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The goal of the present paper is to analyze changes in the compositional structures of Georgia's economy, explore the related qualitative transformations and explain implications for trade and development. By comparing the evidence of several European countries, we put Georgia’s structural changes within a broader regional-level context. We rely on two key measures of structural transformation: sector employment shares in total employment and sector value-added shares disaggregated at the industry level. To explain trade implications, structural transformation indicators across exporting sectors are evaluated. The existing divides between structural transformation of Georgia and that of the Eastern European economies reveal those structural risks that can negatively affect regional positions of Georgia and its long-term economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal institutions such as culture, trust, social relations, norms or values have a strong effect on countries' development patterns, their role being enhanced in those states where formal institutions are poorly regulated. Therefore, in order to foster economic development, institutional change remains one of the core issues, and differs depending on the levels of social analysis. The current paper aims at outlining a general perspective regarding the relation between institutional efficiency and economic development within the European Union, with a specific focus on the Eastern member states. These have similar development patterns and structural challenges, considering their shared communist past and inheritance which have left strong imprints on Eastern European societies and welfare. Overall, the paper argues that institutional efficiency is closely linked to the countries' levels of prosperity, and consequently, to the manner in which their governments pay attention on development policies, especially in those states that are economically and spatially more peripheral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyse the effects in the trade performance of Georgia and Moldova in light of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) agreements with the EU. Hence, data for the period 2010-2019 is analysed to reveal the latest developments in the trade performance of these countries. The conducted analysis points to some positive developments in the trade of Georgia and Moldova with the EU for 2015-2019, however, compared to 2010-2014 or pre-DCFTA period the average annual growth rate of exports of both countries declined. Moreover, Georgia's success to increase exports to the EU remain relatively modest as compared to Moldova. Therefore, Moldova has achieved more deep trade integration with the EU than Georgia. Furthermore, the effect of DCFTAs on trade relations between Georgia and Moldova is not substantial, and therefore, increased economic integration between the EU associated countries is not yet evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, the academic debate on the origins of the economic gap between nations divided deeply historians, sociologists and economists as well. Dependencia theorists pointed exogenous causes for Latin American backwardness while the revisionists emphasized endogenous causes. Finished the Cold War and faced with new evidence, previous conclusions are far from being complete and final. There are different issues, which were superficially investigated, or they were sometimes entirely neglected. With the intention of transcending the two opposing currents of thought the present paper aims to synthetize all the accessible and collected data up today in Romania in order to analyze the impact of the markets' integration in the nineteenth century. On one hand, the Romanian nineteenth century economy is a fertile field for study, because it transferred neither slowly nor quickly from a "world economy" to another, which permitted a short relatively autonomous development. On other hand, even Romania was object to various studies in developmental economics, the foreign researchers did not access important evidence, which can change the conclusions on the main topic. The paper will present the economic and social parameters outlined in early 1800 and how these will evolve at the pressure of the Western markets. It will also point that the markets' integration generated two major trends as long-term tendencies: the increase of land price and the increase of the rate of interest. Both were impediment to a faster development of the Romanian society and in connection with other elements like the dysfunctionality of the state they will form a vicious circle of slow development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the paper assesses, first of all, the role of the European Union (EU) in the development cooperation (ODA) agenda, oriented specifically towards the South Asia region, the analysis will try to identify the opportunities for improving the policy, on one hand, and indicate areas for cooperation between actors involved directly in pursuing poverty eradication and promoting core human values. The main area for cooperation between donors in this case is good governance, due to the chronic problems that the recipient state, Bangladesh, encounters in matters of governance, corruption and rule of law. Therefore, by pinpointing the main theoretical concepts - South-South Cooperation (SSC) and Triangular Cooperation (TrC) - and continuing with a brief policy analysis of the EU ODA in relation with South Asia and Bangladesh and including the Japanese ODA and TrC experience in South Asia, the paper will try to offer arguments in favour of EU to pursue other types of cooperation in the field of development aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specific goal of this research paper is to identify the main possible areas of intervention in the cross-border regions to induce institutional and social changes, policy embodied, for a better support to economic development and increased capacity of averting or recovering the negative effects of external shocks. We initiated a literature review, using mainly as sources, relevant articles, books and other official papers from the resilience field of research in relation with the previous researches we made in the field of cross-border regions. The results of these paper are structured on three areas: firstly, we identified few domains where the cross-border regions could be most affected by shocks, therefore where the resilience capacity needs enforcement, secondly, we