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I agree wholeheartedly with the authors of "At Least One Black Sheep: Pragmatics and Mathematical Language" on their main thesis that the language of mathematics is permeated by phenomena that belong to pragmatics. I also agree with what they take to be the opposite view, which is presented in Mohan Ganesalingam's monograph The Language of Mathematics (2013). I think that the conflict is to a large extent terminological and has to do with what is meant by pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the procedural meaning of the Spanish adverb apenas , proposing that it carries the procedural meaning of right-hand APPROACHING. This procedural meaning effectively accounts for various interpretations and argumentative orientations of apenas in different contexts. The analysis demonstrates that apenas consistently implies a closeness or minimality, whether in quantitative or temporal domain. The procedural meaning also explains the negative argumentative orientation of apenas. Therefore, the different meanings of apenas can be analyzed in a holistic way. Through this analysis, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of adverbial usage in Spanish and potentially guide analogous investigations in other languages. • The Spanish adverb apenas carries a procedural meaning. • The procedural meaning can offer a holistic analysis of this adverb. • The procedural meaning also explains the negative argumentative orientation of apenas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homesigners are deaf individuals who have grown up in the absence of a conventional language model and have co-created a unique communication system with their hearing relatives and other interlocutors. This paper presents the first analysis of Other-Initiated Repair (OIR) sequences as a window into the pragmatic competence of homesigners. Our conversation analyses are based on 2:24 h of video data from five homesigners and their interlocutors from the Buleleng regency of Bali, Indonesia. On a par with speakers and signers of conventional languages, we find that all main OIR formats are adopted in these conversations. Moreover, we find that restricted repair formats are preferred over open ones. Homesigners also upgrade their repair strategies in multiple repair sequences just like speakers and signers of conventional languages do to achieve increasing specificity. Yet, as reported for other sign languages, OIR is more frequent in our dataset compared to previously studied spoken languages. All in all, our findings support the hypothesis that pragmatic competence and interactional abilities develop even in the absence of a language model and can therefore be seen as a foundation for language emergence to take off. • Balinese homesigners use all main formats of Other-Initiated Repair in natural conversations. • Other-Initiated Repair (OIR) in Balinese homesign is highly frequent. • Balinese homesigners prefer restricted repair formats over open ones. • In multiple OIR sequences, homesigners upgrade their OIR strategies from weaker to stronger ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined two related aspects in pragmatic knowledge: namely, knowledge of the contexts in which certain linguistic forms are prototypically used (i.e. form-context mappings), and the indexical meanings which are produced when a form is used in a particular context. We employed one-to-one metapragmatic interviews with 30 L1 Korean speakers, 28 L2 Korean learners in the UK as well as eight group interviews with 26 of the learners. The interviews focused on the participants' understanding of the Korean first-person honorific pronoun ce in relation to its non-honorific equivalent na. The findings revealed that, while the learners' understanding of the contexts in which ce is normally used was fairly similar to L1 speakers, the indexical meanings that they associated with the form-context mappings differed saliently from that of L1 speakers. In addition, the learners struggled to align with the L1 speakers' meaning interpretations and made unsuccessful attempts to incorporate them into their existing indexical systems. The findings thus demonstrate that form-context mappings represent only one part of L2 learners' pragmatic competence. Future research and pedagogical efforts are encouraged to take into consideration the indexical meanings that underly language usage and help learners make more informed linguistic choices. • This paper examines two related aspects of pragmatics: form-context mappings and indexical meanings. • Second language learners had native-like understanding of the contexts in which a linguistic form is normally used. • However, they differed from the L1 speakers significantly in their interpretations of indexical meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyse the usage of a discourse marker =mari , belonging to the epistemic paradigm attested in Upper Napo Kichwa (Quechuan, Ecuador). I show that the use of =mari indicates that the information is known well to the speaker, but also to some extent familiar to the addressee. In situated language use, the marker contributes to creating a knowing epistemic stance of the speaker. The analysis presented here is based on a 13-h documentary corpus of interactive Upper Napo Kichwa discourse, recorded on audio and video. For the purpose of the paper, the relevant utterances are analysed in their broad interactional context, including not only the surrounding text, but also relationships between the interlocutors, their shared life experience and possible shared knowledge derived from other sources. First, I analyse the semantic and pragmatic contribution of =mari to the conversational turn it occurs in, drawing on conversations extracted from the corpus. Following on from that, I show how tokens of =mari are situated in interactional sequences, and examine how the semantics/pragmatics of the clitic contributes to the discursive actions achieved by the turns which contain it. • Analysis of an underexplored epistemic device attested in many Quechuan languages. • Exploration of morphological marking of epistemic stance and status. • Methods of conversation analysis applied to a minority/endangered language. • Minority-language data presented in rich sociolinguistic and discourse contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the relationship between exposure to non-native dialects or foreign languages and the extraction of pragmatic meaning from intonational cues, with specific reference to the identification of speaker certainty towards the answer in questions. While previous research on language exposure has been primarily concerned with the phonetic/phonology interface, here we report on the way exposure affects intonational meaning. The language under investigation is the variety of Italian spoken in Salerno. Previous work on this variety has unveiled high levels of intonation variability at the individual level, both in production and perception, attributed to both social and cognitive factors. Here we focus on perception, testing the hypothesis that listeners' exposure to other intonation systems affects the intonation-meaning mapping. Specifically we report the results of a perception experiment in which Salerno Italian listeners were asked to rate tunes according to the degree of speaker certainty relative to the answer expected (yes or no). We show that intonational cues are exploited by listeners to identify speaker's expectation of answers to questions. The use of specific cues to identify speaker's certainty, however, is shown to be highly dependent on listeners' exposure differences. Hence, we propose that, while results support the idea that discrete elements within a tune have intrinsic and independent meanings, they are not in line with intonational meaning models proposing absolute stability in the intonation-meaning mapping. • Phonological elements of intonation convey information about speakers' epistemic stance. • Elements within tunes have intrinsic meanings that are maintained across speech acts. • Exposure to other phonological systems influences the way listeners extract linguistic information from