Search

Non-enzymatic electrochemical blood glucose sensors often suffer from issues such as requiring an alkaline environment, limited monitoring range, and poor anti-interference properties. Carbon substrates have been demonstrated to improve the performance of non-enzymatic sensors, but complex and energy-consuming manufacturing processes restrict their use. Herein, a simple and green approach for the preparation of 3D porous Au/Au-Pt networks (PAAPNs) is proposed using tissue paper for recycling as the nanomaterial substrate to deposit Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles. The unique structure of the PAAPNs sensor allows for low-potential operation (-1.0 V) with a wide monitoring range (-0.25 to 36 mM) in a neutral environment. Moreover, the sensor exhibited excellent selectivity (<10% response of interference) even without the use of an anti-interference outer membrane. Further investigation using density functional theory (DFT) simulation revealed the synergistic effect between Au and Pt in promoting glucose oxidation. Overall, this work provides a simple and low-carbon footprint method for creating carbon substrates from tissue paper for recycling, offering new opportunities for fabricating novel value-added nanomaterials for medical sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of plastic packaging wastes in the natural environment highlights the significance of sustainable alternatives. Paper is widely used as a biodegradable packaging material, but poor mechanical strength, barrier properties, and water resistance limit its utility. Typical paper coating materials applied to overcome such drawbacks, such as polyethylene (PE) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), are not desirable for sustainability due to environmental persistence. Here, we report a biodegradable, biocompatible, robust, and high-barrier paper coating strategy using boric acid-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Various crosslinked-PVA solutions were prepared using boric acid (BA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a crosslinker and an acid catalyst, respectively. The solutions were coated onto the Kraft paper (KP) through facile bar coating with epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a binder (henceforth referred to as coated papers). The coated papers (KP-P, KP-PB, KP-PBH) show remarkably improved oxygen (∼0.89 cc m−2 d−1) and water vapor (∼5.17 g m−2 d−1) barrier properties as well as tensile strength (∼53.0 MPa) that is retained in moist conditions. The coated papers were significantly mineralized into CO2 (59.2–81.6% over 111 d) in the simulated marine environment biodegradation test. Depolymerization of polymer chains and surface degradation of coated papers are evidenced via FT-IR and SEM, respectively. The microcosm test revealed that the intensive disintegration of the coated papers is synergistically driven by both biotic and abiotic factors (i.e., mechanical stress). Moreover, the in vitro biocompatibility tests employing human embryonic kidney and mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, and in vivo biocompatibility test with mice suggest that the coated papers are highly biocompatible. This work provides a promising strategy for paper packaging that enhances packaging performance without compromising environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum-based plastics are useful, but they pose a huge threat to the environment and human health. The development of sustainable cellulose paper materials with excellent mechanical and water-resistance properties to replace plastics is highly desirable but also challenging. Herein, we report a new kind of rosin-based modifier synthesized from fully hydrogenated rosin and (3-glycidoxypropyl)triethoxysilane, which can covalently bind with cellulose fiber networks to improve the hydrophobicity and weaken the capillarity of cellulose paper. The rosin-grafted cellulose composite paper shows a unique combination of water resistance (water absorption of 19.2% and 37.9% in 25 and 90 °C water, respectively) and high strength (tensile strength of 47.9 MPa and Young's modulus of 2.32 GPa). Moreover, the rosin-grafted cellulose composite paper can be completely degraded when buried in soil for up to 100 days, and it can be recycled when treated with an alkali. These impressive performances make rosin-grafted cellulose composite paper a promising eco-friendly alternative material to replace plastics in straws, boxes, cups, bags and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterproof coating is necessary for paper-based packaging materials, especially as a plastic substitute in single-use applications. Currently, most paper-based packaging employs hazardous fluorocarbon coatings or other petroleum-based additives, which has caused a lot of concerns over safety. Herein, a novel edible waterproof coating was fabricated by a beeswax-in-water Pickering emulsion using hemicellulose-grafted-lauric acid (H-LA) micelles as nano-stabilizers. The fully biomass-based waterproof coating agent presented a uniform and stable water dispersion with a droplet size of around 1 μm. And compared with conventional surfactants, H-LA micelles stabilized at the oil–water interfaces and formed Pickering emulsions with enhanced stability. The Pickering emulsion was then applied as a coating of paper. The coated paper exhibited excellent water-resistance with a water contact angle of 130 ± 2.89° and an effective waterproof time of up to 6 h. The coated paper also showed good moisture barrier properties; the water vapor transmission rate was lower than 5.05 g mm m−2 day−1. Moreover, the waterproof coating was non-toxic, environmentally friendly and biocompatible, and could completely biodegrade in soil within 2 months. This work may provide an alternative solution for safe, cost-effective and sustainable paper-based packaging materials to replace traditional disposable plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current open-loop practices employed to render paper substrates water- and oil-repellent for packaging and non-packaging applications have generated ocean pollution and have placed daunting burdens on landfills. In this study, we report a green, unique and facile approach for the fabrication of grease- and water-resistant paper products with 100% recyclability of the paper pulp. Low surface energy polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was grafted onto a biobased chitosan polymer via urea linkages to prepare the graft copolymer chitosan-graft-polydimethylsiloxane (chitosan-g-PDMS). Chitosan-g-PDMS was then applied as a coating onto an unbleached Kraft paper substrate from an aqueous solution. The coated paper substrates exhibited good hydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of 120.53 ± 0.96° and a Cobb 60 value of 9.89 ± 0.32 g m−2. The coated paper substrates also showed good oil-resistance as evident from the kit rating value of 11.7/12. The tensile strength, crushing resistance, bending stiffness, and internal tearing resistance of the paper before and after coating treatment was determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to characterize changes in the porosity of the paper before and after the coating. The pulp recyclability of the coated paper was validated by subjecting the coated paper samples to repulping and washing treatment. This novel and practical approach can provide significant environmental benefits by offering plastic-free, fluorine-free and fully-recyclable water- and grease-resistant paper; thus