figured out few of the specifics of the resilience concepts in relation with the cross-border regions and thirdly, we partly identified the entities/bodies involved in building resilience capacity in the cross-border regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the importance of foreign direct investments (FDI) for economic development of a country, the main objective of the present paper is to analyse whether the human capital represents a major determinant for the multinational companies to invest in the European Union states. Moreover, we intend to discover if there are some other factors that may enhance this role played by human capital. In order to reach the established objective, we have investigated the literature, including several case studies, and we have statistically analysed the secondary data offered by various yearbooks and reports. The relevance of this paper results from the fact that the conclusions may offer valuable information for the policy makers to create a more favourable environment for the FDI inflows in the EU states, on long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development is one of the main aims of economic policy in many countries around the world. By strengthening the process of economic development, we can bring the state on the path of sustainable growth and ensure stability and security in it. The paper analyzes the main indicators of socioeconomic development in the EU's Eastern Partnership countries in the period 2000-2015. It also examines the current state of relations between the Eastern Partnership countries and the European Union. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the current state of affairs and prospects of economic development in the EU's Eastern Partnership Countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general objective of the wider research this paper is part of is to analyze in a multidisciplinary framework the economic development poles of the Romanian border areas and to identify the ways to building a viable strategy in a cross-border framework. One of the specific objectives is to design a complex model that shapes an adequate architecture for a development strategy for a cross-border area. A result that meets this objective is an architectural tridimensional model for building a development strategy for a cross-border area that is presented in this paper, based on the growth/development poles. The description includes the main coordinates and representations of the model, where the building framework is the institutional system layered on many levels, the main levels being structured by the economic sectors and where the solidity points are the growth/development poles from the cross-border area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that there have been many institutional studies over the past two decades and the role of institutions in economic life is extremely high, we could state that modern economic theory of institutions is in its infancy. Institutions organize the relationship between people as well as determine and limit the set of alternatives in the economic behavior. This paper aims to investigate and to understand the impact that formal and informal institutions induce on the broader growth of economic resilience capacity and the development outcomes as well as to consider ways of prospect measuring of this institutional approach. Content analysis of fundamental research papers on the issue of resilience and institutional theories has been carried out. According to the result, we state that formal and informal institutions retain their backbone role, even under strong external influences. Also, the long-term differences in the functioning of economic systems are shaped by a very deep influence of institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the relationship between identity and level of socio-economic development in the member states of the European Union. This work is an empirical study which uses original data on the number of national mottos and country logos, GDP/Capita and Human Development Index (HDI) for 2016 disaggregated by states of the EU28. Our findings suggest the existence of a symmetrical interdependence between the consistency of national identities and the degree of socio-economic development, between which there is a relative territorial overlap. We attempt to demonstrate that the symmetry of their arrangement with each other maps out a community-wide asymmetry, resulting in a territorial cohesion deficit and segregated segregation of the Union, generating an asymmetric European Union with more identity-development speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the European Union’s (EU) economic governance framework as a key component and driver of the EU - Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Considerable measures to strengthen the EMU have been undertaken in recent years. In spite of this, its effectiveness in tackling challenges that might appear especially in times of crisis, is still called into question. The creation or reformation of institutions seems to be the most efficient manner in which the Eurozone can advance policies and mechanisms meant to stimulate economic growth. We have found that the major obstacles to more efficiency are two components: 1. the political dimension of the EU – or better said political interference of MS’s to protect their own interests; 2. weak EU leadership and vision – this, together with political interests, dilutes significantly the building of institutions, creation and enforcement of policies. Ultimately the question of improving effectiveness of EU economic governance lies in the EU’s ability to build a stronger foundation for its institutions. As a modern political and economic entity, subjugated to the MS’s, the EU must maintain a balance between state powers and institutional powers, a legal and democratically accountable system of governance, the enforcement and respect of law, whilst also protecting economic growth and the right for a better future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the relations between Poland and Belarus in the 21st century in the light of the recent events showing the re-rapprochement between the two countries. The aim of the paper is to present the importance of economic cooperation and the development of trade relations for the strengthening of the relations between these countries. The author emphasizes cooperation in the energy sector. He describes how crucial trade and economic cooperation is in overcoming