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Soil erosion rates after wildfire are strongly controlled by intrinsic properties such as topography, weather, climate, soil, and vegetation. These landscape and hydroclimatic properties are important in determining post-fire erosion rates; however, their influence on post-fire erosion and their interaction with the intensity of a wildfire remains uncertain. A key limitation in resolving this uncertainty is the lack of conceptual models and frameworks for organising data related to the geomorphic sensitivity of landscapes to wildfire. Our aim is to develop a framework for consolidating understanding of post-fire erosion in the context of hydroclimatic conditions which contribute to system states, for example soil and vegetation properties, and wildfire regime. The framework is developed around a simple conceptual model where the change in erosion due to wildfire is a product of change in runoff generation and sediment supply, which is strongly related to landscape net primary productivity (NPP). We hypothesised that geomorphic sensitivity to wildfire should vary as a unimodal humped relationship across a gradient of NPP, peaking at an intermediate level. To develop this framework and to test the hypothesis, we first review intrinsic soil and vegetation properties related to the supply and transport of sediment from burned and unburned hillslopes. Net primary productivity is systematically related to these intrinsic properties because it integrates many processes involved in soil and vegetation development. Empirical data indicate a trend in the change in surface runoff generation with NPP after wildfire, peaking at an NPP of approximately 15 Mg C ha−1 y−1. A simple model of fuel availability and soil heating are correlated with a similar "humped" trend in sediment supply. These results are consistent with our conceptual model, which indicates that sediment supply and runoff contribute towards a distinct peak in wildfire effects on erosion at an intermediate level of NPP. We propose that landscapes of intermediate NPP typically have the highest quantity of fuel available to burn, which cause large changes to the soil surface properties. Landscapes at intermediate NPP also tend to produce intrinsic soil and vegetation properties that promote erosion after wildfire. The interplay between these short and long-term landscape characteristics is strongest at intermediate levels of NPP. Our proposed biogeographic model of geomorphic sensitivity to wildfire was supported by erosion data from burned hillslope and zero-order catchments studies from a range fire-prone landscapes in Australia and North America. Our proposed conceptual model will help identify areas most vulnerable to post-fire erosion changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesize evidence suggesting a chain of global cause-effect relationships, linking population and economic development with cumulative effects on changes in landscape dynamics, including denudation and sediment transport/deposition. Temporal trends in global patterns of geomorphic processes or process combinations such as denudation, sedimentation, or frequency of geomorphic disasters, appear to reflect growing human pressure. Erosion rates, intensified by anthropogenic factors, are currently one to two orders of magnitude greater than prior to the 20th century, and are growing further. Per capita human transfer of Earth materials has increased tenfold. A considerable increase in the frequency of disasters related to geomorphic processes has also taken place in just over half a century, outpacing changes in other natural disasters. It is especially significant that the ratio between the frequency of geomorphic (implying water/land interaction, obviously influenced by climate change) disasters and frequency of purely climate-related disasters has increased more than ten-fold since the early 20th century. The changes described in geomorphic processes (global geomorphic change) appear to respond mainly to land surface modification, which reflects a "Great Geomorphic Acceleration" after the mid-twentieth century. However, these stressors, characteristic of the "Anthropocene", likely interact with climate change, increasing concerns about future implications for Earth surface dynamics and underscoring the need to not only reduce GHG emissions, but also improve land use practices, which modify the conditions of the terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary airflow occurs when the primary flow interacts with obstacles and other roughness elements such as dense vegetation. It is characterised by the deviation of the wind velocity and direction from the primary flow. Secondary airflow is often manifested as a reversing, separation, horseshoe, or deflection vortex flow, which is fully developed where the curvature of the topography changes abruptly, such as near the crest region of an aeolian dune, the edge of an escarpment, or around buildings. Secondary airflow has been proven to be one of the main driving forces for the formation of obstacle-related bedforms, such as echo dunes, climbing dunes, cliff-top dunes, falling dunes, shadow dunes, foredunes, blowouts, and parabolic dunes. Morphologies of these obstacle-related dunes have been extensively investigated, whereas the factors controlling secondary airflow and their effects on sediment erosion, transport, and deposition have been less mentioned. Here, we review the types and characteristics of secondary airflow and the controlling factors of their patterns, such