tunes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how 'what'-words extend from referential to non-referential uses, with special attention to their extensions from indefinite and interrogative pronominal uses to negative attitudinal uses. Using conversational data from Jieyang Chaozhou, a Sinitic language, this study examines the attitudinal uses of 'what'-words ▪, ▪, ▪, and ▪ along two grammaticalization pathways. Along the indefiniteness pronoun pathway, all four 'what'-words have developed placeholding functions, with ▪ and ▪ also recruited in the formation of attitudinal constructions (e.g. ▪ 'so whatchamacallit', which could express either a positive or negative speaker attitude depending on the inferred meaning of placeholder ▪). Along the interrogative pronoun pathway, in addition to the frequent use of ▪ as a mirativity marker, the 'what'-words ▪, ▪, and ▪ have also evolved attitudinal marking functions, typically negative in tone and often used to express the speaker's annoyance, dismissiveness and challenge toward someone, something, some event or some state of affairs raised in the prior speech turn. Crucially, this study sheds light on the intimate relationship between indefiniteness, interrogativity and speaker stance, with both indefinite and interrogative uses of 'what'-words often interacting to form attitudinal constructions with stronger negative overtones. • In Chinese, 'what'-words are often used as negative attitudinal markers. • Two pathways have been identified for Chaozhou attitudinal 'what'-constructions. • One is the indefiniteness pathway; the other the interrogativity pathway. • Indefinite uses, mediated by evaluative placeholders, are less face-threatening. • Interrogative plus indefinite uses yield challenging and dismissive attitudinals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While conversation analytic research on second language (L2) interaction tends to use categories such as L2/nonnative speaker and learner, these labels are not always rooted in the participants' emic orientations. This paper argues that the emic principle of conversation analysis should reverberate in the labelling of data types. It suggests that where overt orientations to nonnativeness are not pertinent, analysts should refrain from using stiff categorizations that excessively simplify speaker identities. Instead, participant labelling should be delayed until after emic analysis. Contrary to often explored institutional interactions, the current paper examines naturally occurring conversations between interlinguistic couples who could be described as users of English as a lingua franca or multilingual speakers, depending on the perspective. It explores the prevalence of sequential orientation to linguistic form compared to overall units of talk, to what degree language issues are repaired, and whether participants orient to language as novices/experts. The results indicate very little attention to language overall and where observable, interlocutors assume fluctuating speaker identities. Most repair work is unrelated to language, and displays of L2 identity (Kurhila, 2004) and expert/novice orientations (Brouwer, 2003) are rare. The interlocutors routinely produce a sequentially relevant next turn rather than correct nonstandard features. • Participant orientation in L2/ELF couple interaction shows little focus on language. • Speaker identities fluctuate and both parties assume expertise over English. • Repair organization shows a preference to providing a sequentially relevant next turn. • Studying emic orientations before describing data is recommended for CA-SLA. • Choosing labels that allow variation such as ELF may better represent "NNS/L2" data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "Discernment politeness" stems from research undertaken in the 1980s on the Japanese phenomenon of wakimae. Since the earliest work on the phenomenon by Hill et al. (1986) and Ide (1989, 1992), many scholars have looked to further explore Discernment across cultures (i.e. Kádár and Mills, 2013; Kádár and Paternoster, 2015; Ridealgh and Jucker, 2019). Fundamentally, Discernment has been approached as expected (and quasi-mandatory) behavioural norms used by subordinates towards their superiors within a communicative act, dictated by the socio-cultural context of the interaction (Ridealgh and Jucker, 2019). What becomes apparent, when studying ancient languages, is that due to the hierarchical nature of remote societies, Discernment includes a complementary dimension, an opposing phenomenon to deference, equally visible in interpersonal interactions, which has its foundation within the Power variable. This paper explores this opposing phenomenon (i.e. expected or permitted language used by superiors to their subordinates as a manifestation of their Power), which we call "Potestas", within the context of Late Egyptian and Old Latin, in order to highlight the phenomenon, its forms of expression in these two languages, the gaps in regards to the Power variable within traditional politeness approaches, and its relationship with (Im)politeness Research. • Re-evaluation of the role of Power in social relationships and in Politeness Research. • Coining of high-Power linguistic behavioural pattern as Potestas • Potestas argued to be the opposing but complementary phenomenon to deference. • Potestas encapsulates reflective quasi-authoritative and dominant linguistic forms. • It helps to understand hierarchical relationships in the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on the way in which invitations – first actions that project the relevance of successive actions – are constructed. In our data of phone calls in French, far from being straight to the point, invitations appear to be complex activities, produced step-by-step, in a progressive way, both temporally and sequentially, as if they were, regardless of the context in which they occur, delicate actions. After a short overview of previous studies on invitations, we turn to analysing invitations to pre-planned events, with a special focus on the different features that make them appear as delicate actions. In the final section of the paper, we explore how the delicacy of the action of inviting is negotiated over several turns before the activity is completed and responded to. We then put this in relation to the progressive construction of the participants’ identities as inviter and invitee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bantu languages are notorious for their noun class systems. Much of the research on Bantu noun classes has primarily focused on their formal properties and their usefulness for historical classification. Much less attention has been paid to the functions of the noun class system, particularly within a discourse context. While many scholars recognize that noun classes are at least partially semantically motivated and that they play a role in reference tracking, the complexities of the interactions between these functions and the ways speakers may manipulate the noun class system creatively within discourse has largely been ignored. This paper focuses on the behavior of the noun class system in a Bena (Bantu, G63) discourse context. I show that choice of noun class is a complex combination of factors, including (but not limited to) denotative and connotative semantics and discourse factors such as reference tracking and participant disambiguation. Further, this paper challenges the entire notion of noun class as an inherent feature of a Bantu noun. Instead, the class assigned to a particular entity emerges from the discourse context and prefixing elements are themselves referentially significant, serving to index particular entities (rather than simply inheriting their class from a controlling noun). