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This article focuses on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS). EPPS consists of 225 two-option, forced-choice items. Eighteen EPPS items were selected on an a priori basis, so that a variety of traits was represented, several of the statements were repeated in different items, and as many as possible of the traits would be judged to be more desirable in men than in women, or the reverse. Subjects were undergraduates enrolled in introductory a state-supported 2-year college in the suburbs of New York City, New York.

The article cites a below chance performance on a verbal test using paired concepts. In the design of tests that have dichotomous response alternatives, the usual procedure is to balance the test so that it has as many items with one alternative correct as the other. That is, in a test with true-false type answers, there are genere ally as many items with correct true as correct false answers. The logic underlying this design is that when the respondent is not answering on the basis of his knowledge, he should be letting no more than half the answers correct on the basis of guessing, or by "chance."

The article cites a case of outpatient treatment of a seriously disturbed child in a child guidance center. An attempt to evolve a suitable treatment plan for a child like the one studied in the article raises questions that cannot be answered with certainty. Despite current theories about the preference for residential treatment for the severely disturbed child, the diagnostic team at the Center proposed a plan for out patient therapy. This was done with full knowledge that such a plan would require more treatment hours over a longer period of time than is accorded the average treatment case.

The article examines the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in order to determine the degree to which "inefficiency" may be inferred from the type of signs usually employed. No effort was made to test the predictive validity of the concept of intellectual efficiency. The sole purpose was to examine some of the conditions under which inefficiency may be logically inferred on the basis of its operational definition. The Vocabulary subtest of the WAIS was selected because the function it measures holds up well with age, is highly reliable, is probably the best single index of verbal intelligence, and is constructed in such a way as to suit it well to quantitative analysis.

The article focuses on conceptual and test distinction of neuroticism and anxiety. The strategically-planned researches examined in this article lead to two test batteries--one for degree of neuroticism and the other for intensity of anxiety. The present study concerns with the theoretical developments which made the tests possible and which are psychologically more important than the tests themselves. Even when test measurement procedures are of primary interest, one can get nowhere without an adequate theoretical treatment of validity. And in the case of anxiety and neuroticism, the discussion of validity requires some fundamental thinking in the logic of science.

The article discusses the evaluation of the degrees of truth associated with clinical statements about a patient. It informs that some thinkers believe that some clinical statements are certainly true or certainly false. Others imply that no such statement can be made with certainty. All propositions are either formal (mathematics, logic) or empirical (statements about phenomena). The degree of truth of a proposition may be regarded as a prediction and, therefore, directly related to the probability continuum.