promoting sustainability due to its unique closed-loop nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In continuation of previously reported results, the ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene-1-ium acetate was also found to be a powerful non-derivatizing solvent for cellulosic waste such as paper and cardboard. The ionic liquid could dissolve all the present bio-polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in high concentrations, resulting in solutions with visco-elastic properties that were suitable for dry-jet wet fiber spinning. The cellulosic raw materials were refined gradually to identify the influence of residual components on the spinnability of the respective solution. Polymer degradation and losses in the spinning process could be avoided nearly entirely. With the exception of virtually unrefined cardboard, all the samples showed excellent spinnability, resulting in fibers with high tensile strength. Prototype textiles were produced to validate the quality of the fibers and demonstrate the possibility of using residual lignin in cardboard as a natural dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a huge demand for low-cost, eco-friendly, flexible and wearable electronics which find applications in personal health monitoring. Flexible electronics based on plastic substrates have been extensively studied in this regard because of their versatility. However, their fabrication involves energy consuming complex procedures and processing of eco-unfriendly materials which limit their use to certain specific applications. Here we report the fabrication of a flexible all-carbon field effect transistor (FET) using a low-cost, recyclable and biodegradable cellulose paper as both the substrate and the dielectric and pencil graphite as the source, drain, channel and gate without using any expensive, toxic or non-biodegradable materials. The FET transfer characteristics show ambipolar behavior which can be utilized in analog electronics applications like rectifiers, mixers and frequency multipliers and its mobility was found to be very high compared to reduced graphene oxide based FETs. The FET was utilized as a strain sensor which shows excellent sensitivity for very low strains (of both tensile and compressive type) which is comparable to and even better than recently reported carbon nanotube and graphene based strain sensors. The sensitivity of the FET based strain sensor can be modulated by varying the gate voltage under strain. Furthermore, we investigated the performance of the sensor by integrating it with hand gloves to detect human motion. The results indicate that the sensor can be utilized in patient surveillance in healthcare and human–machine interface (HMI) applications. The successful fabrication of this paper based all-carbon transistor using only paper and pencil graphite and its application in human motion detection using strain sensing indicate that this approach can be used for developing highly scalable, low cost, low energy, flexible electronics for healthcare without using any sophisticated fabrication methods or toxic chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely implemented to power portable electronic devices and are increasingly in demand for large-scale applications. One of the major obstacles for this technology is still the low cost-efficiency of its electrochemical active materials and production processes. In this work, we present a novel impregnation–carbothermal reduction method to generate a LiFePO4–carbon paper hybrid electrode, which doesn't require a metallic current collector, polymeric binder or conducting additives to function as a cathode material in a LIB system. A shell of LiFePO4 crystals was grown in situ on carbon fibres during the carbonization of microcrystalline cellulose. The LiFePO4–carbon paper electrode achieved an initial reversible areal capacity of 197 μA h cm−2 increasing to 222 μA h cm−2 after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2. The hybrid electrode also demonstrated a superior cycling performance for up to 1000 cycles. The free-standing electrode could be potentially applied for flexible lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a main stream of waste from the paper and pulp industry, paper sludge is regarded as a threat to environmental safety as most of it is disposed via landfill or incineration, which can cause severe soil, water or air pollution. However, alkaline paper sludge has the potential to be a catalyst in biomass pretreatment, and also contains a large amount of fiber that can be used as a feedstock for ethanol production. The dissolved lignin in alkaline pretreatment can be recovered as a good quality co-product such as lignin pellets. The ash in paper sludge can also be recovered to replace sand as a raw material in mortar production. However, the use of paper sludge for commercialized ethanol production is currently a challenge due to its low solid content and high pH. This paper therefore proposes a novel conceptual design for combining paper sludge and agricultural residues (e.g. rice straw in this study) to produce ethanol and other co-products. The net present value is used to assess the economic potential of two proposed process designs: (1) a current technology of turning C5 sugars into biogas; and (2) a prospective technology of co-fermenting both C5 and C6 sugars into ethanol. It is found that both approaches could be economically feasible, but at different scales of production. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to investigate the effects of plant size, feedstock stream composition (the ratio between rice straw and paper sludge) and subsidies on the economic performance of the proposed projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papermaking is a highly energy-consuming industry. The growth in paper demand will further intensify the need for energy and the stress of GHG emissions. Papermaking involves complex processing routes, and energy is required for collecting raw materials, producing chemicals, and pulp and papermaking. Previous investigations of energy consumption in the papermaking industry have focused primarily on the analysis of one single product or one single pathway, lacking a comprehensive and systematic comparison of various products and pathways. Herein, the results of a life cycle energy consumption analysis of major paper products in China using an extensive system boundary are presented. When 1 tonne of paper was produced in China in 2015, the maximum energy consumption was 38.17 GJ for tissue paper, with a minimum energy consumption of 15.90 GJ for corrugated medium. This study also predicts energy-related GHG emissions and a mitigation target in the papermaking industry in China by 2050. Although the energy consumption assumed to be distributed to the papermaking industry can meet its development requirements, the GHG emissions will exceed the mitigation target by about 101 Mt CO2 eq. in 2050 under current policy. The target can be achieved by changing the energy structure and promoting low-carbon technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers and surfactants are used in many technological and industrial applications such as the manufacture of functional materials and coatings, personal care and pharmaceutical products, food science, paints, anti-icing fluids, tertiary oil recovery and the paper industry. Polymer–surfactant mixtures are particularly important in shampoos and conditioners. However, as in almost every other industry over the past five or