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As part of a larger body of work to develop a rheumatology priority referral score, a literature review was conducted. The objective of the literature review was to identify preexisting priority-setting, triage, and referral tools/scales developed to guide referrals from primary care to specialist care/consultation usually provided by a rheumatologist. Using a combination of database, citation, Internet, and hand-searching, 20 papers were identified that related to referral prioritization in three areas: rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 5), musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases other than RA (3), and MSK diseases in general (12). No single set of priority-setting criteria was identified for rheumatologic disorders across the spectrum of patients who may be referred from primary care providers (PCPs) to rheumatologists. There appears to be more congruence on conditions at either end of the urgency spectrum with conditions such as suspected cranial arteritis or systemic vasculitis deemed to be emergency referrals and fibromyalgia and other soft-tissue syndromes deemed to be more routine referrals. Between these two extremes, there is a divergence of opinion about urgency and few papers on the issue. The exception to this is referral for early RA for which several criteria have been established. Despite the inherent complexities in developing a tool to prioritize patients referred by PCPs to rheumatologists, there are compelling reasons to proceed. With the aging of the population, the number of patients being referred to rheumatologists is expected to increase. With pharmaceutical advances, there are demonstrable benefits in early referral for some conditions. These trends have led to increased pressure on scarce rheumatological human resources. A tool to prioritize referrals is a critical component of improving access and the referral process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]