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we argue, against a somewhat standard view, that pragmatic phenomena occur in mathematical language. We provide concrete examples supporting this thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of qualitative research into metaphors in Polish conversational style, based on the analysis of conversations on education-related topics. The conversations were conducted by young speakers aged 20–25. The function of metaphor is discussed by referring to the three-dimensional model of metaphor, i.e. metaphor in language, thought, and communication, as proposed by Steen (2008). The analysis of figurative language used by the Polish speakers suggests a consistent framing of the learning experience under two major conceptual metaphors, with their source domains allocated to the semantic fields of ILLNESS and DEFECATION. The article investigates the link between the linguistic expressions and some 'primary metaphors,' or analogical schemas, which are assumed to stem from embodied experience (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, 1999). In this part of the study, the primary focus remains on the cognitive function of metaphor in thought, and its linguistic realizations in figurative language used by the speakers. In the discussion of the data, the creative use of metaphors is also dealt with. Generalizations made on the basis of the analysis show that the novelty of metaphors used by the Polish speakers is achieved mainly through mixing up elements of well-established metaphorical expressions, combining two or more metaphorical concepts in one utterance, and constructing easily interpretable conceptual blends. In the next part of the study, the role(s) of deliberate and non-deliberate metaphors in the conversations is investigated, focusing on their communicative dimension. According to Steen, 'a metaphor is used deliberately when it is expressly meant to change the addressee's perspective on the referent or topic that is the target of the metaphor, by making the addressee look at it from a different conceptual domain or space, which functions as a conceptual source' (Steen, 2008: 222). Several cases of this change of perspective during discourse processing are examined, and the functions of the metaphors commented upon – all in compliance with Steen's view of discourse as a genre event in terms of language level, language concepts and communication. The communicative function of metaphor takes into account such elements of the recorded material as the content of the conversations, participants and setting, and register. • Recurrence of metaphors involving mappings from ILLNESS and METABOLIC WASTE source domains. • Conventionality versus creativity of the metaphorical language used in the communicative functions of deliberately used metaphors. • Deliberate metaphors and humour in Polish conversational style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New media have had a profound impact on the way scientists access, carry out and communicate their research. Driven by the impetus of the Open Science movement, some researchers have put their laboratory notebook online, providing access to this occluded and largely unexplored research genre. Drawing on the notion of the adaptability of language, this paper proposes a case-study of an online genomics notebook from two perspectives, inter-generic and intra-generic. We first investigate the considerable adaptation that takes place when the record of experimental work in the notebook is shaped into a public research claim in the downstream research article genre, focusing on utterer-interpreter relations and the immediacy of the notebook vs the decontextualized reconstruction of the article. We then investigate how migration to the web also results in adaptation by comparing the online notebook with the traditional paper notebooks used in science labs. The comparison shows that the online version places more emphasis on emotive elements and that its language and presentational features are more informal. We conclude with some comments on the metapragmatic awareness of the author of the online notebook as he navigates between these different genres and media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares two Finnish change-of-state tokens, aijaa and aha , that share the same basic epistemic meaning: they treat the prior talk as new information. It will be shown that they differ with respect to what status they assign to the prior informing in the larger activity context and the import of the informing for the particle speaker's project. That is, aijaa treats the prior informing as newsworthy and thus worthy of further discussion, whereas aha receives informings that redirect the on-going talk in a way that has consequences for the aha speaker's project and thus requires reorientation. The general aim of the paper is to identify relevant parameters for distinguishing between change-of-state tokens in a language that has an abundance of elements for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the egophoric function of a sentence-final enclitic particle used in the Mandarin dialect of Baoding (Sinitic, Hebei, northern China) to express intention in an imminent future. We show that in Baoding, =ia can occur in first-person subject declarative sentences as well as in second-person interrogative sentences, but, as a rule, not in third-person subject sentences. The Baoding dialect thus belongs to the type of languages having a symmetrical system, with the same marker =ia in declarative sentences and in interrogative sentences (San Roque et al., 2017). In reported speech, =ia triggers the interpretation that the subject of the main clause is coreferential with the subject of the complement clause. While egophoricity was previously described in Wutun, a language spoken in Qinghai, at the western margin of the Mandarin-speaking domain, and known to show many features of creolization with non-Sinitic languages such as Mongolic and Tibetic languages (Janhunen et al. 2008; Sandman 2018), it has not been yet documented in typical Sinitic languages such as Baoding, located in the core of the Mandarin-speaking area. Unlike canonical egophoric markers reported in Tibeto-Burman languages, in Baoding, the particle =ia typically occurs in motion sentences including some kinds of deictic anchorage. This suggests that we are likely dealing with an emerging egophoric marker. This study contributes to the typology of the egophoricity by analysing an emergent marker of egophoricity in a typical Sinitic language: Baoding is the first Sinitic language that has been documented to develop egophoric marking without notable influence from non-Sinitic languages. It also provides some clues on the factors that trigger the emergence of egophoric marking. • The first analysis of grammaticalized marking of egophoricity in a Sinitic language that has developed egophoric marking without considerable influence from non-Sinitic languages. • =ia occurs in 1st-person subject declarative sentences and in 2nd-person interrogative sentences, but not in 3rd-person subject sentences. In reported speech, =ia indicates the coreference of the subjects. • The Baoding dialect shows a symmetrical system with the same markers =ia in declarative and in interrogative sentences. • =ia is compatible only with certain motion verbs and associated motion: centrifugal motion for the 1st person subject and centrifugal/centripetal motion for the 2nd person in question. It provides strong evidence for an emerging type of egophoricity, which shows a close relation with dynamic deixis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-members of a family (or similar group) often initiate news-of-the-day tellings , such as "How was your day?", to discuss events that have happened to them during the period they have been apart. Sequentially, such tellings involve a specific form of topic initiation, a type-suited response, and possible post-expansion sequences. Focusing on dinner-table talk recorded on four separate occasions, this longitudinal Conversation Analytic study explores how one family group socializes a guest L2 English speaker into their version of this interactional practice. In each case a member of the family initiates the news-of-the-day sequence. In the earlier recordings, the L2 speaker's responses are brief and contain only basic narratives, leading the family to initiate post-expansion sequences that prompt him to extend the topic. Over time, his responses become fuller, smoother and are formulated more recognizably as a narrative. The paper argues this change in participant framework demonstrates his growing