more decades, the performance of hair care formulations has been significantly improved by the use of petrochemical-derived ingredients. As a result, cosmetic formulations, and hair care formulations in particular, have been based primarily on polymers and surfactants that are neither renewable, nor derived from environmentally friendly processes, nor have a positive environmental impact. This contrasts with the extensive use of natural and renewable products, mainly plant extracts, in cosmetics in ancient times. Therefore, the substitution of currently used ingredients with others of natural origin has been a top priority for the cosmetic industry over the last two decades, and in order to achieve greater consumer acceptance, it is crucial to maintain and, where possible, improve the technical performance of such products. This paper describes the complexities and challenges of developing greener shampoo and conditioner ingredients and formulations to meet current and future needs, and outlines a methodological approach based on model hair surfaces and a selection of appropriate experimental and numerical techniques to achieve our goals. Some encouraging technical routes using biosurfactants, biopolymers and bio-based polymers are presented, along with the significant opportunity to obtain a wide range of green ingredients through molecular design and well-controlled biotechnological processes. Similar concerns apply to other cosmetic products such as waxes, fragrances, bleaching agents, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It highlights various articles and research papers related to sustainable chemistry and green technologies. Topics covered include chemical recycling of polyester textile wastes, carbon-based catalytic materials, solvent effects on carbohydrate transformation, and the future nickel metal supply for lithium-ion batteries. The journal aims to connect the global chemistry community and promote research in all areas of chemistry. This document is a list of papers published in the journal Green Chemistry. The papers cover a range of topics related to sustainable and environmentally friendly chemistry. Some of the topics include the synthesis of diisocyanates, development of organic solvent nanofiltration membranes, preparation of fluorescent nanomaterials, and liquid mining of lithium. The papers provide valuable research for library patrons interested in these specific areas of study. [Extracted from the article]

This review article provides a thorough overview of barrier coating materials that have been used in food packaging with a focus on biodegradable (bio-based or petroleum-based) materials, such as lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, agriculture waste and polyesters. The goal is to provide an opportunity to acknowledge progress made in this field, focusing on modifications made to coatings. These modifications aim to address the shortcomings of biodegradable substrates (either plastic or paper) and improve their performance, enabling them to compete with traditional petroleum-based food packaging materials. This includes their barrier against water vapor and oxygen, mechanical and surface characteristics (sealability and adhesion), as well as antimicrobial properties. The barrier of most biodegradable polymers underperforms in comparison with petroleum-based non-biodegradable polymers, which possess either high water vapor barrier or high oxygen barrier. Coating technology is a promising solution particularly in barrier improvement of biodegradable polymers. Currently, there are only metallized, or inorganic nanosheet coatings available for biodegradable films that meet food packaging requirements. There are some challenges in this field, for example, being able to retain the coating's biodegradability despite applied modifications to improve it's performance, the large-scale fabrication of biodegradable coatings, the coating's delamination and heat-sealability during service time, and the migration of the coating into the packaged food. Moreover, green chemistry and its sustainability needs in biodegradable polymeric coatings are also discussed regarding new ideas and possible directions for widespread application of coatings in food packaging. This is the first review that specifically summarizes biodegradable coatings on plastic and paper substrates with a focus on coating modifications to improve the performance of the base substrate to meet the required properties for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-step protocol was developed for the hydrolytic hydrogenation of microcrystalline cellulose into sorbitol over commercial carbon-supported Ru, in the presence of gaseous CO2 as an acid source and molecular hydrogen as a reductant. Under these conditions, cellulose was first hydrolysed to glucose by reversibly formed carbonic acid in water and then instantaneously hydrogenated on Ru/C. By tuning the reaction parameters, such as temperature, time and the relative pressure of CO2 and hydrogen gas, cellulose was fully converted at 220 °C in 18 h under 30 and 40 bar of H2 and CO2, respectively, with a sorbitol yield of 81%. Blank experiments revealed that without a catalyst and hydrogen, the reaction exhibited <5% conversion and glucose was the only detected product when the reaction was performed under CO2 pressure. XRD measurements on CO2-treated cellulose surprisingly revealed no noticeable changes in the crystallinity index (<10% with respect to microcrystalline cellulose), suggesting that hydrolytic hydrogenation took place on crystalline, not amorphous, cellulose. Furthermore, not only several cellulosic feedstocks, including filter paper, cotton wool, and cotton fiber, but also typical cellulose-based wastes such as a cardboard pizza box were also tested and under the optimized conditions sorbitol was obtained with yields ranging from 56% up to 72% in all cases. No less significant was the Ru/C catalyst stability, which could be recycled at least six times without any noticeable activity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry together with lignocellulosic biofuel production provides plentiful streams of lignin and lignin-derived molecules (LDMs) that currently remain underutilized. The heterogeneity and complexity of lignin along with the lack of convenient tools significantly hamper its utilization. Selective separation of these LDMs from streams using specific tools would allow the recovery of aromatic compounds, as well as facilitate biological processes aiming at lignin valorization. To this end, here we report the isolation and characterization of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies against ferulate, coumarate, and caffeate, which are the molecular representatives of LDMs. Binders for the target LDMs were enriched by interrogating a synthetic scFv library with the phage display technique. As a result, scFv binders specific against each of the target molecules were obtained with affinities in the micromolar range. The selectivity of scFvs towards specific LDMs was proved by recovering caffeate from simulated LDM solution, Kraft lignin, and rice straw hydrolysate samples. Further proof of concept studies with model compounds demonstrated the applicability of antibody-based binders as a detection tool for monitoring microbial LDM conversion. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of scFv binders as a specific toolset for lignin compound recovery and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring Earth-abundant and efficient electrocatalysts to replace Ir and Ru for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential to reduce the cost of clean hydrogen production. Here, we show that trace amounts of electronegative non-metallic element fluorine (F)-doped Co3O4 nanoneedles improve the activity and stability of Co3O4. The F-doped Co3O4 nanoneedles supported on carbon paper (F-Co3O4/CP) exhibit an overpotential of 350 mV at 10 mA cm-2 for the acidic OER. In addition, their performance remains consistent after continuous operation for 80 h. Detailed investigations reveal that introducing an anion promotes the enrichment of OH on the surface of Co3O4 and prevents acid corrosion, thereby enhancing the intrinsic OER activity and stability. Theoretical calculations further indicate that F doping can effectively improve electron transfer and optimize the energy barrier for the formation of *OOH intermediates, which significantly improves OER performance. This study provides guidance for designing efficient and stable non-noble metal acidic water oxidation catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torrefaction is an effective method to improve the quality of biomass feedstocks for a subsequent thermal conversion process. Torrefaction has been widely developed for biomass upgrading in terms of increasing bulk and energy densities, reducing water and oxygen contents, and improving hydrophobic properties, which are favorable for transportation and storage. Moreover, the torrefied biomass can be easily ground to even particle sizes, which favor the downstream thermochemical conversion process such as gasification. This paper reports on the progress in the dry and wet torrefaction of biomass sources. Key findings and challenges of torrefied biomass gasification are highlighted as well. In general, the properties of biomass feedstocks can be improved by the torrefaction process. Torrefaction for biomass gasification can improve the quality of syngas. In particular, gasification of torrefied biomass involves a merit of volatile matter (tar precursor) removal prior to the gasification process. The properties of torrefied biomass are significantly affected by the torrefaction conditions mainly including atmosphere, temperature, and pressure. The presence of an appropriate amount of oxygen gas leads to a superior performance for biomass torrefaction. The oxygen-containing gas and the waste heat from industrial flue gas can be utilized to reduce the operating cost, thus making the biomass torrefaction pretreatment more commercially feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2), which also serves as an excellent C1 building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The preparation and transformation of these structures have long been a focus in organic chemistry, making the utilization of CO2 highly advantageous. This paper reviews progress in the photochemical/electrochemical construction of heterocyclic compounds using CO2, differentiating between various reaction types and elucidating their underlying mechanisms as well as potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High entropy materials (HEM) have been attracting much attention as emerging catalysts for electrochemical water splitting. HEM catalysts have unique properties such as an interesting cocktail effect, broad design space, customizable electronic structure, and excellent entropy stabilization effect compared with single-digit catalysts. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the use of HEM as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and water splitting. HEM design strategies including phase structure modulation, defect engineering, electrode configuration engineering, and computational aids are discussed to develop HEM catalysts with high performance and stability. In particular, the importance of density functional theory, high-throughput screening techniques, and machine learning for the discovery and design of HEM catalysts is emphasized. Finally, the challenges and imminent difficulties are prospected, and the corresponding strategies to deal with these challenges are put forward to promote the development of HEM catalysts in the field of electrochemical water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," published by The Royal Society of Chemistry. It highlights the articles and papers featured in the current issue, covering a range of topics related to sustainable chemistry and green technologies. The articles include research on bio-based polymers, nitrogen fixation strategies, carbon aerogels for energy storage, and the use of ionic liquids in new energy and biotechnologies. The journal aims to provide cutting-edge research for a greener and more sustainable future. [Extracted from the article]

Tannery solid waste (TSW) contains 70–90% collagen by weight. The rapid extraction of collagen while preserving its original and unique triple-helical conformation has proved challenging. In this paper, an ionic liquid-synergistic dissolution and regeneration (IL-SDR) method was developed based on a TBAH/DMSO/H2O ternary (TDH) solvent for the rapid recovery of collagen from TSW under mild conditions. A solubility of 10.25% TSW and a collagen recovery yield of 51.2% were achieved in 30 minutes at room temperature. The original triplet helical conformation and the molecular weight of the collagen product were retained, confirmed via FT-IR, circular dichroism, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. SEM was used to verify that dense and uniform pores could be formed within collagen by adjusting the DMSO content, and cytotoxicity and moisture retention tests demonstrated that the collagen produced via the IL-SDR process is comparable to natural collagen used in cosmetic and skincare applications. Moreover, the TDH solvent demonstrated excellent reproducibility across five cycles, achieving consistent solubility varying from 9.71% to 11.04%. EPR and 1H NMR showed that the OH– in TBAH induced the generation of DMSO˙ free radicals in the TDH solvent, and these radicals were indispensable for the dissolution of TSW. The DMSO content was positively correlated with the concentration of free radicals. A synergistic dissolution mechanism was proposed: DMSO˙ free radicals preferentially cleaved the terminal peptide chains, causing the collagen molecules to be exposed to DMSO. Subsequently, DMSO disrupted the original hydrogen bond network within the collagen molecules. Then, TBAH and DMSO formed hydrogen bonds with the collagen molecules, stabilizing the dissolved collagen and preventing the reformation of the hydrogen bond network between collagen molecules. This work provides an avenue for low-temperature and rapid dissolution of TSW, and reveals an in-depth, atypical dissolution mechanism for collagen-based materials during the IL-SDR process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon aerogels, usually prepared from organic aerogel precursors, have many merits such as being light weight, high porosity, large surface area, excellent conductivity, and high temperature resistance for broad applications in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, and energy storage. Particularly, the application of carbon aerogels in advanced energy storage devices has gained increasing attention in recent years. This paper discusses the preparation and application of carbon aerogels derived from organic precursors. The development of resin- and biomass-derived carbon aerogels for application in supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries (e.g., Li-ion batteries – LIBs) is