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Over the past decades, Saudi Arabia's economic development has strongly depended on oil revenues fueled by the rise of oil prices and the strong global market demands for crude oils. However, the country can no longer depend on oil revenues in the face of the dynamic global market, and hence, the Saudi government's Vision 2030 seeks to reduce this dependence and diversify the economy's sources of income. Motivated by this, this study aims to investigate the impact of growth factors: financial innovation (FI), nonoil trade openness (TO), nonoil gross capital formation (GCF), and human capital (CH) development on the nonoil economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The goal of this investigation is to examine the dynamic symmetrical and nonsymmetrical impact of these growth factors on nonoil economic growth and policymaking in Saudi Arabia. To achieve this, this study utilizes the distributed lag symmetric and asymmetric (ARDL and NARD) approaches to assess the short- and long-term symmetric relationships among these growth variables with nonoil economic growth as well as the stationarity, cointegration, and directionality among variables with the theory of "ceteris paribus" in the error correction model (ECM), and Granger causality framework to analyze time-series data from 1980 to 2020. The findings of this study revealed that the FI, TO, GCF, and CH have an impact on the nonoil economic growth in the short and long terms. Additionally, in the long term, the NARDL technique showed that the positive adjustments of HC, FI, TO, and GCF boost the development, which have very significant effects on the nonoil GDP. They also indicate that negative movements have more influence than positive movements in FI. Meanwhile, mixed directional causation results were observed in the short-run analyses. Overall, the findings of this study provide significant insights, empirical recommendations, and implications for policymakers striving to achieve sustainable nonoil trade economic growth in Saudi Arabia and the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

County-levelization has become an important vane and propeller of urban spatial development, which is closely related to economic development and public service development. County-levelization can effectively broaden the geographic scope of urban areas, enhance urban functions, and implement strategic planning measures for metropolitan areas. But what impact will such reform have on economic growth and public service development? What is the effect of the current policy of "abolishing counties and establishing districts" in the implementation process? Should the policy of "abolishing counties and establishing districts" be promoted or not? Based on a panel of 453 counties in China, this paper uses DID to analyze the impact of county zoning on county economic growth and public service development and uses PSM-DID to test the robustness. The study shows that county-levelization in China has had a positive effect on economic growth, but in the areas of education and health/public services, such reforms have only had a "squeeze effect" with minimal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological enrichment is not the growth of the economic value of a business entity and the use of surplus to fund deficits, but the coordinated growth of corporate citizens' ecological value and economic value, which is conducive to the positive evolution of ecological beauty and economic vitalization. Through the game model, this paper makes a game analysis of various possibilities of the game of ecological enrichment and further gives a balanced solution to the impetus of ecological enrichment. Positive-sum return, return equilibrium, and dynamic equilibrium are all the necessary conditions for the positive selection of repeated games for corporate citizens' ecological enrichment and play a decisive role in the impetus of ecological enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the mechanism and process of the dynamic evolution of the economy-energy-environment (EEE) system and study the variables that determine the speed of system evolution and development. The innovation is to overcome the defect of single index by constructing a system evaluation index and reveal the regional EEE system's evolution mechanism based on Haken's synergetic theory to supplement a systematic perspective's empirical evidence. It selects 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China to empirically analyse the evolution mechanism of the EEE system from 2005 to 2019. The empirical results show that economic development is the order parameter of the evolution and development of the EEE system. In the process of system evolution, the economic development subsystem is the decisive factor in EEE system evolution. In terms of the positive feedback mechanism of order parameter combination, the EEE system forms a positive feedback mechanism for increasing economic development in the stage of evolution and development. The negative feedback mechanism of decreasing environmental pollution emissions is formed in the EEE system. The increase in pollutant emissions has a certain inhibitory effect on economic growth. The improvement in the economic development level has no promoting effect on pollutants, and economic development, in turn, reduces environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1980 and 2020, the study looks at "An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Population Growth on Economic Growth in Ethiopia Using an Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Model Approach." The appraisal coefficient of population growth (POP) and the implication is positive and significant, according to the findings of this study. However, in response to the long-term association between population expansion and economic growth in Ethiopia, the macroeconomic variables were subjected to a limit test and a broader causality test. From the finding of bound test, since the value of F-statics is greater than the upper boundary line, there are long run equilibrium relationships among RGDP, population size, foreign direct investment, personal remittance, population growth rate, rate of inflation, and gross capital formation. According to the findings of the Granger causality test, real gross domestic product can cause Ethiopian population size (POP), but population number (POP) cannot cause real gross domestic product at the same time. The motivation of doing this research was to know the sign and effects of population growth on economic growth. Finally, in order to boost Ethiopia's economic growth, the government should implement policies that would attract foreign investors. The government should also establish a benchmark to ensure that the economy increases faster than the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mystery of China's economic growth has been widely concerned by the world. However, little attention has been paid to the transformation of the economic growth momentum of Guangdong Province, which has long occupied the top in China's economic growth. This paper analyzes the evolution and the transformation of the momentum source of economic growth in Guangdong Province from 1979 to 2019, using