crises in political relations. The author stresses the role of Poland in supporting the economic transformation of Belarus creating an alternative to the cooperation between Belarus and Russia. In this article the author uses descriptions, as well as the predictive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It suffices to browse the websites of only a few of the most noteworthy Romanian cultural organizations - including the website of the Ministry of Culture - to conclude that quality policies are missing. In fact, these are not the only policies that are missing, but this topic should be discussed in another paper. The objective of this paper is to analyze the progresses and the opportunities, as well as the problems and the challenges that the Romanian society and economy are facing as far as culture is concerned at the beginning of the new millennium, in the particular context of the global economic crisis: specifically, we will focus on the role of cultural organization managers in implementing quality management as the main factor in assuring the competitiveness needed to overcome the crisis. Cultural organization managers generally admit that a change is needed in order to cope with competitive pressure, but few understand how this change should be implemented. To avoid the issues associated with "change programs", the management of cultural organizations must focus on the structure of processes, recognizing the roles and responsibilities of their employees in the processes in which they are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the EU and China face a number of challenges. The EU has reached the pinnacle of international identity and is going through a rather difficult process of rethinking it. Regarding China, this actor goes through a phase of rethinking its economic growth model, namely the transition from an economy based, in greater extent on exports and investment to an economic growth based on stimulating domestic consumption. In this context, in order to meet the challenges of the third millennium and beyond, the two actors need to strengthen their cooperative relations as they are vital in solving the challenges of this millennium. This paper aims to provide an overview of EU-China economic relations and to analyse the impact of these relations on the EU economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the essence, main principles and objectives of the management policy at the enterprise. Author investigates in the position of management accounting in the enterprise management and structures the levels of management of the economic entity. A conceptual framework of management accounting has been developed in the paper, which includes the purpose, content, methods and results of the process of management accounting. On the example of the chemical industry, the international and domestic experience in the development and implementation of management policy within the structure of industrial enterprises were analyzed, as well as the positive and negative aspects of accounting practices were highlighted. Based on the analysis of foreign experience and taking into account the specificity of economic development of Ukraine, the author elaborates on the areas for the methodological approaches to the development of management policy of Ukrainian companies to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, renewable energy represents one of the most debated subjects on the global energy market. The global warming and the constraints of the traditional energy resources led to the reorientation of countries in exploiting alternative resources. This paper offers a presentation of the main sources of renewable energy present worldwide and the way these can be exploited. Also, the paper analyses the main policies and taxes put in practice by the EU members to support the development of renewable sector, given the 2012/27/EU Directive that establishes several targets that need to be achieved on the market by 2020. Finally, the evolution of the main renewable energy market indicators is being reviewed, showing that considerable progress has been made in the last few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of entrepreneurship in economic growth and development has been largely debated and acknowledged, both in literature and in policy making. Wihin the context of the present crisis, at a European level, entrepreneurship development is seen as the main solution for job creation and sustainable economic growth. As a consequence, there have been several calls and initiatives to make entrepreneurship the growth engine of European economy and to put the principle of ''think small first'' at the core of national and European policies. This paper discusses the challenges and the perspectives for entrepreneurship development in European countries from the point of view of the three areas of intervention proposed by Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan. The research methods are the analysis of different reports and policy papers and comparative analysis of statistical data from international databases. The main findings confirm the differences in entrepreneurial activity, level and nature of entrepreneurship existing at European level during the crisis, and also point out the strengths and weaknesses of European countries in the three areas proposed by the 2020 Action Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies regarding the contribution of migration to development are limited to an isolated analysis of the economic effects of migration. But the migration process is in turn influenced by other processes. So a wider framework including migration and other processes of development would be more appropriate. The experience of South European and East Asian countries have shown us that, during development, countries can change their migration profile from emigration to immigration. The present paper shows the stages of the migration transition experienced by these countries trying to match them with Romania's experience. So, focusing on the case of Romania, this paper examines the evolution of international migration starting with 1990, in the context of the broader transition process, offering prospects regarding a possible migration transition in this case as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Trust" is a versatile instrument which is suitable for a great variety of purposes. Many scholars believe, that the original form of this institution appeared in common law, while in the 20th century the process of globalization