highlighted. Furthermore, the development and challenges of the carbon aerogel industry are discussed. This work offers a strategic guide to build a close connection between carbon aerogels and the energy storage economy. In general, the electrochemical performances mostly rely on the surface structures and chemical characteristics of carbon aerogels. Carbon aerogels possessing a 3D hierarchical porous network structure with appropriate microporosity and mesoporosity, heteroatom (e.g., N, S) doping, and active metal nanoparticle (e.g., MnO2, Co3O4) loading are key indexes to determine the capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability of the assembled supercapacitors. Resin-derived carbon aerogels have the advantages of large specific surface area and highly tunable pores for application in supercapacitors, but the poor mechanical properties hinder their application in flexible supercapacitors. In addition, carbon aerogels for application in rechargeable batteries are mostly used as the supports for electroactive substances in LIBs and the separators of Li–S and Na–S batteries. Carbon aerogels derived from biomass precursors, in comparison with conventional resin precursors, are promising alternatives owing to the benefits of low cost (abundant in nature), sustainability, eco-friendliness, large specific surface areas, tunable pore structures, and strong mechanical properties. The challenges of promoting biomass-derived carbon aerogels for practical use include simplifying the procedure and further reducing the time and cost required for the preparation of carbon aerogels from diverse biomass precursors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," published by The Royal Society of Chemistry. It highlights the articles and research papers included in the issue, covering topics such as sustainable water treatment, lignocellulose pretreatment, and biomass valorization. The journal aims to promote cutting-edge research for a greener and more sustainable future. [Extracted from the article]

Recent progress in portable and wearable electronics has promoted a growing demand for high-performance and flexible energy-storage devices that are abundant and affordable. Because reduced graphene oxide (rGO), originating from inexpensive graphite, serves as a higher-performance energy-storage electrode than conventional activated carbons and carbon nanotubes, research and development of rGO/polymer composite electrodes for flexible supercapacitors have become a center of attraction. However, the fabrication of rGO-based flexible electrodes frequently requires a long time with high-temperature treatment or toxic chemical treatment, resulting in the lack of scalability and eco-friendliness. Here we show a fast, scalable, and environment-compatible route to fabricate a high-performance rGO/cellulose paper supercapacitor electrode. Single-layer graphene oxide (GO) sheets and recycled waste pulp fibers were successfully fabricated into a paper composite by a well-established scalable papermaking process, followed by a room-temperature, additive-free, and millisecond-timescale flash reduction process. The as-prepared rGO/paper electrode had a high specific capacitance, up to 212 F g−1, for an all paper-based flexible supercapacitor, comparable to those of state-of-the-art rGO-based electrodes, while dramatically decreasing the reduction time of GO from the conventional hour timescale to milliseconds. This work will pave the way for green, flexible, and mass-producible energy-storage paper in future wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It features cutting-edge research on sustainable chemistry and a greener future. The contents list includes articles on topics such as electrosynthesis, sustainable chemical synthesis, corrosion science, lignin modification, and more. The journal aims to connect the world with the chemical sciences and invest profits back into the chemistry community. This document is a list of papers published in the journal Green Chemistry. The papers cover a range of topics related to sustainable and environmentally friendly chemistry. Some of the topics include the efficient fractionation of hemicellulose from hardwood pulp, the synthesis of fructose-based surfactants, and the electrochemical synthesis of formaldehyde. The papers provide valuable research for library patrons interested in these specific areas of study. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It features research papers on various topics related to sustainable chemistry, including photocatalytic upgrading of hydroxymethylfurfural, lignin extraction and nanodispersion, selenium-doped carbon materials, and the valorization of bio-renewable glycerol. The journal also includes tutorial reviews on topics such as Pickering emulsion-derived nano/microreactors and the iron ligand-to-metal charge transfer chemistry in water. Additionally, there are perspective papers, communications, and other research papers covering a range of subjects in green chemistry. The papers provide valuable insights into the development of greener and more sustainable chemical processes. [Extracted from the article]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," which features cutting-edge research on sustainable practices. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including photoelectrocatalytic systems, cathode materials for batteries, green synthesis approaches, biotransformation of lignin, and valorization of food waste. It also includes tutorial reviews on hydrotropic solvent systems and thermo-/photo-catalysts, as well as communications and papers on various topics related to green chemistry. The journal aims to promote an open, green, and inclusive future. The document is a compilation of research papers that explore different aspects of green chemistry, providing valuable insights into sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. [Extracted from the article]

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of aromatic rings in benzoic acid derivatives has arisen as a notionally engaging substitute for thermal catalysis under mild conditions. However, the utilization of organic solvents and low faradaic efficiency are incompatible with the principles of green chemistry and energy conservation. Herein, bimetallic PtRu supported on carbon paper developed by co-electrodeposition with optimized atomic ratios maintains an inspiring high conversion of 92.9%, high selectivity of 100% and a high faradaic efficiency of 62.2% for the hydrogenation of benzoic acid to cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in an acidic aqueous electrolyte without external H2, which is the best result to date. The optimized electrocatalyst also exhibits outstanding stability and universality for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoic acid derivatives. In situ Raman results and theoretical calculations prove that the synergistic effect generated by Ru modifying the electronic structure of Pt simultaneously enhances the capture of benzoic acid molecules and interfacial active hydrogen species and lowers the reaction energy barrier. After adsorbing benzoic acid, more accumulation of electrons around the Ru atom reduces the electron density of phenyl, thereby activating the reaction. Meanwhile, the uniform alloy nanoclusters anchored to the carbon paper surface ensure highly efficient electronic transmission and high dispersion of active components, reducing excessive agglomeration. A proton-exchange membrane reactor is also used to certify the potential of