Total Factor Productivity Growth Decomposition method. The results show that capital investment contributes the most to economic growth, the contributions of total factor productivity, and labor input rank second and third, respectively; the change of the contribution of each momentum source to GDP growth mainly comes from the impact of the secondary industry. Both industrial capital productivity and capital allocation structure play a negative role in driving the overall capital productivity, and both industrial labor productivity and labor allocation structure play a positive role in driving the overall labor productivity. Industrial factor productivity and industrial factor allocation structure play a major positive role and a weak negative role in promoting economic growth, respectively. Our findings provide some ideas on how to maintain economic growth in the new era especially for the developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the panel smooth transition regression model was used for an empirical survey to investigate the dynamic effect of unemployment rate and crime rate on suicide rate under economic growth rate. The research period was from 2000 to 2019. Statistical results indicated that unemployment rate and crime rate had dynamic effects on suicide rate and that nonlinear relationships existed among them. In addition, depending on the fluctuation of dynamic value, the rise or fall of suicide rate had an asymmetrical influence on the value of unemployment rate and crime rate. Finally, when the rate of change of economic growth rate was larger than the dynamic value, the unemployment rate and crime rate had an aggressive influence on suicide rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we adopt stochastic frontier model of translog production function to measure the total factor productivity growth rate of 13 cities in Jiangsu province from the year 2000 to 2020 and study the characteristics of the contribution rates of capital, labor, and total factor productivity in driving economic growth. The study shows that, firstly, the explanatory power of the model could be increased by 35.9% after 6 effect variables, such as urban economic development level, have been taken into consideration when two-step method has been adopted to explore the model parameters of stochastic frontier; secondly, there is an obviously positive correlation between the 4 variables, urban economic development level, urban size, level of opening up to the outside world and infrastructure construction, and production efficiency, while there is a negative correlation between economic structure and production efficiency, and the research input intensity has an uncertain effect on production efficiency; thirdly, the TFP growth trend of urban economy of the province shows a similar "W" trend, technical progress becomes the first element in affecting total factor productivity, and the negative growth in technical efficiency and scale efficiency result in a dramatic decline in growth rate of TFP; fourthly, among all the elements contributing to urban economic growth, capital has the greatest contribution, TFP takes the second place, and labor element takes the last. The double difference between capital and TFP appears to be the major cause in forming regional difference of urban economy. The regional differences of TFP concerning infrastructure advantage, position advantage, factor advantage, and policy advantage are the key factors in urban economic gap. At the end of this study, we propose some policy suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an in-depth analysis and study of the spatial effects of financial support and economic growth with the help of nonlinear generalized complex systems. Taking the industrial sector as the research object and combining the relevant contents of neoclassical investment theory, information economics, and institutional economics, this paper clearly defines and argues that the main feature of current financial policy is financial constraint rather than financial inhibition based on an in-depth understanding of the theoretical connotation and policy rationality of financial constraint and, as a premise, further analyzes the financial constraint policy causing excessive investment and capital mismatch in the corporate sector. It further analyzes the mechanism of the role of financial constraint policies in causing overinvestment and capital mismatch in the corporate sector and conducts empirical tests from three research perspectives of measuring investment efficiency, output efficiency of investment, allocation efficiency of industry capital, and investment behavior of microenterprises, and finally puts forward relevant policy recommendations in conjunction with the evaluation of the efficiency of financial constraint policies. This paper selects three dimensions of the financial system, namely, financial structure, financial efficiency, and financial scale, and studies the adaptability between these three dimensions and the development of the real economy, respectively, and then uses different empirical methods to analyze the dynamic adaptability effects between the development of the real economy and these three dimensions of the financial system and finally explores the way of adaptability between the financial system and the development of the real economy. This paper provides a medium and micro theoretical basis and new empirical evidence for understanding the importance of financial system reform on economic growth and also opens up a space for exploring the exit path of financial constraints and using interest rate marketization as a general grip to reasonably guide financial resources to achieve economic transformation and upgrading and sustainable and healthy development through supporting high-quality investment, using more interprovincial level data in the analysis, so it is more comprehensive and detailed than previous scholars' studies. The examination is more comprehensive and detailed than previous scholars' studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deterioration of the global climate, there is consensus that the environment and economy must develop in coordination. Effective environmental regulation (ER) is an important incentive of environmental protection, and there is a clear interaction mechanism between it and the economic growth quality (EGQ). In order to explore the intrinsic link between ER and EGQ, this study establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system from the research perspective of the coupling coordination degree (CCD). Based on the panel data of 30 provincial administrative regions in mainland China (excluding Tibet), from 2004 to 2017, the entropy method, coupling coordination model, and spatial econometric model are used to explore the CCD and the factors influencing the CCD of ER and EGQ. The key findings of this study were as follows: (1) The CCD of ER and EGQ system showed an upward trend in the fluctuation from 2004 to 2017. (2) In 2017, Beijing showed good coordination, Yunnan and Qinghai showed primary coordination, and the rest of the provinces showed moderate coordination. (3) The CCD of different regions in China is uneven. (4) Per capita GDP, per capita FDI, ER intensity, and industrial structure adjustment