as the shape and spatial alignment of obstacles and the incident flow angle. We also investigate the effects of these controlling factors on the morphodynamics of obstacle-related bedforms. As confirmed by field observations, the wind-blown sand hazards controlled by the secondary airflow are discussed. Finally, we summarize the scales of the secondary airflow, and highlight the possible focus for future investigation. • Secondary airflow has been proven to be one of the main driving forces for the formation of obstacle-related bedforms. • Secondary airflow patterns and occurrence of the associated landforms are scale-dependent. • Secondary airflow is the main driving force for wind-blown sand hazards for desert infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation and biological soil crust (biocrust) cover can have a stabilizing effect on dunes by fixing sediment in-place and increasing surface roughness, thus limiting dune mobility, sediment transport, and erosion. These biological effects influence rates of aeolian activity and thus surficial changes, though variability in wind and sediment supply may obscure these topographic effects. In this study, we compare monthly measures of sediment transport and decadal estimates of dune mobility to repeat topographic changes measured as a net volume change in sediment storage (difference in volume between all positive and negative topographic changes) and total volume change (absolute summed volume of all positive and negative changes) for areas of bare, vegetated, and biocrusted sand within a dunefield with limited sediment supply and unimodal winds. We found that monthly net volume changes normalized by area were similar between bare sand and sand with at least 20 % vegetation cover. However, total volume change was significantly greater for bare sand and correlated with monthly sediment flux estimates (R2 = 0.46), though the relationship was significantly improved by including monthly changes in surface roughness (R2 = 0.8). Longer-term decadal trends in topographic change showed larger total volume changes with the greatest decreases in vegetation canopy cover. Additionally, decadal total volume changes strongly correlated with estimates of dune mobility (R2 = 0.99). We also found that increased total volume changes did not necessarily signal increased net volume changes for all land cover types. Specifically, increases in total volume change for bare sand resulted in near equal or lower net volume changes, as both positive (deposition) and negative (erosion) change increased with sediment transport. Conversely, less mobile land covers, such as biocrust covered sand, increased in erosion without significant increases in total volume change, demonstrating that more stable surfaces might exhibit a larger topographic change imbalance than mobile sediment surfaces under the same conditions. This study highlights the importance of considering multiple measures of topographic change for interpreting sediment mobility, transport, and availability. Additionally, we hypothesize a novel framework for remote sensing-based empirical studies aimed at interpreting aeolian landscape evolution resulting from climate change effects on weather as well as biological controls such as vegetation and biocrusts. • Total and net volume changes demonstrate complexity of partially stable dunefields. • Total volume changes were highest for bare sand, correlating with sand transport. • Biological cover reduced correlations between surface changes and transport. • Net volume changes related to sediment availability but not transport or mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment exchange between the shoreface and the foreshore is investigated through the analysis of sandbar and berm migration cycles at La Misión beach in Baja California, Mexico. In general, nearshore sandbars migrate onshore during low-energy wave conditions merging with the shoreline to become intertidal sandbars that later contribute to berm rebuilding. However, significant alongshore differences were observed in the sandbar welding and berm rebuilding process, which can be attributed to alongshore wave skewness and near-surfzone flow variations. The analysis of topographic and bathymetric surveys collected monthly over a 5-year period revealed larger shoreline retreat and longer recovery times in the southern beach compared to the north. This was related to the inability of sandbars to weld to the intertidal beach during spring and summer, occurring only during extended periods of low-energy waves. In the southern beach, the berm formation process exhibited less dependence on incoming wave energy, persisting during mild-energy winters, and reforming in the presence of sandbars. Hydrodynamic measurements indicated that the southern part of the beach experienced relatively more intense net offshore flows (up to −0.2 ms−1) due to undertow, and possibly related to the presence of persistent rip currents. In contrast, the berm in the northern beach followed a seasonal erosion and rebuilding process associated with sandbar migrations driven by variations in incoming wave energy and cross-shore sediment transport. This was characterized by larger near-bed wave velocity skewness compared to the south. Net flows in the north were predominantly onshore, reaching up to 0.1 ms−1 during lower-energy periods with oblique wave incidence. This study reveals the presence of considerably distinct sandbar and berm migration cycles along a relatively short beach of 2.2 km long. It also highlights how such variability