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OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition and glucose metabolism-related indexes in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes and to compare the improvement effect of the two exercise modalities, thereby providing a reference basis for the development of exercise prescription for overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, WanFang, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of HIIT and MICT interventions on body composition and glucose metabolism-related indicators in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The search was conducted from database inception to June 2022. Meta-analysis of outcome indicators was performed using RevMan 5.4. RESULTS: (1) A total of 13 randomized controlled trials with 371 subjects were included, and the overall quality of the included studies was relatively high. (2) There was no significant difference in the improvement of body composition between HIIT and MICT [body mass: weighted mean difference (WMD)=2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): -3.01-7.89, P > 0.05; body mass index: WMD=0.28, 95%CI: -1.21-1.77, P > 0.05; waist circumference: WMD=2.16, 95% CI: -2.04-6.35, P > 0.05; body fat percentage: WMD=0.47, 95%CI: -2.11-3.05, P > 0.05). (3) The results of subgroup analysis showed that there was a significant difference in body mass and body mass index between the “training cycle ≥ 12 weeks” subgroup and the “training frequency ≤ 3 times/week” subgroup (training cycle ≥ 12 weeks subgroup: WMD=4.25, 95% CI: 0.90-7.59, P=0.01; WMD=2.71, 95%CI: 1.92-3.51, P < 0.000 01; training frequency ≤ 3 times/week subgroup: WMD=5.14, 95%CI: 1.7-8.57, P=0.003; WMD=1.67, 95% CI: 0.66-2.67, P=0.001). (4) The results of sensitivity analysis showed that there was a significant difference in body fat percentage between the HIIT and MICT groups (WMD=2.17, 95% CI: 1.20-3.14, P < 0.000 1), while there was no significant difference in the improvement of glucose metabolism between the HIIT and MICT groups (fasting blood glucose: WMD=0.31, 95% CI: -0.17-0.79, P > 0.05; glycosylated hemoglobin: WMD=0.01, 95% CI: -0.19-0.20, P > 0.05; insulin resistance index: WMD=-0.14, 95%CI: -0.71-0.42, P > 0.05). (5) The results of subgroup analysis showed that fasting blood glucose was significantly different in the subgroup of “training frequency ≤ 3 times/week” (WMD=0.92, 95% CI: 0.25-1.60, P=0.007) and glycosylated hemoglobin was significantly different in the “training frequency > 3 times/week” subgroup (WMD=-0.2, 95% CI: -0.3 to -0.1, P < 0.000 1). CONCLUSION: Overall, there is no significant difference between HIIT and MICT in improving body composition such as body mass, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage as well as improving glucose metabolic indexes such as fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin and insulin resistance index in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes. When the training period is ≥ 12 weeks and the training frequency is ≤ 3 times/week, MICT has a better effect on the improvement of body mass as well as body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In the initial stage of multiple sclerosis, central immune cells activate and release a large number of inflammatory factors, causing white matter demyelination and even involving gray matter neurons. The equilibrium of differentiation between different subsets of CD4+ T cells plays an important role in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The previous results of the research group showed that the active ingredient astragalus glycoprotein in astragalus can regulate the immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, and whether it has a regulatory effect on the differentiation of T cell subsets has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effects and immune regulatory mechanisms of astragaloside IV on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into the normal control group, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group, and astragaloside IV treatment group (n=8 per group). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55 were used for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model induction in the last two groups. On day 10 to 28 after immunization, the astragaloside IV treatment group was treated with 40 mg/kg per day astragaloside IV intragastrically. Body weight and clinical scores of mice in each group were recorded from the immunization day to the 28th day. On the 28th day after immunization, the mouse spinal cord was taken and made into frozen sections for hematoxylin-eosin staining and Lux fast blue staining to observe pathological changes in the spinal cord. Percentage of splenic T cell subsets was detected using flow cytometry. Western blot assay was used to determine the protein expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-17 and interleukin-6 in the spinal cord. Levels of interferon-γ, interleukin-17, interleukin-6 and interleukin-4 in supernatants of cultured splenocytes were determined by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group, astragaloside IV could reduce the degree of weight loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice (P < 0.05), ameliorate clinical symptoms (P < 0.05), inhibit the infiltration of inflammatory cells and alleviate myelin loss (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group, astragaloside IV could inhibit the proportion of CD4+ T cell subsets expressing interferon-γ (P < 0.001) and interleukin-17 (P < 0.001), but increase percentages of CD4+ interleukin-10+ (P < 0.001) and CD4+ transforming growth factor-β+ (P < 0.01) T cell subsets. (3) Astragaloside IV could inhibit the expression of interferon-γ (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), interleukin-17 (P < 0.05, P < 0.05), and interleukin-6 (P < 0.05, P < 0.05) in the spinal cord and spleen, and up-regulate the expression of interleukin-4 (P < 0.01) in spleen. (4) These findings confirm that astragaloside IV alleviates clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, which may be related to regulating the splenic T cell subsets, therefore, inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the center and reducing the demyelination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]