familiarity with this interactional routine. The analysis also outlines changes in how the expert speakers adapt their practices for the novice as he becomes more familiar with the interactional routine. The study contributes to burgeoning longitudinal CA-SLA research into the joint development of interactional competence in study abroad contexts, particularly with regard to speakers' growing ability to initiate and design news-tellings in a recognizable interactional context. • Tracks news-of-the-day tellings in a short-term homestay context. • Initially the tellings are brief and involve mostly assessments. • Recipients treat this as inapposite by initiating post-expansions. • Familiarization with the routine gives rise to extended storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with a key phenomenon in pragmatics: deixis. It starts from a multimodal conceptualization of deixis and argues that based on our interactive practices in demonstratio ad oculos (pointing to visible entities), we likewise accomplish a shared, albeit imagined orientation in cases of Deixis am Phantasma (deixis in the imagination) ( Bühler, 1965 [1934] ). Based on video recordings from different settings, the paper analyzes in detail the way in which verbal deictics and visible bodily resources work together in shifting the indexical ground or origo away from the participants’ actual space of perception to an imagined space within which the speaker can orient the interlocutors’ attention to physically absent entities. The empirical investigation shows that speakers freely choose between selective deictic displacements along one or two dimensions (place, time, person) and in toto transfers of the origo from the immediate space of perception to an imagined space. The paper proposes that deictic displacements have to be conceived of as operating on a continuum ranging from very subtle origo-shiftings to entire displacements on all dimensions. In face-to-face interaction, they are instantiated both by verbal and kinesic resources and undergo continual metamorphoses in the online construction of talk-in-interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For those who are studying Thai as a foreign language, the wide use of the expression mai-pen-rai 'It's not substantial' is difficult to analyze and to understand (Siwasariyanon, 1994). The present study aims at examining as to why this single expression is used in such a wide range of contexts. The paper first examines the actual uses of mai-pen-rai and classifies them into four functional categories that include a response to apologizing and thanking, a refusal strategy in the face of an offer, a remark of consolation, and a strategy to terminate verbal conflict. Then, the paper reveals that in spite of the different interactional functions, the core meaning of the expression is that whatever the speaker or the hearer has encountered, be it an offense, a favor, a misfortune or a disputed issue, is not substantial. As noted by Podhisita (1999), the meaning of mai-pen-rai is closely related to the Buddhist concept of the three characteristics of existence, namely Tri Laksana. According to Tri Laksana, everything is impermanent and so nothing is truly substantial. The uses of mai-pen-rai in the four interaction contexts share one thing in common. That is, they are involved with the attempt to detach the hearer from her/his concern by referring to the Buddhist ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the linguistic factors that influence an author's choice of discourse connectives in the production of a coherent text. We focus on the competition between so-called primary connectives (grammaticalized and mostly one-word expressions such as therefore ) and secondary connectives (not yet fully grammaticalized compositional discourse phrases such as for this reason ). We attempt to describe the linguistic constraints on and preferences in connective selection. The analysis is based on manually annotated data from the Prague Discourse Treebank 2.0 (PDiT), which contains almost 50000 sentences from Czech newspaper texts. We demonstrate that discourse connectives are used in accordance with the economy principle in language, i.e. authors aim to achieve the maximal result with minimal effort. They most frequently choose short and semantically more generalized primary connectives. However, in cases where the discourse relations can be misunderstood, authors prefer more complex and specific structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with what, from a speech-act theoretical point of view, can be considered to be the “illocutionary” side of Robert Brandom's pragmatist framework, which regards the pragmatic significance of linguistic performances (specifically, assertional performances) characterized in terms of their effects on the normative statuses of the participants in a discursive practice. In Brandom's deontic scorekeeping model of discursive practice (which consists of ascribing, undertaking and acknowledging commitments and entitlements), all speech acts are alleged to have pragmatic significance because of their relationship with the act of asserting: here, I investigate whether the same model can be used to account for the pragmatic significance of other assertive speech acts which differ from assertion in terms of their varying degrees and modes of commitment, and I argue that it simply lacks the resources to do so. I conclude by making some general suggestions (with examples) of how an Austin-inspired conception of illocutionary force (to some extent compatible with Brandom's analysis) could be used as a basis to account for the varying degrees and modes of commitment of assertive speech acts in terms of variations in their force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is officially devoted to the analysis of ‘Philadelphia is difficult to spell’. I challenge what I call the Mention Hypothesis , namely the notion that the expression ‘Philadelphia’ must be mentioned at a level suitable for the interpretation of that sentence. After the exploration of two use-based alternatives, I proceed to the defence of a Contextual Hypothesis . I conclude with a discussion of the consequences of the Contextual Hypothesis, its theoretical implementation, and its relationships with other semantics matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates Japanese particles a and aa in responsive turns. Although both of these tokens display change-of-state of the speaker's cognitive state, they mark different types of epistemic stance. Through analysis of collocating items and sequential environments, it is shown that by producing an a -prefaced response, speakers display a change of state from not-knowing to knowing, receipting the information as new and thereby exhibiting surprise. By contrast, with an aa -prefaced response, speakers display a change of state but simultaneously show that they have previous knowledge of some parts of the informing. To demonstrate the knowledge, an aa -speaker often extends a sequence by providing a piece of information that has not been mentioned in the conversation. Although infrequently, a and aa sometimes co-occur in one utterance , in the order of a followed by aa , working together as resources to register the change of state and display understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of recent studies ( Wray, 2008; Corrigan et al., 2009; Bybee, 2010; Tanabe et al., 2014 ) have highlighted the formulaic nature of actual language use. The present paper is part of our larger project which examines the mechanism of formulaicity observed in Japanese conversation and seeks its implications for the nature of human language in general. Japanese is known for its extensive ‘backchanneling’ behavior (e.g., Maynard, 1986, 1987; Clancy et al., 1996; Iwasaki, 1997; Nagata, 2004; Ohama, 2006 ) and presents a case of florescence ( Chafe, 2000 ) by boasting an extensive repertoire of diverse expressions used for such a purpose. We report on a previously unrecognized type of expression forming part of the group: frequently used verbs with general meanings such as aru ‘exist’, iru ‘exist’, yaru ‘do’, kuru ‘come’, and wakaru ‘understand’ appear to be grammaticized as reactive tokens. We will examine these formulas in context paying attention to their prosody, structure, semantics, and function. Specifically, we find these verbs standing on their own or in a reduplicated form as a response to the prior talk. Often there is no referent in the context that can be understood as the argument of the verbs. These characteristics suggest their status as reactive tokens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using English conversational data, we examine type-conforming responses ( Raymond, 2003 ) to polar (yes/no) interrogatives, and find that such responses show recurrent patterns in terms of their linguistic and bodily production. Specifically we show that these type-conforming responses often occur in sync with bodily-visible movements to form units that we call ‘type-conforming response packages’, or ‘response packages’ for short. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers four lines of objection to the efficacy or worth of Grice's cancellability test for conversational implicatures – the coherence objection, the entailment objection, the sarcasm objection, and the ambiguity objection. I argue that the test survives these objections relatively unscathed; and hence conclude that the cancellability test is still a significant, useful, reliable indicator at the semantics/pragmatics interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the extent of L2 use in language functions in sequential bilinguals following migration, and reports on patterns of L2 internalisation. Respondents consist of 149 highly educated L2-competent Polish–English bilinguals who relocated to the UK 1 1 12 out of the 149 participants were residing outside the UK (Republic of Ireland, USA, Canada, Australia.) as young adults, and underwent processes of acculturation. Language functions under investigation include inner speech, cognitive, and communicative functions. The independent variables include acculturation level, social network profile, length of residence, and predicted future domicile. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Respondents completed an online questionnaire and were interviewed by the researcher. The study included the Complementarity Principle into the operationalisation and measurement of language use in bilinguals ( Grosjean, 2016 ). The findings revealed a consistent variation in the extent of L2 use across different language functions. Links were established between the extent of L2 internalisation and acculturation level, social network profile, and predicted future domicile. The results showed that sociocultural integration is a reliable predictor of the extent of L2 use across language functions. This study adds an acculturation perspective to current research on L2 internalisation and language development across lifespan, by measuring and juxtaposing the extent of L2 use across different language functions in sequential bilinguals following migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present a uniform account of two phenomena considered as independent so far: Appropriation of slurs and Variability of thick terms. My analysis relies on the notion of “echoic use” of language, proposed by Relevance Theory and employed by Bianchi (2014) to account for Appropriation. I argue that such echoic approach does not only explain Appropriation of slurs, as Bianchi claims, but it also accounts for Variability of thick terms. Moreover, I show how the relevance-theoretic distinction between merely attributive and echoic uses of language sheds light on the crucial distinction between the two often conflated phenomena of ‘suspension’ and ‘reversal’ of the evaluative content of slurs and thick terms. In addition to accounting for Appropriation and Variability, my proposal has the following theoretical outcome for the theory of thick terms: if variability cases are in fact derivative or parasitic uses of language, they do not challenge anymore the claim that the relation between thick terms and the associated evaluation is systematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: After attempting – and largely failing – to delimit a distinct field of interpersonal pragmatics, this paper explores what is distinctive about interpersonal pragmatic practice; that is, what makes it different from the scholarly tradition of pragmatics. Three facets of practice are discussed: its aims, its approach to data (what aspects are brought into relatively clear focus) and its analysis of data. The common thread running through what is found is a changed, more modest, place for language, the understanding of which is no longer the assumed goal of scholarship, the size of examples of which for analysis have become larger and the use of which is no longer the single focus of analysis. It is argued that this last development should point the way to a particular procedure for analysing interaction. Accordingly, the paper proceeds to an example analysis of one piece of data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In several sign languages, it is observed that sometimes a nominal expression appears twice within the same sentence, once in its regular syntactic position and once sentence-finally as a pronominal pointing sign. This paper investigates how these sentence-final pronouns are used in Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL), which is the natural sign language used by the Deaf community in Hong Kong. Previous studies of sentence-final pronouns in sign languages put forward three major accounts: these pronouns serve as focus/emphasis markers, agreement markers, and right dislocations. On the basis of elicited and spontaneous discourse data collected from deaf native signers, this paper argues that sentence-final pronouns in HKSL are right dislocated ‘aboutness’ topics. Given that pronouns in HKSL, as in other sign languages, are directed towards the locations associated with the intended referents, sentence-final pronouns can help secure the attention of the addressee towards the topics in discourse by upholding their visual prominence via spatial indexing. This strategy is most commonly used in conversational interactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This collection of papers on disagreement adds new theoretical and methodological insights. It brings together interest in opposition in discourse with research on relational issues, traditionally discussed in work on identity construction and im/politeness research. We propose that the following observations in an attempt to systematically approach the understanding of disagreement: a) expressing opposing views is an everyday phenomenon; b) certain practices are prone to contain disagreement so that this speech act is expected rather than the exception; for example, they are in fact a sine qua non in decision making and problem solving talk in either ever day or professional contexts; other practices and contexts are less tolerant of the expression of disagreement; c) disagreeing cannot be seen as an a priori negative act; communities and groups of people have developed different norms over time which influence how disagreement is perceived and enacted; d) as in all language usage, the ways in which disagreement is expressed - and not only its occurrence per se - will have an impact on relational issues (face-aggravating, face-maintaining, face-enhancing); at the same time, expectations about how disagreement is valued in a particular practice will influence what forms participants choose. Against this backdrop, the aim of this special issue is to revisit the existing body of research on disagreement and to probe further in a variety of contexts in five papers and an epilogue to contribute to the debate of the impact of the context/medium on the interaction, the role of im/politeness in disagreements, the notion of ‘appropriateness’ in talk and the theorising of disagreement in general. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article addresses anaphoric reference to clausally introduced propositions in Spanish. Although Spanish “canonically” uses the clitic lo as the direct object pronoun referring to these kinds of entities, its omission is also possible. This paper offers evidence showing that (lack of) knowledge on the part of the speaker about the full content of the proposition plays a role in the choice between the clitic lo and its omission: omission is possible (although not necessary) when the speaker lacks knowledge of the complete content of the proposition, whereas the opposite situation favors the use of the clitic lo . Quantitative and qualitative data supporting this idea come from the distribution of lo and its omission in the no (lo) sé (‘I don’t know’) expression, the constructions no poder decir and no saber decir (‘can’t say’) and the expression quién (lo) sabe (‘who knows’). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to compare two different responses to informings in Icelandic talk-in-interaction: the response particle nú and the minimal clausal er þa ð ‘is it’. The two tokens can occur in similar environments, and they often co-occur in the same sequence. The empirical data comprise around 15 h and 15 min of naturally occurring conversation including everyday conversations, phone calls, and phone-ins on the radio. The theoretical and methodological framework is interactional linguistics . The study shows that nú and er þa ð respond to informings that are somehow significant in the given context, and, in that way, they contrast with the acknowledgment tokens já ‘yes’ and mm that avoid treating the prior turn as informative. However, despite these similarities, nú and er þa ð also have a clear distribution of labor: while nú indexes the content of the previous turn as new and unexpected, er þa ð receipts the informing with an indication that a confirmation or an elaboration is needed before it can be fully accepted. Furthermore, the analysis shows that an overlay of prosodic cues can shape the function of the response and index an affective stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Speakers often overspecify their target descriptions and include more information than necessary for unique identification of the target referent. In the current paper, we study the production of definite target descriptions, and explore several factors that might influence the amount of information that is included in these descriptions. First, we present the results of a large-scale experiment investigating referential overspecification as a function of the properties of a target referent and the communicative setting. The results show that speakers (both in written and oral conditions) tend to provide more information when a target is plural rather than singular, and in domains where the speaker has more referential possibilities to describe the target. However, written and spoken referring expressions do not differ in terms of semantic redundancy. We conclude our paper by discussing the implications of our empirical findings for pragmatic theory and for language production models. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The term ‘silence’ encompasses an assortment of concepts. This paper wishes to examine the mapping of the various silences (taking part in interaction) onto the communication scheme: extralinguistic, paralinguistic and linguistic. Scholars looking into the relation between speech and silence were trapped within socio-cultural paradigms which led them to treat silence as lack of speech, hence, present the two as mutually excluding each other. My aim is to extract the study of silence from this intricacy, by means of a pragmatic–linguistic approach. Studies that describe and sub-categorize ‘nonverbal’ communication exclude ‘verbal’ language from their description. This results, among other things, in non-exclusive criteria yielding a non-inclusive picture. In such models silence seems to be either an independent category or one among other paralinguistic phenomena. In the first part of this paper human communication is introduced as an inclusive scheme. In the second part silence is integrated into this scheme. For this purpose I first review the equivocal use of ‘silence’ by pragmatics and communication researchers and then propose a theoretical model categorizing and mapping the various silences onto a pragmatic–linguistic model. This will result in clear criteria for both speech and silence, shedding new light on their nature and the relations between them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The focus of this paper is on urban multilingualism in Europe. Crossnational and crosslinguistic perspectives are offered on both the distribution and the vitality of immigrant minority languages among primary school children in six multicultural cities across European nation-states. Going from North to South, these cities are Göteborg, Hamburg, The Hague, Brussels, Lyon and Madrid. The paper comprises eight sections. The first two sections offer the demolinguistic background against which the project was carried out. Section 1 deals with the European constellation of languages and population groups, section 2 with the importance of the language criterion for identifying population groups. The next sections focus on the rationale and goals of the Multilingual Cities Project, carried out under the auspices of the European Cultural Foundation (section 3), the method of research in the MCP (section 4), the distribution of languages across cities (section 5), the specification of language profiles and language vitality (section 6), crosslinguistic perspectives on language vitality (section 7), and conclusions (section 8). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sociolinguists have long recognized that language is a social construct, and have found elusive any firm definition of what constitutes a language in relation to overlapping varieties. On the other hand, it is long established that language is recruited by nations, communities and individuals for its symbolic value and distinctiveness. Whereas the first of these positions views language as fluid and changing, with permeable boundaries, the second stresses the fixed, rigid nature of language. This paper describes how these two positions are played out in the multilingual contexts of four English cities, in complementary schools where young students learn Bengali, Cantonese, Gujarati, Mandarin, and Turkish. In the research reported here we observed a broad range of multilingual practices across a variety of settings in schools, and at the boundaries of school and home. From these practices we identify two seemingly contradictory positions in relation to participants’ bilingualism: an ideology which argues for ‘language separation’ and one in which ‘flexible bilingualism’ flourishes as a practice. These two positions can be said to illustrate the dynamic tension described in sociolinguistic research, which has often viewed language as fluid and overlapping, while at the same time acknowledging language as a social construct which demarcates and reifies identities. The paper looks at how students and teachers simultaneously lived both ‘separate’ and ‘flexible’ positions, and navigated between them interactively and discursively. Our analysis suggests that relations between ‘language’ and ‘ideology’ are far from straightforward for the young people and teachers in complementary schools. The heteroglossic reality of multilingual practice, with its flexible movement across and between ‘languages’, is underpinned by the social structures of which such interactions are a part. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyzes the conceptual mapping between spatial IN-FRONT and temporal LATER concepts in the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and explores the effect of ‘positional terms’ in this mapping. Though it has been previously noticed that positional terms can trigger a LATER IS IN-FRONT interpretation within the metaphor of sequential time, this effect has been regarded as an exception and probably, therefore, has not been given the attention that it deserves. We demonstrate in this paper that positional terms play an important role in space-to-time mapping in at least two languages, viz. Japanese and Marathi, and argue that they deserve more in-depth investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores the construction of collective identity by students in an academic learning environment, and shows how such collective identity may hinder or slow down individual learning or what may be referred to as independent learning. To demonstrate this I draw on language as a tool used for the construction of identity, and for showcasing and defending identity. The goal of this paper is to draw the attention of students and educators to the role of non-linguistic variables such as identity in student learning, and particularly in learning in a second language. 