stipulated the "internationalization" of the trust mechanism. The starting point of this process was the conclusion of the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition. Initially, the civil law jurisdictions were unable to adopt "trust" structure in which common-law power and equity power belonged to separate entities. Despite this fact, in the recent years, trust-like devices have been introduced in certain economic-juridical systems of Europe. Their rapid implementation raised the question of the establishment of innovative policies. This paper will discuss the latest achievements and existing challenges based on the example of the German juridical-economic system. The aim is to make useful proposals for the successful planning of the European entrusting processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, one of the major concerns of the EU leaders is how to cope with the large inflows of refugees that are coming from the Arab region, because of the prolonged conflicts and civil wars. While some EU leaders consider that this is a humanitarian crisis and the member states should act accordingly, others consider that these people are migrants and not refugees. From the economic perspective, the opinions are also divided. Some analysts see this large influx of refugees as an opportunity for the economic and social environment, while others consider that the refugees can negatively influence the well-being of the host countries. In the present paper we investigate the impact of the refugees' inflows on the economic growth and development of the EU countries. In order to reach this purpose, our arguments are based on a multidisciplinary analysis of the specialised literature and of the empirical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of our paper is to analyse the relation between the inequalities of the healthcare system and economic growth. With respect to methodology, we focus on the eight development regions of Romania which group counties with different development levels and complementary economies. By using descriptive and comparative analyses, we aim at highlighting the discrepancies of the Romanian system considering the following indicators: life expectancy at birth (years), standardised death rate, all causes of death per 100 000 inhabitants, infant mortality, physicians or doctors (per 100000 inhabitants), dentists (per 100000 inhabitants), number of nurses (per 100000 inhabitants), available beds in hospitals, number of hospitals available in the regions and family care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important aspects of human development is the ability to have a decent standard of living. The secret of the "economic miracle" of many countries that have high standard of living, in fact, is simple and quite obvious. All these countries are characterized by high and sustained development of national economy, low unemployed population rate, growth of income and consumption. There is no doubt that economic growth leads to an increase in the wealth of the country as a whole, extending its potential in the fight against poverty, unemployment and solving other social problems. That is why a high level of economic growth is one of the main targets of economic policy in many countries around the world. This brief literature review discusses main existing theories and models of economic growth, its endogenous and exogenous aspects. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the current state of development of the economic growth theories and to determine their future directions of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both concepts, integrity and public integrity, are always asked qualities in the social and economic environment, but they are never well defined. In this context, finding precise definitions and offering an ample explanation of the concepts are desired and useful for both economic theoretical and practical levels and become the aim of the present paper. Without a good understanding of a concept, no one is capable to attain it. In this context, it is impossible to ask for a public sector of integrity if both public actors and the citizens do not know what it really means. Therefore, the public actors first have to understand what integrity really supposes, and, then, to be capable to respect its principles. Taking into consideration the effects of public integrity or, on its opposite, of the divergence from it, especially represented by the phenomenon of corruption, on the economy at the macro, but also, on the micro level, public integrity in itself becomes a real economic problem that is aimed to be extensively analyzed through our interdisciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global economic and financial crisis of 2007 highlighted the risks, threats and enormous costs of a global economy in the absence of a global government. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of global governance in a world in which states are facing the erosion of national sovereignty. The two concepts are being analyzed from various points of view, including current challenges and future scenarios. Despite the fact that states, especially major powers, are not prepared to accept some elements of global governance and the limits that they would put on their national sovereignty, recent developments seem to make global governance a key component of the international scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first modern political parties were formed at the end of the 18th century and have, from those times up to now, undergone 4 developing phases; each of the phases is bound to ideal-type political party model: cadre parties, mass parties, catch-all parties and cartel parties. Each of these party models differentiates in various characteristics: party foundation, number of members, and way of leading the election campaigns, but also in ways of financing. This paper describes the above mentioned 4 phases of political parties' development and 4 phases of parties' finances development; it will be analysed in detail positive and negative sides of each of the models of party financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics and implications of internationalization vary quite considerably among different regions and countries, depending on the history and structure of their Higher Education systems. With a target to become the most competitive and dynamic economy in the world, Europe has scaled academic mobility, partnerships between the European Research Area and the world's