the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoic acid derivatives for large-scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood bark is a structurally complex by-product of the pulp and paper industry, which focuses primarily on the valorization of structurally more regular wood xylem components. The aim of this study was the elucidation of the less valorised willow wood counterparts (whole bark, inner bark, sclerenchyma bundles, and parenchymatous tissues) by NMR spectroscopic techniques. This allowed a better understanding of the structural features of macromolecular components of bark (i.e. pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin), thus providing a base for a more rational design of the customized biochemical processes prior to chemical processing of bark. This crucial knowledge contributed to the creation of a protocol/decision tool to select tailored enzymes (discarding the slightest substrate binding) for the biological pre-treatment of bark to a state suitable for chemical pulping. Such a protocol/decision-making tool would significantly improve the efficiency of enzyme selection by 60–70% due to the specific catalytic activity of the enzymes involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of waste office paper (printed or photocopied) to bio-oil via low temperature (<200 °C) microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and its utilisation as an adhesive for aluminium-aluminium bonding are reported. The yields for the organic and aqueous phase bio-oil are 19% and 23%, respectively. The pyrolysis products were characterized by ICP-MS, ATR-IR, GC-MS and NMR to reveal broad categories of compounds indicative of sugars (carbohydrates), aromatics and carbonyl-containing moieties. Application of the organic phase bio-oil (70 mg) to Al plates (50 mm x 50 mm) followed by curing at different temperatures and time periods revealed that a maximum tensile strength of approximately 2300 N could be attained at 160 °C for 8 h cure. Also, at a fixed temperature, the tensile strength increased with increasing curing time. To gain an in-depth understanding of the adhesive properties of bio-oil, a liquid-liquid fractionation of the organic phase bio-oil was conducted. The 'acidic' fraction showed far better adhesion properties than the 'neutral' fraction with no bonding achieved for the aqueous fraction. A combination of the 'acidic' and 'neutral' fraction gave better adhesion, thus suggesting a possible synergistic or co-operative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, the proliferation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as pivotal energy storage solutions has surged dramatically. However, this widespread adoption has come with a significant downside: the accumulation of substantial quantities of discarded LIBs. From the perspective of green production and industrial development, the problem of recycling spent LIBs urgently needs to be addressed. Based on the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as well as their potential in LIB recycling, this paper proposes the concept of the Ionic Liquid System, including ILs and DESs. The aim is to systematically outline the application of the Ionic Liquid System in the LIB recycling industry. Ionic Liquid System reagents are considered environmentally friendly green solvents due to their biodegradability. Here, we discuss laboratory research on the recovery of spent LIBs using similar system solvents based on studies reported over the past decade and categorize recent laboratory work, while evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the application of the Ionic Liquid System. This article explicitly provides an effective reference for recycling spent LIBs through the Ionic Liquid System and prospects for future work on recycling spent lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable production of 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO) from biomass is of great importance because 1,4-PDO is a monomer of degradable polyesters and plastics. This paper reviews the conversion of biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) and furfural as well as their derivatives alkyl levulinate, γ-valerolactone (GVL) and furfuryl alcohol (FAL) into 1,4-PDO. MoOx or ReOx modified noble metal catalysts and non-noble metal catalysts with core–shell and alloy structures show a high 1,4-PDO yield and stability in LA hydrogenation under severe hydrothermal conditions. The conversion of furfural to 1,4-PDO involves the initial C＝O bond hydrogenation to form FAL, the consecutive acid-catalyzed ring-opening and the final hydrogenation. Therefore, it needs a bifunctional catalyst composed of metallic species and acid sites to improve the 1,4-PDO yield. Efforts are made here to highlight the employed catalysts, structure–performance relationship, reaction pathway and reaction mechanism in detail. The current challenges for large-scale applications of conversion of LA and furfural to 1,4-PDO have been proposed, including process development, catalyst cost, solvent and active site distribution. We believe that this review will provide new opportunities and expand the options for the production of 1,4-PDO via biorefining processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," which features articles and papers on various topics related to sustainable chemistry. The journal aims to promote research for a greener and more sustainable future. The articles cover subjects such as safe and sustainable chemicals, materials preparation, electrochemistry, natural gas and hydrogen storage, and more. The given article, titled "Boosting urea synthesis in simulated flue gas electroreduction by adjusting W– Welectronic properties," discusses a study conducted by Xiaohui Yao, Changyan Zhu, Jie Zhou, Kunhao Zhang, Chunyi Sun, Man Dong, Guogang Shan, Zhuo Wu, Min Zhang, Xinlong Wang, and Zhongmin Su. The study focuses on enhancing urea synthesis in simulated flue gas electroreduction by adjusting the electronic properties of W– W. The article provides detailed information about the research methodology and findings. [Extracted from the article]

The design of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts with steady capability has attracted much attention in the field of water splitting in recent years. In this paper, Ni2−xCoxP/CNFs (x = 0, 0.67, 1, 1.33 and 2), where the ultrafine Ni2−xCoxP nanoparticles are encapsulated in carbon nanofibers, are synthesized using a facile electrospinning method followed by thermal treatment. The space confinement by the carbon matrix with a high length-to-diameter ratio (>1000) and excellent conductivity produces ultrafine Ni2−xCoxP with abundant active sites. Moreover, engineering of Ni2−xCoxP/CNFs can induce electronic modulation and consequently optimize the adsorption of H on the electrocatalyst surface to promote HER performance, as well as to reduce the energy barrier of the potential-limiting step. The optimal Ni2−xCoxP/CNFs exhibit superior electrocatalytic performance with low overpotentials of about 271 mV for OER and about 118.76 mV for HER at 10 mA cm−2 with excellent long-term durability in 1.0 M KOH solutions, performing as one of the best non-noble-metal electrocatalysts so far. Furthermore, the two-electrode electrolyser delivers a high efficiency and remarkable long-term durability for overall water splitting. This work provides new insights into the development of nanofiber-structured electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reusing spent anodes is a pivotal step for recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, it proves challenging to completely eliminate Cu impurities from spent graphite (SG), which hinders the effective recycling of spent anodes. In this paper, a straightforward air oxidation method is proposed to directly upgrade spent anodes into stable CuO/C anodes by harnessing the inherent Cu impurities in spent anodes. The air oxidation process not only repairs the SG to some extent but also generates uniformly dispersed CuO nanoparticles, which chemically bind with the repaired graphite (RG) through Cu–O–C bonds. The specific discharge capacity of the CuO/RG anode can reach as high as 647 mA h g−1 even after 500 cycles (at 372 mA g−1 ). In addition, this program is found to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by ∼80% compared to previously reported CuO/C production programs. Clearly, this approach provides a new direction for large-scale recycling of spent LIBs and low-cost production of high-performance CuO/C anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," published by The Royal Society of Chemistry. It highlights the articles and research papers included in the issue, covering topics such as waste valorization, plasticizers, noble metal recovery, bio-upcycling, CO2 reduction, and seaweed-based polysaccharides. The journal aims to promote cutting-edge research for a greener and more sustainable future. [Extracted from the article]

This paper reports an innovative work on the green production of furfural using a covalent organic framework (COF), thereby expanding the range of catalysts in the furfural manufacturing industry and achieving efficient production of furfural from sustainable biomass-derived sugars. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for the green and sustainable production of furfural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have emerged as a family of polymeric materials which are being increasingly investigated for interdisciplinary applications. Their high electrical conductivity, excellent thermal/mechanical stability, low vapor pressure, and easy processibility render PILs exceptionally attractive as versatile platforms for green chemistry. Recent decades have witnessed fruitful efforts devoted to the development of PIL-based green chemistry platforms, achieving significant discoveries that will unfold their uniqueness in catalysis, separation, sensors, electrolyte, and functional materials. However, few review papers offer comprehensive discussion on PILs' application in the green chemistry field. In this review, we initially introduce the structure and types of PILs, which is followed by a systematical summary of the synthesis of PILs in terms of direct polymerization of monomer, polymerization after monomer modification, and modification of polymers. Furthermore, several aspects of the application of PILs related to green chemistry are highlighted, such as sensors, separation, catalysis, electrolytes for energy storage devices, and as versatile precursors yielding functional materials. Current challenges and corresponding research directions in PILs for green chemistry are clarified, to make PILs truly green platforms for existing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," which focuses on cutting-edge research aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the chemical industry. It covers a range of topics, including the role of fungal enzymes in pharmaceutical synthesis, carbon-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen production, and the recycling of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The journal is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and is available electronically. The document is a compilation of various research papers published in the journal, covering topics related to sustainable chemistry and green technologies, such as the synthesis of renewable building blocks, the destruction of organic pollutants, electrochemical reactions, and the recycling of waste materials. Each paper presents its own findings and research methods. [Extracted from the article]

Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that play an essential role in the biosphere. They have a unique ability to produce a vast array of secondary metabolites, including enzymes that have important applications in various industries. Fungal enzymes have been utilized in many fields, such as food processing, textile, paper, and pulp industries, to name a few. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of fungal enzymes in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds due to their scalability, high catalytic activity, relatively low cost, and ability to catalyze a wide range of chemical reactions under mild reaction conditions making the overall process greener and sustainable. Fungi produce a variety of enzymes such as oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases which can be used in the synthesis of specific compounds with required chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. This paper discusses the role of fungal enzymes in the synthesis of various drugs, active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), and drug intermediates and their applications in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the chemistry of green materials synthesized with supercritical fluids. First, the properties and some specific features of supercritical water are summarized. Then, supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles is explained, and various applications of green materials are described. The surface control of nanoparticles in supercritical water is also explained. Green processes involving chemical recycling of waste polymers and a combination of hydrothermal synthesis and supercritical water oxidation are also discussed. Finally, commercialization of supercritical water processes is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploitation of hydrogen as an energy carrier requires the development of systems for its storage and delivery. Formic acid has been proposed as valuable hydrogen carrier compound, due to its relatively high hydrogen content (53 g L−1), the latter being easily and cleanly released in catalytic reactions under mild conditions (HCOOH → H2+ CO2). Ionic liquids are interesting solvents for homogeneous catalyzed formic acid decomposition systems as their extremely low volatility avoids solvent contamination of the produced hydrogen stream. In this paper an outstandingly simple, robust and active catalyst system is presented, namely RuCl3dissolved in 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium acetate (RuCl3/[EMMIM][OAc]). This system proved to be fully recyclable over 10 times. Turnover frequencies (TOF) of 150 h−1and 850 h−1were obtained at 80 °C and 120 °C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Green Chemistry," which focuses on reducing the environmental impact of the chemical industry through non-toxic technologies. The journal includes tutorial reviews on topics like biomass energy and sustainable haircare, as well as critical reviews and communications on various research topics. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, the journal offers a compilation of research papers covering sustainable and environmentally friendly chemistry. Topics range from organic compound synthesis to photocatalytic reactions, plastic waste upcycling, and catalyst development. These papers provide valuable insights and advancements in the field of green chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