have promoting effects on the CCD, while per capita investment in fixed assets and environmental pressure have inhibiting effects on the CCD. Our conclusions are significant for promoting the integrated development of regional economy and ecological civilization, and provide a theoretical reference for other countries and regions to explore the relationship between ER and EGQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, the marine ecosystem has been a cheap resource in developing countries in the process of pursuing short-term vested interests. Therefore, high economic development of the developing countries is at a huge environmental cost. Nowadays, environmental protection is becoming a global concern. In this background, the government of the developing countries begins to formulate reasonable marine economic and environmental policies to find a balance between rapid economic development and marine environmental protection. In this contribution, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) is constructed with the environmental constraints, and Bayesian estimation is used to calibrate the main parameters. Next, the model is employed to analyze the effects of government and consumer environmental preferences on macroeconomic variables, environmental quality, and consumer and government utility. Results show that the government's preference for environmental quality is positively related to port environmental quality and negatively related to output, capital stock, and consumption. An enhancement of the environmental quality preference of the target audience can realize balanced development of economic growth and port environmental quality. The findings are conducive to coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection and achieving sustainable development of the port. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify whether there is a spatial correlation problem among China's provincial energy consumption, economic growth, and ecological environment, this paper adopts the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2008 to 2019 and uses a spatial data analysis method. This work studies economic growth and the spatial distribution pattern of the ecological environment, as well as the spatial effects of its energy consumption and economic growth on the ecological environment. Moreover, the spatial autocorrelation model, spatial-temporal transition method, and generalized moment estimation method are adopted to conduct empirical analysis on the research object. The results show that (1) there are spatial correlations among energy consumption, economic growth, and the ecological environment in China's provinces, and there are obviously different agglomeration areas in spatial distribution; (2) energy consumption, economic growth, and the ecological environment level show different growth trends, and the differences between different provinces in provincial units are shrinking; and (3) regarding energy consumption, the spatial impact of economic growth on the ecological environment is obvious, and there are obvious "path dependence" characteristics in the spatial distribution and positive correlations. Finally, this paper puts forward research conclusions and relevant suggestions on the basis of empirical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial structure optimization is an important explanatory variable of economic growth. The allocation of production factors among industries affects the evolution of industrial structure and then acts on economic growth. Labor force is one of the most important factors of production. In recent years, there has been a significant wage difference between different industries in China's labor market, and the employees have shifted from low-wage industries to high-wage industries. Using the sample data of 282 prefecture-level cities from 2008 to 2018, this paper tests whether this wage-guided labor industry allocation will affect economic growth and whether there is an intermediary effect of industrial structure optimization. The empirical results show that the allocation of labor force to high-wage industries not only directly hinders economic growth but also indirectly hinders economic growth through the intermediary effect of industrial structure optimization. Furthermore, this paper makes a comparative study in different regions. The research conclusion shows that promoting the optimization of industrial structure and economic growth depends on correcting the price distortion of labor market and guiding the cross-industry rational allocation of labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper constructs an economic growth model that contains human, physical capital, innovation, and energy factors and estimates the output elasticity of seven provinces and cities in East China in the period of 2004–2018. Having calculated the contribution rate of these different factors to economic growth, the paper finds that factors of production have a different elasticity that impacts the growth of different regions and industries and notes that energy and physical capital are the most significant factors for the growth of primary and secondary industries. This highlights that industrial growth has not freed from the path dependence of extensive input, and the authors cite Shanghai and Jiangsu as typical regions in this regard. The former's growth largely depends on physical capital and energy, and the latter's growth depends on the input of diverse elements including innovation. The latter is better suited to the needs of the "new normal" economic growth. The authors construct a simulation model of economic growth based on system dynamics, and system simulation results show that energy and material capital investment not only have the most significant effect on economic growth in East China but also provide clear evidence of extensive economic growth. The paper then demonstrates that increasing the optimal allocation of input factors and the rational flow between regions is conducive to improving output efficiency and provides the results of the Malmquist index calculation: on the whole, there is no obvious technological progress in East China. Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang are, however, provincial-level regions of this part of the country which demonstrate significant technological progress in East China. In conclusion, the paper suggests that this region of China will be unable to maintain its current level of economic growth because of the combined influence of factor input constraints and insufficient technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Retracted: A Study of the Spatial Effects of Financial Support and Economic Growth under Optimal Control of Nonlinear Generalized Complex Systems," has been retracted by Hindawi due to evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication process. The investigation revealed discrepancies in scope, description of the research, and availability of data, as well as inappropriate citations and incoherent content. Hindawi cannot vouch for the reliability of the article's content and regrets that these issues were not identified before publication. The corresponding author has been given the opportunity to respond to the retraction. [Extracted from the article]