated the approximate distance between each record of the missing dataset and k cluster centers, and took the record belongs to the nearest cluster, and the missing value of the record was filled with property value of the corresponding cluster. Finally, it used the Bayesian classification algorithm to classify the processed complete data set. The simulation experiments prove that compared with the naïve Bayesian, the detection rate is improved and the false detection rate and the omission rate are lower by the improved algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]