Experiments were conducted to study the effects of reaction conditions on the hydrolysis of miscanthus dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) catalyzed by H2SO4. It was determined that while there is a small co-inhibition effect associated with the simultaneous hydrolysis of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic portions of miscanthus, the largest rate decreases were observed for the hydrolysis of the hemicellulosic portion. This rate decrease was attributed to the chemical linkage between hemicellulose and lignin in miscanthus, which could be broken with chemical pretreatment. While chemical pretreatment increased the rate of the hydrolysis of the hemicellulosic component, delignification showed no further benefit. The rate of hydrolysis was determined to be first order in concentrations of β-1,4 glycosidic linkage and acid, and zero order in water concentration. The activation energy for the hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages in the cellulosic and hemicellulosic components were determined to be 95 kJ mol−1and 114 kJ mol−1respectively. Progressive addition of water during the first hour of the reaction increased conversion and selectivity to saccharine products, while limiting dehydration of the sugars formed. The conversion of the cellulosic portion of miscanthus could be increased after the first hour of the reaction by increasing the reactor temperature. While miscanthus is only partially soluble in [Emim][Cl], it was found that the initial miscanthus loading could be increased to 9 wt% before significant yield decreases attributed to solubility limitations of the cellulosic component were observed. By proper adjustment of reaction conditions, it was possible to achieve yields of sugars approaching 84% from the cellulosic and hemicellulosic components of miscanthus, with minimal dehydration of the sugars to furans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach to improve the cellulase stability against 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]), based on coating of immobilized enzyme particles with hydrophobic ILs, is proposed. The stability of commercial cellulase (Celluclast®), immobilized onto a polymeric support (Amberlite XAD4), was first studied in ten different ionic liquids (ILs) at 50 and 80 °C. Hydrophobic ILs clearly enhanced the enzyme thermal stability. Butyltrimethyl-ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([N1114][NTf2]) enhances half-life time of the immobilized enzyme at 50 °C up to 4 times, while [Bmim][Cl] behaved as a powerful enzyme deactivating agent. Thus, the stability of cellulase in hydrophobic IL/[Bmim][Cl] mixtures was greatly improved with respect to [Bmim][Cl] alone. A stabilized cellulase derivative obtained by coating immobilized enzyme particles with [N1114][NTf2], has been then successfully used for the saccharification of dissolved cellulose in [Bmim][Cl] (i.e. up to 50% hydrolysis in 24 h) at 50 °C and 1.5 w/v water content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous-flow rhodium-catalysed hydroformylation of long chain alkenes has been achieved with selectivities to the desired linear aldehyde of 92% and minimum rhodium loss, using a xantphos-derived ligand attached to an imidazolium salt in a supercritical fluid–ionic liquid system. The effect of oxygen in the system can be ameliorated to some extent by adding a simple sulfonated triphenylphosphine to the catalytic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was used to extract components of interest from Scenedesmus dimorphus, a microalgae species, under varied algal harvesting and extraction conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to quantify the concentration of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and the FAME profile of transesterified lipids, phospholipids and pigments extracted under varied supercritical temperatures and pressures. The scCO2extraction results are compared with conventional solvent extraction to evaluate differences in the efficiency and nature of the extracted materials. Algae harvested by centrifugation (vs.lyophilization) demonstrated a similar extraction efficiency in scCO2, indicating potential energy benefits by avoiding conventional algal mass dehydration prior to extraction. Centrifuged algae and optimized extraction conditions (6000 psi; 100 °C) resulted in comparable FAME yields to conventional processes, as well as increased selectivity, reflected in the decreased pigment, nitrogen and phospholipid contamination of the FAME. Cell pre-treatments—sonication, microwave, bead beating and lyophilization—showed an enhancement in extraction yield in both conventional solvent and scCO2extraction, allowing for improved extraction efficiencies. This study suggests that scCO2, a green solvent, shows great potential for algal lipid extraction for the sustainable production of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae are being explored as a sustainable energy feedstock, having potential to reduce dependence on petrofuels and offset greenhouse gas emissions. Economic considerations and principles of green design suggest that if algae-to-fuel technology is to be successful, biofuels must be produced simultaneously with value-added co-products. At present, the algae industry is centered around a limited number of products, such as low-volume/high-value speciality nutrients. New products for medium- and high-volume markets will be needed as biomass production increases in scale. This Perspective highlights non-fuel applications of algal biomass that have received relatively little attention to date but are promising for future development. It is our goal to draw attention to some of the unique opportunities that algae present with respect to biochemical composition as compared to lignocellulosic energy crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of hydrophilic N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium- and N,N-dimethylpiperidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) have been prepared and applied as reaction media in the Wacker oxidation of styrene by hydrogen peroxide using PdCl2as the catalyst. The efficiency of these ILs was compared with hydrophilic and hydrophobic imidazolium systems (including those with nitrile functionalities). The nature of the ionic liquid strongly influences the product distribution. In particular, in hydrophobic ILs, relevant amounts of 1,3-diphenyl-1-butene arising from styrene dimerization were detected, in addition to the expected phenylmethylketone. The formation of 1,3-diphenyl-1-butene may be attributed to the formation of Pd(0) species from “ClPdOH” (probably formed during the Wacker process) in a side-reaction. Consequently, the ability of the IL to favor or disfavor the reoxidation of “ClPdOH” to “ClPdOOH” by hydrogen peroxide, giving an homogeneous phase or a biphasic system, appears to be the main factor affecting selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ruthenium catalysed cross-metathesis of terpenoids with methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate was used to prepare new terpenoids and to improve, to a large extent, the synthesis of known terpenoids. In particular, the cross-metathesis of mono-unsaturated terpenoids was very efficient whereas the transformation of terpenoids incorporating two double bonds was more difficult due to side reactions. The cross-metathesis reactions were carried out under environmentally friendly conditions either in dimethyl carbonate or under solvent-free conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]