top universities. The aim of this paper is to present some considerations regarding the internationalization of academic space in emerging European countries; more specifically it is an analytical review of the opinions on the phenomenon of internationalization in diachronic perspective of its development, in order to distinguish the structural problems at the level of interference, of the internationalization strategies before the economic crisis in the academic phenomenon. It can be a point of view in order to prove (argued by some causal relationship) that the academic Emergent Europe manifest itself in a differentiated manner, even if the strategies are common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the factors that determine the economic growth nowadays, in the globalization era. From geography and climate to innovation and training, these factors diversified depending on the evolution of the economy and economic thought. Because of enhanced mobility as a result of globalization, some of them have lost their importance, others have become fundamental. During the last two decades, hundreds of empirical studies have tried to identify the determinant factors of economic growth. Many researchers have tried to explain economic growth based on changes in these factors, but the results leave room for future analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aging population is a global phenomenon, which has affected almost all the EU states. The consequences are very important since it affects the socio-economic environment usually on the long run. Some of them could consist in increasing the public expenditure on pensions, social security and health services, which will raise the overall burden on the working population. Sometimes, a significant reduction of the labour force will even diminish the growth rate of an economy. Considering these aspects, the present paper intends to analyse the demographic situation from the EU states, the factors that have generated it and to identify the possible future trends. To determine the evolution of the ageing population phenomenon, we have analysed some demographic indicators included in various statistical reports and databases, such as the fertility rate, the median age, the percentage of population over a certain age and the age dependency ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a country's economy, investments take center stage, both in the production of goods and services and in the sphere of consumption. They represent a factor that influences simultaneously both demand and supply. The importance and impact of FDI have righteously attracted all EU Members heed and resulted in a fierce competition for foreign capital. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of FDI on Romania economic growth. Research results show that FDI have a positive impact through the medium of productivity and competitiveness growth in the host countries, by means of technology and capital transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investments might be perceived as the engine of growth and economic development for both developed and developing economies. For of Romania, a country with a closed regime in the past, their role is even more important in promoting prosperity and social wealth. In the context of EU integration, Romania had benefited from a large amount offoreign direct investments coming especially from the major European economies, but such ascending trend with positive implications towards economic and social areas was all at once interrupted by the recent financial crisis. The deep recession in Romania along with numerous internal disequilibria had a negative impact on those who want to invest in this perimeter. In such circumstances the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of the crisis on FDI flows and consequently, on Romania's development potential using a Granger causality analysis. The results highlight that FDI inflows have a prominent benefic influence on economic growth and that Romanian economic climate is not ready to ensure the bidirectional nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current historical and economic context of the globalised world, sensitive to fluctuations and liable to economic crisis, we find it especially important to analyse the concept of monetary stability. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the concept of monetary stability, from the merchandise-currency point of view as well as regarding the fiduciary currency. Through the contributions of the Austrian economists, that underlined the mutations that occur after the inflationary processes in the allocation of resources, revenue distribution and in the evolution of entrepreneurial activities, we understand the necessity to use a healthy currency. The conclusions of the study reflect the undisputed virtues of the gold standard whose stabilizing mechanisms can only function on a free market, guaranteed by economic freedom and without the state's intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to an economy that operates on market principles represents a period of profound changes based on redefining the paradigms of development. After more than 20 years from the 1989 events, Romania has already completed some important steps towards an open market economy. The path to this main objective was sinuous, with frequent acceleration and stumbling. This paper offers a view of the complex process of privatization in Romania after the fall of the communist regime, with a detailed approach on the transition process as well. The accentfalls on the economic development of the country during the mentioned period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flows of foreign direct investments constitutes a major component of the phenomena that manifest themselves in the world economy, these representing financial resources geared toward a particular investment area that allow those who invest to develop operations over which they have the control and the decision-making power. Given the fact that the world economy is characterized by the increasing interconnectedness of national states as a result of spreading the links in the spheres of economic, political, social and cultural life, following starting with 2008 a period of unusual developments, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the evolution of worldwide foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, before and after the onset of the global economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between