can be related to the morphodynamic feedback with sandbars affecting hydrodynamics, particularly near-bed wave skewness and near-surfzone flow variations, which in turn influence sediment transport and morphological evolution. • Bar merging affects berm rebuilding, influenced by wave skewness and flow variations. • Net onshore flows and higher skewness allow seasonal berm rebuilding. • Net offshore flows and lower skewness kept the bar offshore but the berm recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topographic relief and bedrock fractures caused by fault activity can accelerate surface erosion, suggesting that erosion rates increase with decreasing distance to the fault core. To test this hypothesis, we used 10Be cosmogenic nuclides to quantify catchment-wide erosion rates at various distances from a fault in the footwall of the Daqing Shan fault system, a 200-km-long active normal fault in Inner Mongolia, northern China. In addition, in order to examine the influence of topography and bedrock fractures on the surface erosion processes in the fault-weakened zone, their relationships with hillslope erosion, fluvial sediment grain size and transport efficiency, erosion rates, and erosion coefficients were studied. The resulting catchment-wide erosion rates ranged from 0.01 ± 0.00–0.13 ± 0.01 mm yr−1. These erosion rates and coefficients were unaffected by distance from the fault. The analysis of topography, bedrock fractures, and hillslope erosion yielded distinct hillslope erosion processes at different distances from the fault. Rapid mass wasting events, such as landslides, occurred at <15 km from the fault in steep, rocky hillslopes with abundant bedrock fractures. In contrast, at >15 km from the fault, hillslopes gradually become more gentle and soil-mantled. These spatial-slope configuration differences result in a decrease in sediment grain size delivered to river channels with increasing distance from the fault. Once sediments enter river channels, they impact fluvial transport capacity by influencing the initial motion threshold of sediment. Correlation analyses revealed that sediment transport efficiency in channels directly controls the catchment-averaged erosion rate and coefficient. This mechanism explains why the erosion rate remains insensitive to variations in topography and bedrock fractures in fault-weakened zones. • Study of patterns and controls on erosion rate across Daqing Shan fault zone. • Cosmogenic nuclide 10Be used to derive catchment-averaged erosion rate. • Erosion rates do not vary with distance from the fault. • Erosion rate remains insensitive to variations in topography and bedrock fractures. • Sediment transport efficiency in channels controls erosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is affecting the hydromorphological system. In many places, changes in sediment dynamics are closely correlated to changes in precipitation frequency and magnitude. However, in nivo-pluvial regimes, the hydromorphological response to climate is more challenging to predict as it is not only the amount and occurrence of precipitation that is changing. The changes in precipitation type (i.e., snow or rain), snow accumulation, and snowmelt rates will also have a significant effect on the catchment net precipitation (composed of direct precipitation plus snowmelt contribution), and this may affect overland flow, erosion, stream discharge, sediment transport, and deposition. We investigated the impacts of climate change on hydrology and geomorphology in a small catchment (Emme, 127 km2) located in the Swiss pre-Alps by simulating the difference between the hydromorphological response to net precipitation in the present climate and in three climate scenarios at the end of the century using the CAESAR-Lisflood landscape evolution model. For the most extreme climate scenario (RCP8.5), simulations showed that despite the reduction in net precipitation (by 7 %) and discharge (by 4 %), sediment yield at the outlet of the catchment increased by 6 %. This is not only because precipitation falls more as rain than snow during the cold months, but also because heavy precipitation is expected to intensify. On a seasonal scale, we found that the amount of net precipitation, discharge, and erosion will increase in winter at the end of the century, while it will decrease in spring. In all three climate scenarios, net precipitation is projected to decrease in summer, but sediment yields may both decrease or increase. Autumn is the season with the greatest changes in erosion, while net precipitation remains constant or only slightly increases. Furthermore, we found that erosion and deposition patterns are changing spatially, with more erosion in mid-elevations and more deposition in valleys. Although our results are specific to the study site, we expect similar trends in other catchments of the pre-Alpine region. • Effects of climate change on erosion in a nivo-pluvial catchment were studied. • Erosion rates are foreseen to increase despite a decline in precipitation amounts. • This results from heavy precipitation intensification and a shift from snow to rain. • Erosion rates are found to increase in winter and autumn, and decrease in spring. • Valleys will transition from erosion to deposition, but slope erosion will increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submarine canyons are key elements in source-to-sink systems that are commonly developed along continental margins. They act as major conduits transferring sediment and pollutants from continental shelves to deep-water