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Through literature retrieval summary, this paper has analyzed the progress of medicine supply policy for rare disease drug in China in the past 5 years and the patterns of medicine supply policy for rare disease drugs implemented by various local governments. The United States and other developed countries have an early start in the definition, regulations and drug development incentives of rare diseases, and also have established a relatively robust system of medicine supply for rare disease. China is gradually establishing medicine supply policy for rare disease drug to promote access to medicines for patients with rare diseases. In order to establish a systematic policy system for rare diseases, this paper proposes that China can further promote the improvement from the aspects of system guarantee, resource guarantee and implementation guarantee to ensure drug accessibility for patients with rare diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of green agricultural development is an important basis for guiding agricultural transformation and upgrades with advances in China. Since its proposal, this concept has received extensive attention from researchers and the number of papers published on it has increased rapidly. We examined research papers related to green agricultural development published since 2016 and used a bibliometric method to comprehensively and systematically analyze research hotspots in green agricultural development. The hot topics for research in this field include：theory, policy mechanisms, evaluation, controlling agricultural non-point pollution sources, and the experience of developed countries. We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of various hot research topics. These results provide a scientific reference for further studies of green agricultural development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of intergovernmental relations and government- market relations, this paper, based on the governance theory, analyzes the development process and overall trend of both Western developed countries' and China's spatial planning system under the influence of national governance changes. While spatial planning has become an important institutional reform and reconstruction system for China's ecological civilization construction, this paper hold the opinion that, under the goal of modern national governance, the reconstruction of the future spatial planning system should pay more attention to the following three questions: (1) The multi-attribute nature of "land space" should be fully understood, while the overall balance of spatial planning for multiple objectives should be emphasized; (2) A spatial planning system that corresponds to government affairs should be established; (3) Planning researches and non-statutory planning should be integrated into the spatial planning system to enhance the scientific nature of spatial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop an outstanding Renminbi exchange rate forecasting model based on the background of Renminbi internationalization and the increased two-way volatility becomes much more important. The forecasting ability of a parameter model depends not only on whether it is correctly specified, but also on one hand the efficiency of whether it can detect the structure changes and using the effective observations to estimate the parameters, and on the other hand on the ability of selecting the proper covariates that can be used in forecasting. In order to solve these required problems, this paper has developed the penalized adaptive method which can adaptively select the covariates and detect the structure changes. The developed model can outperform the local adaptive method and other economic fundamental methods in exchange rate predictions. In the USD against RMB exchange rate regime, we find out that the newly developed methods can manage of significantly increasing the forecasting accuracy compared with the second-best model. After the 811-exchange-rate-reform, the economic fundamentals have been significantly improved in determining the exchange rate expectation. Moreover, after the 811-exchange-rate-reform, the exchange rate of USD against RMB itself does not decide alone by the USD. It is also decided heavily by the other fundermental differences between China and the other developed countries such as UK, Euro Zone and Japan. The manageable floating exchange rate system is also crucial in preventing the exchange rate risk in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper modified the Diebold & Yilmaz spillover index model by weighting method, and used this model to analyze the information spillover relationship between RMB and seven major developed contries, currency from July 22, 2005 to the end of 2017. The results showed that: The current international influence of the RMB is not high, far lower than the influence levels of other developed countries' currencies, but it shows a rising trend; especially after the "811" exchange reform in 2015, the international influence of the RMB has been greatly improved; from the rolling window analysis and structure change-point test, the improvement of the marketization level of the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism and international status are two main factors that have led to major changes in the international influence of the RMB. Overall, the weighted modified Diebold & Yilmaz spillover index model can more sensitively reflect changes in the international influence of the RMB. To improve the international influence of the RMB, one key is to continuously increase the marketization level of the exchange rate market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present stage of China’s investment in science and technology strength, talent training mode is not set up, unscientific allocation restricts the progress of China’s science and technology and the efficiency of resource allocation. Based on this background, this paper first summarizes and analyzes the experience and characteristics of national science and technology resources allocation, from foreign countries such as the United States, Germany, Japan, Australia and other countries. According to the current situation in China, we put forward the experience and enlightenment in several aspects, including increasing government investment in science and technology, financing system construction, building scientific and technological personnel training mode, deepening the reform of science and technology, optimizing the allocation of scientific and technological resources. These countermeasures and suggestions may improve science and technology resource allocation for China in the external environment, and provide the theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of the allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agenda of Copenhagen in the international climate negotiation underlines the conflict between developed and developing countries. Learning from the tree- correlated equilibrium concept introduced by Forgo (2005), the paper chooses the developed countries group and the developing countries group as two bodies of international climate negotiation. The international climate negotiation will be divided into three periods: the Kyoto protocol period (2000-2012), the Copenhagen protocol period (2013-2020) and the forever period (2021-2200). So the sequential games model of the developing countries group and developed countries group about Copenhagen climate negotiation is built. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, the linear regression model between carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature and the prediction model of ARMA(4,2) are built, then the contribution values of carbon dioxide concentration for various emission branches in 2200 are obtained. The global temperatures under various emission branches are computed with the corresponding emission reduction rates. The solution of tree-correlated equilibrium is obtained by GHGAME linear programming. The results show that the international climate negotiating plan in terms of discretion according to the prior period progress is better than the package solution at the preliminary stage. Whether developed countries meet their responsibilities to cut emissions or not decides what happens to the control effect of global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, low utilization ratio of science and technology resources has to be an important restriction factor that affects the development of science and technology in our country. It is necessary to establish and perfect the government-dominated paUern of sharing science and technology resources for realizing sustainable development. This paper, learning from the experience for science and technology resources sharing in some western developed countries, that contain the United States, European Union and Japan, studies the key problems in the development of science and technology resources sharing. Based on this analysis, some useful policies and suggestions, ranging from sharing strategy, sharing platform, management system are proposed. These conclusions are useful for the government to develop science and technology resources sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]