the discipline of Behavioural Economics and the Neoclassical School. On the basis of the available literature, the paper aims to investigate if the two branches are totally opposite, or if the behavioural theories only extend and complement the mainstream economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FDIs are considered a key engine to enhance economic growth both in developed and emerging economies, through various channels such as technology transfer, human and physical capital accumulation, commercial channel. The present paper aims at emphasizing the strong, long - term impact of FDI inflows on economic growth through the volume of exports. Using data over the period 1990 - 2012, the article has proved the existence of an important influence exerted by foreign inflows on the GDP growth rates based on a Johansen Co-integration and VECM analysis. Further research will be developed through a panel study on developed and developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development is a subject that generates much controversy, mainly because of the widening gaps between poor and rich nations. In the present paper, we intend to identify and explain the differences that exist both between and within the European Union states, from an economic development point of view. In order to reach this objective, we have collected, analysed and interpreted information included in various statistical data bases, reports and year books. The results show that the development differences between EU economies are not so large, compared to the situation of the rest of the world. However, there are significant development gaps inside some EU states, especially from the South-East part of Europe and the Baltic countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FDI had a strong impact in the last three decades on economic growth, foreign trade and production structures in almost all countries. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the main factors that contribute to attracting foreign direct investment flows and also the competitiveness of the business environment in Romania and its implications on investment decisions and economic growth. Research results show that the presence of FDI goes to those areas that can provide efficiencies investment factors: skilled and qualified labor, educational and research institutions etc.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely argued that the European Economic Community (EEC) was based on principles of economic integrity and growth through the creation of a common market; this is not far from reality. The Treaty of Rome was full of provisions that enhanced economic co-operation and increased the sense of liberalization in Europe, such as the four, now traditional, Community freedoms. Although all the above applied, there were articles within the EEC Treaty where fundamental rights were guaranteed; more than that, fundamental rights that occurred from the Community freedoms, even in a basic level. This is of highest importance since the interpretation of those provisions gave the initiative for further development in the field of fundamental rights protection within the Community legal order, throughout legislative procedure and case law. The aim of this paper is to present the fundamental rights as highlighted in the EEC Treaty and critically approach their concept under Community law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and financial crisis which has affected the world economy since 2008 raised a question mark regarding the viability of the Economic and Monetary Union and the future of the euro. The main objective of this paper is to identify the amplitude of the effects of the economic crisis on the functioning and stability of EMU. Following the main objective, the study is meant to analyze the theoretic fundamentals which were at the basis of the creation of EMU and an analysis of the financial policies and instruments meant to render stability and sustainable economic growth in the countries of the Eurozone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that the dynamization of the traditional theory of international trade through the study of growth effects on the foreign trade in the framework of neoclassical analysis, alongside the approach with the Keynesian toolkit of the role of foreign trade as a factor of growth, have constituted the main aspects of the new theory of trade and economic growth. The "new theory" basically represents a set of theories and models of the type "growth-led export" or "export-led growth", which explain the complex role of foreign trade in the dynamic of development, the new segments of international trade, and also provides base for trade strategies for development. Their typology includes: "import-substitution strategy", "export-promotion strategy", and more recently "outward oriented strategy". In the context of regionalization and globalization of competition the author believes most appropriate the states' option for a "outward - oriented competitive development strategy". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to briefly analyze the economic transition of Romania from a behavioural economics perspective. Despite the adverse effects experienced in the past regime, the paper finds out that the suitable macroeconomic policies implemented had fundamental effects, generating economic welfare and higher standards of living, life satisfaction, and happiness / subjective well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to provide an overview of the emergence of degrowth - the notion designates a grass root, political and academic movement which is progressively spreading since the previous decade across Europe as a reaction to the drawbacks associated with the imperatives of economic growth. The intellectual founder of the new paradigm of degrowth is the Romanian born economist - Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. The translation of his scientific works and the publication in French was to become the first milestone of degrowth discourse France becoming the cradle of the movement. While degrowth encompasses many dimensions such as equity, ecology, democracy or enjoyment of life, the overarching theme of the movement is the escaping of the economy as a central societal value. Degrowth gained an increasing audience in the beginning of the years 2000', spreading progressively mostly in other Francophone, Francophile or Latin language speaking countries such as Italy and Spain, but in other European nations