basins, and control the general morphology and evolution of continental margins. This work uses multibeam bathymetric and high-resolution (two- and three-dimensional) seismic data to investigate the main factors controlling the morphology of the Shenhu Canyon System in the northern South China Sea, as well as its detailed morphological character. The Shenhu Canyon System consists of nineteen (19) submarine canyons whose morphologies vary from southwest to northeast along the continental slope. Canyons (C1–C10) in the southwest show greater incision depths, and steeper thalwegs and walls, when compared to their counterparts to the northeast (C11–C17). The southwest canyons are located close to the shelf edge, where the upper continental slope is relatively steep and multiple landslides are imaged. We show that the thalwegs and walls of the southwest canyons were more actively eroded by sediment flows, with respect to the northeast canyons, making them deeper and steeper. Hence, submarine canyons in the southwest, with a more linear geometry, are now directly connected to the Pearl River Canyon. In parallel, seafloor fault scarps act as barriers for sediment transported to the heads of the northeast canyons. This research highlights how sediment supply, sediment pathways, and seafloor scarps can influence submarine canyon morphology along continental slopes. It contributes to a better understanding of the factors controlling canyon morphology worldwide. • The morphology of submarine canyons changes gradually along a continental slope. • High sediment supply and frequent sediment flows promote canyon erosion. • Canyons to the southwest act as preferential pathways for sediment transportation. • Seafloor scarps form physical barriers for sediment transported downslope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacustrine deltas that develop upstream of landslide-dammed lakes can trap and store fluvial sediments. The development of these deltas and their size are conditioned by the geometry of the dam, which is in turn influenced by the landslide rheology. In this study, we back-analyze the formation of the Hintersee landslide-dammed lake in southeastern Germany and investigate the impact of landslide rheology on lake volume and sediment trapping capacity. We use the Voellmy rheology, a rheological model defined by two parameters, μ and ξ , and find that landslide rheology strongly influences sediment trapping. The Voellmy dry friction μ shows a non-linear relationship with lake volume and sediment trapping, while the velocity squared drag ξ has less impact. The Hintersee landslide dam presents a sediment trapping capacity of up to three times the volume of the landslide-dammed lake. Thus, the impact of landslide dams on sediment transport is underestimated by up to a factor of 3 when using lake volume as a proxy for sediment trapping capacity. We find that friction exhibits a non-linear relationship with lake volume and sediment trapping, while velocity has a more limited influence. • Landslide rheology and valley geometry (accommodation space) exert a nonlinear influence on lake and sediment trap capacities. • The sediment trapping capacity of landslide dams is for a significant part subaerial (2/3 here). • Local erosion rates and the history of the dam can be reconstructed using a sediment budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catchment hydro-morphological response is mainly conditioned on rainfall properties, such as rainfall intensity, storm duration and frequency, and the timing of these events. Rainfall spatial variability is likewise a major determinant affecting streamflow, erosion, and sediment transport, and is explored largely in the context of heavy rain triggering floods and fast morphological changes on hillslopes and in channels. In this study, we examine how the spatial structure of rainfall influences landscape evolution at the catchment scale over hundreds of years. To achieve this, multiple realizations of hourly rainfall fields, each differing only by their spatial distribution but identical in all other respects, were simulated using a weather generator. The impact of storm spatial-heterogeneity on the catchment morphology was then assessed with a landscape evolution model (CAESAR-Lisflood). A virtual "open-book" type catchment was used for this numerical experiment. The mean streamflow and low-flows remained the same while the magnitude of the annual peak streamflow increased by up to 12% in response to higher rainfall spatial heterogeneity. However, the erosion and deposition rates significantly increased (up to 50%) and the net erosion and deposition areas changed (increased by up to 9% and decreased by 13.5%, respectively) when the rain became less uniform in space. Furthermore, new gullies were found to be longer, deeper, and more branched in response to increased rainfall heterogeneity. The results suggest that heterogeneity in rainfall spatial patterns speeds up landscape development, even when rainfall volumes and temporal structures are the same. This implies that the spatial structure of rainfall may have more of an influence on catchment morphology at long time scales than previously thought. • The impacts of rainfall spatial-heterogeneity on landscape processes were examined. • Higher rainfall spatial-heterogeneity accelerates erosion and deposition rates. • It also increases the net erosion area but decreases the net area of deposition. • Likewise it results in more developed morphology of the main gully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]