1 [1] South Africa today is mounting a series of academic intervention programmes to bridge the skills shortage in the country. If these schemes are to succeed, thorough investigation and understanding of society, and in particular of the target group, will be required. The data presented in this article is extracted from my PhD study, and was collected through one group''s focus group discussions, out of many used in the study. The participants were students of the then University of Natal, now the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The participants in this focus group were Zulu-speaking male students, and the data show that they strongly prefer a collective, rather than an individual identity, and this is indicated in their choice and style of language, and specifically in their choice of pronouns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The goal of the paper is to discuss how situation-bound utterances () relate to pragmemes () that refer to generalized pragmatic acts. In pragmatic interpretation the cognitive- philosophical line of research appears to put more emphasis on the proposition expressed (e.g. ) while the socio-cultural interactional line (e.g. ) underscores the importance of allowing socio-cultural context into linguistic analysis. Following the socio-cultural interactional line Mey claimed that the explanatory movement in a theory of pragmatic acts is from the outside in: “the focus is on the environment in which both speaker and hearer find their affordances, such that the entire situation is brought to bear on what can be said in the situation, as well as on what is actually being said (:221).” In the paper I will argue that from the perspective of SBUs the explanatory movement should go in both directions: from the outside in and from the inside out. This is because SBUs not only fit into and bound to certain situations but they also create and help to maintain those situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a recent paper, Andrzej Boguslawski has put forth some powerful reasons to reject some orthodoxies concerning the literal meanings of “some”, “all”, and other quantifier. Boguslawski''s paper is written for linguists, not for philosophers of language. For that reason, philosophers of language are unlikely to understand it or, therefore, to see the relevance to their own work of Boguslawski''s points. The present paper can be thought of as a “translation” of Boguslawski''s paper. Originally written in the language of linguistics, Boguslawski''s paper is hereby being translated into the language of the philosophy of language. That said, the translation is not a strict one. The present author has taken the liberty of extending and otherwise modifying some of Boguslawski''s arguments and, to a lesser extent, of doing the same with some of his key contentions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Halliday''s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) often pays tribute to one of the great 20th century figures in European Linguistics, Louis Hjelmslev, and his theory of Glossematics. This is surprising because Glossematics is a formally oriented, strictly immanent approach to language while SFL is a functional theory focusing on language as a social semiotic. This paper offers an examination of both theories and attempts to trace similarities and differences on a number of issues with which they share a theoretical concern: the role of paradigmatic relations, the notions of function, text, stratification and immanence, and the overall descriptive goals in linguistics. The paper concludes that except for the basic recognition of the primacy of paradigmatic relations and the abstract idea of the stratification of the content plane, there is little or no similarity between Glossematics and SFL. In fact, many of the references to Glossematics in SFL writings may give the reader an inaccurate impression of Hjelmslev. More generally, while accepting that finding inspiration in a theory does not necessarily involve an obligation to remain faithful to that theory, the paper argues that we all still owe it to earlier generations of scholars to recognize their work for what it really was. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper uses Brown and Levinson''s and Kerbrat-Orecchionni''s politeness models to examine how semiliterate speakers of French in Cameroon encode linguistic politeness in written job applications. Analysis of the data suggests the politeness strategies used by semiliterate job-seekers can be classified into three categories, namely explicit addressee-oriented “face flattering acts” (henceforth FFAs), explicit addresser-oriented “face threatening acts” (henceforth FTAs), and implicit addresser-oriented FTAs. The paper contends that while the explicit FFAs and FTAs appear to be discourse strategies entrenched in the applicants’ culture, the implicit FTAs on the other hand are ascribable to the applicants’ poor mastery of the French language. The study intersects between discourse analysis, pragmatics and sociolinguistics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: On the basis of arguments put forth by , it is widely held that one can sometimes rationally accept propositions of the form P and not-P and also that there are necessary a posteriori truths. We will find that Kripke''s arguments for these views appear probative only so long as one fails to distinguish between semantics and presemantics—between the literal meanings of sentences, on the one hand, and the information on the basis of which one identifies those literal meanings, on the other. This same failure, it will be argued, underlies the popular thesis that intersubstituting co-referring terms sometimes turns true sentences into false ones and vice versa. Though seemingly plausible, this thesis has a number of counterintuitive consequences, among them that the occurrence of “snow” in “it is true that snow is white” doesn’t refer to snow. An understanding of the distinction between semantics and presemantics suggests a way to develop a semantic system that doesn’t have these consequences and that, moreover, reconciles our intuitions concerning cognitive content with some powerfully argued theses of contemporary philosophy of language. Some of this paper''s main contentions are anticipated by Andrzej Boguslawski in his 1994 paper “Sentential Complementation and Truth.” [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper explores how speech and action are coordinated in a web-based task undertaken by two high school students working collaboratively at the computer. The paper focuses on the coordination involved in the interactions between the two students and the computer screen, keyboard, and mouse, and explores the temporal synchrony and ‘matching’ points between speaking and typing, and speaking and mouse movements, within and between participants. Examples include coordination of speaking words aloud whilst typing, coordination of reading aloud from the screen and mouse movements, and coordination between participants, as when one individual is typing and the other talking. The discussion draws on the literature describing the coordination of language and action, kinesic behaviour, and nonverbal communication, including gesture, which have the potential to mediate conversation. Results indicate most coordination of talk and action is at the beginning of the action. Sometimes work is done to ensure coordination, either by slowing down the talk or pausing or stretching sounds mid-utterance. Talk that is coordinated temporally to some action on the screen is precise; in other words even when action and talk are mismatched (e.g., she is not talking about what she is doing), talk and action can start and finish together. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Expressions of gratitude often occur as functional lexical chunks such as thanks and thank you (). In this paper, I will focus on the use of such units and longer formulaic sequences of gratitude such as thanks a lot and thank you very much, relying on data from the Hong Kong component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-HK). The results show that Hong Kong speakers of English do not employ the wide variety of thanking strategies that has been investigated in previous literature. Their expressions of gratitude are usually brief, with thanks and thank you being the commonest forms of gratitude expression. These forms are frequently used as closing signals; they often constitute a complete turn. Repetitive gratitude formulae and expressions of appreciation of the interlocutors (both in a single turn and across turns) are exceedingly rare, which suggests that the Chinese may be too reserved to express their gratitude openly and explicitly. Responses to an act of thanking seem to be infrequent in ICE-HK and only a few strategies are represented. The paper also considers the pedagogical implications of the way this function can be acquired in a second/foreign language with the help of the corpus findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper is an attempt to describe both the structure and function of punning wordplay (perhaps a more accurate term would be phraseplay) in English using a number of notions commonly employed in modern lexis-driven descriptions of the language, deriving from the theoretical work, principally, of Sinclair and Hoey. Sinclair demonstrates how the organisation of language at the phrase level relies on two basic underlying principles, the open-choice (or terminological) and the idiom (or phraseological) principles. Hearers/readers have certain predictions or expectations about how speakers/writers employ these principles. The contention put forward in this paper is that it is these organisational expectations which wordplay upsets and exploits. This is undertaken in two principal ways, by relexicalisation and reworking. Hoey''s work on lexical priming, instead, provides a lexical–grammatical framework which sheds light on precisely what the linguistic expectations of hearers are and how they come about in the first place. I analyse a considerable number of naturally occurring instances of wordplay collected from a corpus of newspaper texts to examine how these theoretical frameworks apply in practice. In the meantime, having defined punning as the bisociative play between two sound sequences, we consider, again from the perspective of modern linguistics, the vexed question of wordplay motivation, that is, the relationship between the different meanings of the two sound sequences which will affect its quality, its success or failure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper I discuss pragmatic research methods and their suitability to different research questions in speech act research. Clark and Bangerter [Clark, H.H., Bangerter, A., 2004. Changing ideas about reference. In: Noveck, I.A., Sperber, D. (Eds.), Experimental Pragmatics (Palgrave Studies in Pragmatics, Language and Cognition). Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, pp. 25–49] use the terms “armchair”, “field” and “laboratory” to refer to linguistic methods based on intuited data, natural data and elicited data, respectively. In this paper I will not argue for the superiority of one of these methods over the other two. I take the view that it depends on the specific research question whether one or the other of these three approaches can yield useful insights. I will illustrate these considerations with research efforts in the field of compliment research. Compliments are particularly interesting because they pose a politeness dilemma for the recipient, who either has to violate the maxim of agreement or the maxim of modesty. They have been investigated from very different perspectives (pattern of the compliment, the demographics of the complimenter and the compliment recipient, compliment responses and so on) and with a range of different methods (including the notebook method, the corpus method and discourse completion tests). I will review this literature and discuss the suitability of individual methods in relation to individual research questions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Metaphors have traditionally been defined as mappings between two conceptual domains, the target and the source. A fundamental question here is how people assign the target and source functions in a given metaphorical expression. The present paper proposes that there are two potential mechanisms, a linguistic one and a conceptual one that people might use to assign the target and source functions in a given metaphorical expression (e.g., “a green inspiration”). The linguistic mechanism is based on certain conventions which assign the target function to certain grammatical categories (e.g., the head noun of a metaphorical noun phrase), and the source function to others (e.g., the modifying adjective). The conceptual preference mechanism favors the assignment of the source function to accessible concepts and the target function to less accessible ones. Since there are clashing cases, namely, cases where the two mechanisms yield conflicting target/source assignments, the question of interest is which of these two mechanisms, the linguistic or the conceptual one is a better predictor of the way people assign the target and source functions in metaphorical expressions. The major goal of the present paper is to investigate this issue for a specific type of figure—the synaesthetic metaphor. The paper begins by introducing a conceptual preference principle, according to which terms belonging to lower sensory modalities (e.g., touch and taste) are generally assigned the source function, while terms belonging to higher sensory modalities (e.g., vision and hearing) are generally assigned the target function. We then introduce a linguistic convention for assigning these functions to the linguistic constituents of the Hebrew noun–noun genitive construction. We report the findings of two interpretation generation experiments which support the hypothesis that the conceptual preference principle overrules the linguistic convention in people’s assignments of the target and source functions in the synaesthetic genitive construction. The implications of these findings are elaborated in the discussion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper investigates what can be described as a Japanese cultural way of thanking, o-rei (▪). The data of the investigation are naturally occurring telephone conversations which took place in the Japanese end-of-year gift-giving season, seibo. Sections of the conversations, which refer to favours or gifts that are given or received, are extracted and transcribed for a detailed investigation. This study reveals that conversational participants cooperate to achieve a mutual pragmatic goal of ‘debt–credit’ equilibrium. This is a symbolic settlement that is necessary to care for the conversational participants’ debt-sensitive face. The linguistic ritual of o-rei serves to achieve this temporary restoration of equilibrium, and thus o-rei does not free the debtor from debt. The data suggest that Japanese native speakers employ many means of indicating o-rei that are not predicted by most politeness and speech act theories. The prolongation of ‘acknowledging debt/benefit–denigrating credit’ between the beneficiary and the benefactor also suggests the importance of the mutual involvement of conversational participants in understanding the social meaning of o-rei. O-rei serves as a symbolic repayment of debt, and it is a common practice outside a family circle. In this paper I question the adequacy of the definition of thanking, ‘expressions of gratitude and appreciation’, which has been commonly used in cross-cultural and inter-language pragmatic research and suggest that the mutual and reciprocal aspects need to be taken into account. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]