as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the process of integration and the enlargement of the European Union, the continent's political map changed significantly during the last decades. For most of the European nations, facing the integration is going on the path of the economic and social improvement, which also involves important aspects about the nation-state (national identity, nationalism). This paper will focus on the meanings and the dimensions of contemporary nationalism and will later look at the impact of the nationalist ideas in the EU, in times of recession. The study found out that there are many perspectives of the EU challenging national economies and the state sovereignty but, at the same time, people are aware the imminence of the European identity in their economic and cultural future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, knowledge, science and innovation have become the most important pillars on which the economic development is based. At the same time, the regions are considered to be the new poles of economic growth. In this context, universities are expected to expand their classic role to a leading actor in regional economic development. This paper focuses on how "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iaşi, the oldest and one of the most prestigious universities in Romania, contributes to this process, quantifying its indirect contribution to the generation of human capital, to the increase of the economic activity rate in the North Eastern Region and in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of the 20th century was preserving and handing down the concept of economic growth as the main goal of most of the governments and economic advisers, even if the world was integrating in a mondialist system. This economic model lasted for a long time, but it will not survive the 21st century, when the development of nations will depend increasingly on the security of natural resources. Progress now depends on a much more profound economic transformation than it has been possible so far, especially since countries around the world rely on the availability of renewable and nonrenewable resources to meet their rising needs and expectations. The transition from the traditional economic paradigm to that based on the sustainable or ecological economy takes years of changes at all levels - from theory to practice. The aim of this paper is to introduce the progressive visions of some outstanding specialists who have looked for solutions to make a sustainable economy possible. The transition to a world sustainable economy implies admitting the fact that human economy is just a part of the global ecosystem which encompasses it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Union (EU) is currently confronting a series of challenges to its internal dynamics as well as its position on the international arena. However, EU continues to rely on its normative power in order to influence international order and build on its image as a strong global order. Our research therefore aims to contribute to the debate on the concept of Normative Power Europe, by analysing EU-Korea relations. In this manner, the framework emphasizes EU's role as a global actor, in three main areas of interest for both strategic partners: economy and trade, development cooperation, peace and security. As such, the main findings revolve around maintaining a sound cooperation in the three areas analysed - and reflect, on one side, a strengthening of the "global actor" main trait of the EU, and on the other side, a consolidation of Korea's position in world politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a general agreement that the European Union is facing nowadays one of the most important challenges in the history of the community, taking into consideration the wide range of economic, social and political risks that constitute top priorities of the European authorities. One key concept in this approach is the efficiency of the economic governance process. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the ability of the European Union to elaborate sound policies in the current economic framework that are focusing on supporting the common interests of all the Member States, with particular focus on the economic governance process. Furthermore, the article targets at identifying whether or not the new architecture of the EU economic governance developed as a result of the 2008 financial crisis constitute a triggering factor for social cohesion and political harmonization across the European community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite existing policies of regional development and cohesion at the national and the EU level, economic regional inequalities or disparities stay relatively high or decrease too slowly. In this context, policies to reduce economic regional disparities in the European Union are a constant concern both for policy-makers and for theoretical and empirical research because of the strong impact on sustainable development in general. In this study we combine elements of theoretical and policy discussions with the empirical assessment of economic regional development in the European Union in order to identify the state of regional disparities, what factors are favouring unbalanced growth in different regions of the EU and to find an appropriate theoretical setting to understand, explain and reduce with regional inequality in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international diplomatic environment has reached to an unprecedented development, involving one of the newly specialized diplomatic types, namely the economic diplomacy. At the core of the fast movements in the diplomatic spheres across the Globe are the international agreements like the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) that determined diplomacy to dissolve into new subtypes, evolving from ground to the ocean and implementing new ways of achieving economic and climate sustainability. One of the newly created diplomatic spheres, is the blue ocean diplomacy that acts mainly in accordance with the rules and regulations that are being applied to the transatlantic economy. Even though TTIP encourages the increase of trade flows across the Atlantic, it will also ease the foreign investment procedures that, under the approach of keeping a sustainable environment, will represent one of the most important initiatives in implementing the blue economy concept within the framework of the transatlantic diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]